278 lines
33 KiB
XML
278 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0698CA2B09BC06894D0D0598248602A9">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AE27F385D2815BF9E0268E3EA4B8C581">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="44DD39AF5EB7DDAD02EC3298B4AEC177">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="38AB9F780040E9365A9A9B167EAF1730">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6CA2A820C12AA14B36A81490E15553F9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AD4EAF54071B09F4416D8D9097086B5F">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B01FFB4FF56FAA7FAA7FDAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640867" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640867" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B01FFB4FF56FAA7FAA7FDAE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B01FFB4FF56FAA7FAA7FDAE" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B01FFBBFF56FAA7FDF2FAB7" box="[151,524,1374,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56FAA7FDF2FAB7" blockId="23.[151,524,1374,1401]" box="[151,524,1374,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B01FFBBFF56FAA7FDF2FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,524,1374,1401]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FAA7FDF2FAB7" ID-CoL="66SNT" ID-ENA="768844" authority="(Nutting, 1910)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,524,1374,1401]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FAA7FDF2FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,524,1374,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FAA7FEB6FAB6" bold="true" box="[151,328,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Annella mollis</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE96FAA7FDFAFAB7" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[343,516,1374,1400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B01FFBBFF56FA5AFD1AF9D8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56FA5AFB98FA74" blockId="23.[151,1126,1443,1559]" box="[151,1126,1443,1468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B01FFBBFF56FA5AFB98FA74" box="[151,1126,1443,1468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B01FFBBFF56FA5AFDC1FA74" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[151,575,1443,1467]" page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1910">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FA5AFDC1FA74" authority="Nutting, 1910 a: 13 - 14" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,575,1443,1467]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FA5AFEACFA74" box="[151,338,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Euplexaura mollis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE99FA5AFDC1FA74" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[344,575,1443,1467]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref104980" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910 a) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition IV. The Plexauridae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b 1, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910a: 13–14</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 4, 4a; pl. 4, fig. 8 (Cyrus Bay, Rotti Island).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56FA3BFC65FA16" blockId="23.[151,1126,1443,1559]" box="[151,923,1474,1498]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B01FFBBFF56FA3BFC65FA16" box="[151,923,1474,1498]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FA3BFEA6FA15" ID-CoL="53D47" authority="Stiasny 1937: 98" box="[151,344,1474,1498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FA3BFEA6FA15" box="[151,344,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Subergorgia mollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.)
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B01FFBBFE24FA3BFD6FFA15" author="Stiasny, G." box="[485,657,1474,1498]" page="98" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1937">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE24FA3BFD6FFA15" author="Stiasny, G." box="[485,657,1474,1498]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny 1937: 98</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 7, fig. 47, text fig. FF.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56FA19FC50FA37" blockId="23.[151,1126,1443,1559]" box="[151,942,1504,1529]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B01FFBBFF56FA19FC50FA37" box="[151,942,1504,1529]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56FA19FED4FA37" ID-CoL="66SNT" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[151,298,1504,1528]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56FA19FED4FA37" box="[151,298,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Annella mollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new comb.)
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B01FFBBFE76FA19FD88FA37" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[439,630,1504,1528]" page="16" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1999">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE76FA19FD88FA37" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[439,630,1504,1528]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999:16</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 18 a, e. (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B01FFBBFCC1FA18FC5DFA37" box="[768,931,1504,1529]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56F9F9FD1AF9D8" blockId="23.[151,1126,1443,1559]" box="[151,740,1535,1559]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B01FFBBFF56F9F9FD1AF9D8" box="[151,740,1535,1559]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B01FFBBFF56F9F9FF43F9D8" box="[151,189,1536,1559]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Not</collectingRegion>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B01FFBBFF05FA06FDEBF9D8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[196,533,1535,1559]" page="8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="2000">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF05FA06FDEBF9D8" ID-CoL="66SNT" authority="Grasshoff 2000: 8" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="2000" box="[196,533,1535,1559]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF05FA06FEA9F9D8" box="[196,343,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Annella mollis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE9CFA06FDEBF9D8" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[349,533,1535,1559]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff 2000: 8</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 11–13, 15, 16.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B01FFBBFF56F9BCFA78F8DC" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56F9BCFC53F990" blockId="23.[151,941,1605,1632]" box="[151,941,1605,1632]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Opinion: There is some evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF56F974FED7F968" blockId="23.[151,1437,1677,1812]" box="[151,297,1677,1703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Justification:</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06F948FBA4F920" blockId="23.[151,1437,1677,1812]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF06F948FC37F904" box="[199,969,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">These Indian records are either unconfirmable or seem to be invalid:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC11F94BFB1CF904" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[976,1250,1713,1740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
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||
Kumar
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFBE5F94BFBABF904" box="[1060,1109,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2014a: 102
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 48, fig. A–D (
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||
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B01FFBBFF5EF92CFE07F920" box="[159,505,1749,1775]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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||
);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFDCDF92CFCDFF920" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[524,801,1749,1776]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFDBCF92FFD50F920" box="[637,686,1749,1775]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2017: 21
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 5, fig. A–D (SW coast).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06F900FA78F8DC" blockId="23.[151,1437,1677,1812]" box="[199,1414,1785,1812]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF06F900FD61F8DC" box="[199,671,1785,1811]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">This Indian record could be partly correct</emphasis>
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||
:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD6CF900FC52F8DC" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[685,940,1785,1811]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 20–21</bibRefCitation>
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||
, pl. 3, figs 2, 2a, 2d (south coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B01FFBBFAFDF900FA84F8DC" box="[1340,1402,1785,1811]" name="India" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">India</collectingCountry>
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B01FFB4FF06F8BBFAA7FDAE" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFBBFF06F8BBFBC5F808" blockId="23.[151,1436,1857,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF06F8BBFE64F894" box="[199,410,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Literature analysis</emphasis>
|
||
: This species was erected for a specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B01FFBBFC68F8B8FBE8F894" box="[937,1046,1857,1883]" name="Indonesia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by Nutting who mistakenly placed it in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFE8CF89CFDE0F8B0" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[333,542,1893,1919]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFE8CF89CFDE0F8B0" box="[333,542,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Euplexaura mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having failed to notice the scleraxonian axis structure. It was transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFF56F870FEDFF86C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,289,1929,1955]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Subergorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFF56F870FEDFF86C" box="[151,289,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Subergorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFE8EF870FE0AF86C" author="Stiasny, G." box="[335,500,1929,1955]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and then to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFD47F870FD23F86C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[646,733,1929,1955]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFD47F870FD23F86C" box="[646,733,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Annella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFCCAF870FC32F86C" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[779,972,1929,1955]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who discussed the characters of the two accepted species of this genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFE37F857FDA7F808" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[502,601,1965,1992]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFE37F857FDA7F808" box="[502,601,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A. mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B01FFBBFD51F857FBC9F808" authority="(Ellis & Solander, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[656,1079,1965,1992]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFD51F857FCE5F808" box="[656,795,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFCEBF854FBD1F808" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[810,1071,1965,1991]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B01FFB4FF06F82BFA86FE3A" blockId="23.[151,1436,1857,2028]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
In the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFD86F828FCF8F824" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[583,774,2001,2027]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B01FFBBFC84F828FBB2F824" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[837,1100,2001,2028]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B01FFBBFC7BF82BFC11F824" box="[954,1007,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is identical, but the illustrations are different even though the material examined is the same. But, in the account of the species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FF56FF42FE6DFF1A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[151,403,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FEC9FF42FEC4FF1A" box="[264,314,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE0BFF42FD48FF1A" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[458,694,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FDDEFF42FDA6FF1A" box="[543,600,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the text is different, but the illustrations are identical even though the material examined is different. The colony illustrations in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FC95FF26FBECFF36" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[852,1042,223,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, indicate a mixture of species with possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF3EFEFAFEA3FED2" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[255,349,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF3EFEFAFEA3FED2" box="[255,349,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the left (pl. 3, figs. 2, 2a) and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FC9AFEFAFC17FED2" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[859,1001,259,285]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FC9AFEFAFC17FED2" box="[859,1001,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the right (pl. 3, figs. 2b, 2c). The distinguishing sclerite form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FE2CFEDEFDB9FE8E" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[493,583,295,321]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FE2CFEDEFDB9FE8E" box="[493,583,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the smooth to roughish double-disc, vertebra-like form shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FAF6FEDEFF1CFEAA" author="Stiasny, G." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref107172" refString="Stiasny, G. (1937) Die Gorgonacea der Siboga - Expedition. Supplement II, Revision der Scleraxonia mit ausschluss der Melitodidae und Coralliidae. Siboga-Expedition Monographs, 13 b, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1937">Stiasny’s (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
text figure FFe and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE0BFEB2FD61FEAA" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[458,671,331,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff’s (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figure 18e. Fernando’s fig. 2d sclerite illustration is very small, but it seems it may include the smooth sclerite form, and the colony has the typical elongate meshwork of the species. Having examined many specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FD88FE6AFD59FE62" box="[585,679,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FD88FE6AFD5DFE62" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1858" box="[585,675,403,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Annella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the second author believes there is more than one species with the characteristsic elongate meshes and that the sclerites depicted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FCB2FE4EFC2BFE1E" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[883,981,439,465]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FCB2FE4EFC2BFE1E" box="[883,981,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FC39FE4EFB32FE1E" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[1016,1228,439,465]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff’s (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figs. 12–13 do not represent that species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE54FE22FD8DFE3A" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[405,627,475,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref101466" refString="Grasshoff, M. (2000) The gorgonians of the Sinai coast and the Strait of Gubal, Red Sea (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 224, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="2000">Grasshoff (2000: 2)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, did state that many more species of this genus could exist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B0EFFB4FF06FE06FAA7FDAE" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The illustrations given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FE3AFE06FD0FFDD6" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K." box="[507,753,511,537]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. & Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FD95FE06FD76FDD6" box="[596,648,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FCEFFE06FBCDFDD6" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[814,1075,511,537]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FC62FE06FC29FDD6" box="[931,983,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show characteristics more like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FF38FDDAFE7BFDF2" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[249,389,547,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Subergorgiidae" genus="Annella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FF38FDDAFE7BFDF2" box="[249,389,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B0EFFB4FE04FDDAFDD7FDF2" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[453,553,547,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FE04FDDAFDD7FDF2" box="[453,553,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. mollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FDF9FDDAFCEDFDF2" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[568,787,546,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FD4FFDDAFD39FDF2" box="[654,711,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B0EFFB4FCDEFDDAFCA7FDF2" author="Geetha, S. & Kumar, J. S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[799,857,547,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="2390 - 2394" refId="ref100797" refString="Geetha, S., Kumar, J. S. Y, Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2018) Space competition studies between Briareum violaceum (Octocorallia; Alcyonacea) and scleractinian corals in Shark Island, north Andaman, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Studies, 47 (12), 2390 - 2394." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) just lists the species and figures one of the colony fragments shown in the 2014 and 2017 papers above. Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B0EFFB4FC86FDBEFC87FDAE" box="[839,889,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016: PY-P; 2018a) just lists the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |