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<document id="7153B4B7ED759EA8152103DA45CBCD0C" ID-CLB-Dataset="38930" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4e408c4-2575-4b5c-878b-e1b9010ec619" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264597" ID-ZooBank="CFA586DA-10EE-468B-80EE-35351E3845FD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465242077321" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="C, Lees David" docDate="2016" docId="038747324C40C66E1EB72985FAE523DC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4118.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4118 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Heteropsis sogai Lees, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFBE3F4A4C76C6571E202D2DFFD32174" masterDocTitle="Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698662715872" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="978ED2FBE9B14309FE84C39045439F14">Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A116EFB0CD38B3DB1AAA94ED839E9E5D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2117B5DEF0E01858F005750A0F70E0FF">C, Lees David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F46C76C281420EF873F01C3C03359D47">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AAE15748E354601A69DFF28446CC3334">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CA858044AC7DDA26C2FFCF35005C9828">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="55A372359F8F8E06870D4DC119F33F2D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="5095A81DC9B9338EF770AF34C8FD8794">4118</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1A80B57B4521565C7FF5CC600A5E0F46" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038747324C40C66E1EB72985FAE523DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6086436" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120817128" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6086436" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038747324C40C66E1EB72985FAE523DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038747324C40C66E1EB72985FAE523DC" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C40C6611EB72985FBD62590" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EB72985FDD825B6" blockId="54.[151,1029,1192,1252]" box="[151,523,1192,1218]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<heading id="D0D941484C40C6611EB72985FDD825B6" bold="true" box="[151,523,1192,1218]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EB72985FDD825B6" bold="true" box="[151,523,1192,1218]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611EB72985FE7325B6" authority="Lees" authorityName="Lees" box="[151,416,1192,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EB72985FE8D25B6" bold="true" box="[151,350,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Heteropsis sogai</emphasis>
Lees
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C40C6611F8D2985FDD825B6" box="[429,523,1192,1218]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EB729E6FBD62590" blockId="54.[151,1029,1192,1252]" box="[151,1029,1227,1252]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F0C54C40-DF74-4124-96B8-364E2F983C4E</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C40C6611EB7283EFC822458" box="[151,849,1299,1324]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EB7283EFC822458" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" box="[151,849,1299,1324]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EB7283EFE842458" bold="true" box="[151,343,1299,1324]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Prior references</emphasis>
: sp. 39 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C40C6611F98283EFDE3245F" author="Lees" box="[440,560,1299,1323]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C40C6611C1B2839FCD8245F" author="Torres" box="[571,779,1299,1324]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Torres, E., Lees, D. C., Vane-Wright, R. I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J. A. &amp; Wayne, R. K. (2001) Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 460 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0984" type="journal article" year="2001">
Torres
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611CA92839FD1B2458" box="[649,712,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al.,</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
: 462).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C40C6611EE72818FD16273E" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE72818FA8824EE" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE72818FD21243A" bold="true" box="[199,754,1333,1358]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<typeStatus id="549548864C40C6611EE72818FED1243A" box="[199,258,1333,1358]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
material., Deposition
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611C372818FDA7243A" box="[535,628,1333,1358]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MNHN</collectionCode>
:
<typeStatus id="549548864C40C6611CA52818FD21243A" box="[645,754,1333,1358]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: ♂ (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C40C6611D0E2818FC57243A" box="[814,900,1333,1358]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[242,1343,191,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[234,1354,177,1752]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 16. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) for mounted specimens and adults in natural posture (photos: D. C. Lees). A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis sogai, sp. nov. (Tsaratanana; DCL-DB- 3386). B: PT ♀ of Ht. sogai (Tsaratanana; DCL-DB- 3387). Scale bar: 30 mm. C: ♀ of Ht. kremenae Lees, sp. nov. (Vohitaly, Makira; 30 / 12 / 2002). D: ♂ of Ht. pauper (Vohitaly, Makira; 30 / 12 / 2002). E: ♀ of Ht. subsimilis (Ambohitantely; 6 / 12 / 2006); F: ♀ of Ht. avaratra Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. (Anjanaharibe Sud; 23 / 11 / 2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264613/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
A),
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C40C6611D942818FBE8243A" box="[948,1083,1333,1358]" name="Madagascar" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
Nord, massif du Tsaratanana, Matsabory, en dessous de l’Andohanisambirano [
<geoCoordinate id="EE1A90E34C40C6611CC72871FC922400" box="[743,833,1368,1396]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="-14.14">14.14o S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE1A90E34C40C6611D762871FC7D2407" box="[854,942,1368,1396]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="48.97">48.97o E</geoCoordinate>
+/-
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C40C6611DCD2871FBE12400" box="[1005,1074,1371,1396]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C40C6611A652876FB752407" box="[1093,1190,1371,1396]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
], 5/
<date id="FF90D0E44C40C6611AF82876FA832400" box="[1240,1360,1371,1396]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1966-11-08">8-XI-1966</date>
, 2050 m|mission au Tsaratatana
<date id="FF90D0E44C40C6611F9828ACFDC424EE" box="[440,535,1409,1434]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1966-11">XI-1966</date>
Camp n o
<specimenCount id="9D283DAD4C40C6611CA428AFFD7E24ED" box="[644,685,1410,1434]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="generic">1 P.</specimenCount>
Griveaud, P. Soga, P. Viette et D. Wintrebert|DCL-DB-3386.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE72889FBE524C9" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" box="[199,1078,1444,1469]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<typeStatus id="549548864C40C6611EE72889FEEC24C9" box="[199,319,1444,1469]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE72889FEEC24C9" bold="true" box="[199,319,1444,1469]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611F6D2889FDFE24C9" bold="true" box="[333,557,1444,1469]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Deposition
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611FF42889FDFE24C9" box="[468,557,1444,1469]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MNHN</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
: ♀ (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C40C6611C402889FD6124C9" box="[608,690,1444,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[242,1343,191,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[234,1354,177,1752]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 16. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) for mounted specimens and adults in natural posture (photos: D. C. Lees). A: HT ♂ of Heteropsis sogai, sp. nov. (Tsaratanana; DCL-DB- 3386). B: PT ♀ of Ht. sogai (Tsaratanana; DCL-DB- 3387). Scale bar: 30 mm. C: ♀ of Ht. kremenae Lees, sp. nov. (Vohitaly, Makira; 30 / 12 / 2002). D: ♂ of Ht. pauper (Vohitaly, Makira; 30 / 12 / 2002). E: ♀ of Ht. subsimilis (Ambohitantely; 6 / 12 / 2006); F: ♀ of Ht. avaratra Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. (Anjanaharibe Sud; 23 / 11 / 2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264613/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
B), data as HT but DCL-DB-3387;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE728E5FAAB24AB" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" box="[199,1400,1479,1504]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
♂ (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C40C6611ECB28EAFEE82494" box="[235,315,1479,1504]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1351,1373]" captionTargetBox="[386,1205,210,1306]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[363,1224,193,1330]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 15. ♂ genitalia in LV (left), DV (right) unless otherwise stated. A: Heteropsis kremenae Lees, sp. nov. (Masoala, Ambanivony; 19 DL). B: Ht. avaratra Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. (315 DL, referred specimen, Joffreville). C: Heteropsis sogai Lees, sp. nov. PT (Tsaratanana; 96 DL, MNHN), LV, SV. Scale bar: 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264612/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C, genitalia), data as HT but DCL-DB-3388| 96
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611D6928EAFCBC2494" box="[841,879,1479,1504]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">DL</collectionCode>
[genitalia]; ♀, data as HT but DCL-DB-3389.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE728C7FC962776" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" box="[199,837,1514,1539]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE728C7FE6D2777" bold="true" box="[199,446,1514,1539]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Deposition summary</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611FED28C6FDF12776" box="[461,546,1515,1538]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MNHN</collectionCode>
(HT ♂,
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611CA328C6FD772776" box="[643,676,1515,1538]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">PT</collectionCode>
♂, 2
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C40C6611CC228C6FCD02776" box="[738,771,1515,1538]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">PT</collectionCode>
♀♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE72B21FD16273E" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE72B21FEB92751" bold="true" box="[199,362,1548,1573]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<typeStatus id="549548864C40C6611EE72B21FED12751" box="[199,258,1548,1573]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C40C6611F572B21FE2D2751" box="[375,510,1548,1573]" name="Madagascar" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
Nord, massif du Tsaratanana, Matsabory, en dessous de l’Andohanisambirano [estimated at
<geoCoordinate id="EE1A90E34C40C6611F0E2B1EFE56273F" box="[302,389,1583,1611]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="-14.14">14.14o S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE1A90E34C40C6611FB22B1EFE39273E" box="[402,490,1583,1611]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="48.97">48.97o E</geoCoordinate>
+/-
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C40C6611C392B1EFD87273F" box="[537,596,1586,1611]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C40C6611C7F2B1FFD6A273E" box="[607,697,1586,1611]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C40C6611EE72B78FD1D2634" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6611EE72B78FD1D2634" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE72B78FE92271A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1621,1646]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611F692B7BFDE9271A" box="[329,570,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611F692B7BFDE9271A" box="[329,570,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Heteropsis subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611C542B7BFCD22719" box="[628,769,1622,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611C542B7BFCD22719" box="[628,769,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. avaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar, ventrally variegated species, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611B592B7BFED027E5" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kremenae">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611B592B7BFED027E5" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. kremenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611F182B57FE6327E5" box="[312,432,1658,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Culapa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauper">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611F182B57FE6327E5" box="[312,432,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. pauper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to have the base of FWV costa orange. However, the HWV Mb is much more jagged in
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611E962BB0FECC27C0" box="[182,287,1693,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611E962BB0FECC27C0" box="[182,287,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. sogai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than any other species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611CA02BB0FCCF27C0" box="[640,796,1691,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611CA02BB0FCCF27C0" box="[640,796,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611DFD2BB0FBBF27C0" box="[989,1132,1693,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611DFD2BB0FBBF27C0" box="[989,1132,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. avaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to have a yellowish ventral cast. HWV darker band of the central symmetry system (area between Mb and PMb) narrows more distinctly costad than in any other species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611CED2BCFFCB9278E" box="[717,874,1761,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611CED2BCFFCB9278E" box="[717,874,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Two of FWV Cbs taper and meet tergad, demarcating pale ochreous area that is this relatively triangular rather than relatively oblong as in
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C40C6611AC12A28FABE2668" box="[1249,1389,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611AC12A28FABE2668" box="[1249,1389,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Ht. avaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for example. See below regarding androconial organs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C40C6601EE72A67FCDD2403" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C40C6601EE72A67FD172251" blockId="54.[151,1436,1299,2031]" lastBlockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C40C6611EE72A67FE672617" bold="true" box="[199,436,1866,1891]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Description. Wings:</emphasis>
Upperside with rather uniform mid brown background colour. FWD space-CuA1 ocellus with black iris spanning about ¾ of CuA1-CuA2 distance and with a large strongly hexagonal yellow to pale orange (grading to more orange tergad) ring that closely hugs the concave, rather sharply inflexed trace of the ventral Mb, and this ring is wider at its proximad, yellowest margin. FWD space-M1 ocellus small and surrounded by narrow black iris with a trace of an orange ring. FWD space-M2 ocellus expressed as a white spot. On the HWD, the space-CuA1 ocellus is the only one expressed there and is elliptic, occupying only about half of CuA1- CuA2, surrounded by a narrow yellowish ring. Underside with yellowish-ochreous background strongly variegated with brown irroration as detailed below. FWV space-CuA1 ocellus same size and shape as on upperside but with a trace of a comma-like tail in the inner, fused arm (Ore) of the yellow ring. FWV space-M1 and M2 and space-M3 also as on upperside but with yellower Orng, but HWV space-Rs ocellus in particular may be expressed as a white spot with narrow black iris where it is not noticeable on upper surface. FWV brown Mb irregular, jaggedly toothed where it bends back to mid costa. The HWV Mb is even more jagged, sharply inflexed in space-Rs, outdented at intersection with both veins M2 and M3, bending back sharply towards mid anal margin in space M3 and CuA1 and finally straighter towards about 4/5 along vein 1A. The HWV brown PMb somewhat mirrors Mb, but the jagged profile is relatively smoothed out. These bands/lines demarcate an area with much more intense fine brown irroration than either in the most basal section or distad of the Mb, where there is little brown irroration grading to a lot more in spaces M1-M2 (appearing scorched) and in marginad region around and beneath HWV space-CuA1 ocellus. The irregular medial brownish central symmetry system band so formed narrows distinctly towards the costa. A wavy diffuse line before the margin appears more obvious in the HWV and a narrow brown Sml closely follows the quite crenate margin which is alternately fringed brown at vein ends and ochreous at interveins (as evident in PTs). On the FWV the Mb and PMb similarly demarcate an intense brown irroration pattern that towards the margin is similarly suffused as in the HWV, whereas the transverse Cbs in the FWV cell form four or five double brown bands that around 1/3 distad along costa demarcate a roughly V-shaped (on the right side approximately ‘Africa’-shaped) yellow ‘triangle’.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C41C6601EE72E02FEEB22C5" blockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601EE72E02FE87223C" bold="true" box="[199,340,815,840]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Androconia</emphasis>
: Sdb HWD dark brown but underlying patch has not been examined in detail. There is a not particularly bulbous anteriad inflation (but with 3–4 septa visible) in R near the anterior portion of the HWD cell, unlike for
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601F2A2E5BFE7722FA" box="[266,420,885,910]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601F2A2E5BFE7722FA" box="[266,420,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601FF92E5BFDB722F9" box="[473,612,886,909]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601FF92E5BFDB722F9" box="[473,612,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. avaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sp. “25”). M2-2A veins in ♂ HW are all linearly inflated (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601AD62E5BFEF822C5" author="Lees" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Lees 1997: 96,
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C41C6601EB72EB5FF0B22C5" box="[151,216,920,945]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[303,1292,195,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[275,1307,177,1626]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Adults in DV (left), VV (right) unless otherwise stated. A: depictions (‘ iconotypes’) of Gallienia alaokola Oberthür (1916) ♂, left (VV) and ♀, right (DV), representing Oberthür’s preference for the type specimens of this nominal species, both referred here to Ht. mabillei (Butler, 1879). B: designated LT ♂ of G. alaokola Oberthür, 1916 (‘ Fianarantsoa’; BMNH (E) 1717102). C: HT ♂ of Strabena mabillei Butler, 1879 (BMNH (E) 672624). Scale bar: 30 mm. D: ♂ abdomen of Oberthür collection specimen of Ht. mabillei (left, VV). E: PLT ♂ abdomen of G. alaokola (Fianarantsoa; BMNH (E) 672621) (right, VV)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264600/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
a, “39”
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C41C6601EE72E96FEAB2283" blockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601EE72E96FEBF22A0" bold="true" box="[199,364,955,980]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Wingspan/fwl</emphasis>
: range 30.5–34.7/
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C41C6601C602E96FD1822A7" box="[576,715,955,980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.855" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.81" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="18.55" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="18.1">18.1–19 mm</quantity>
(n=2 ♂♂), including HT ♂: 34.7/
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C41C6601A752E91FB7422A7" box="[1109,1191,956,980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
; range 33.8–34/
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C41C6601B7F2E91FF282282" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.005" metricValueMax="2.08" metricValueMin="1.93" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="20.05" valueMax="20.8" valueMin="19.3">19.3– 20.8 mm</quantity>
(n=2 ♀♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C41C6601EE7292CFCDD2403" blockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601EE7292CFE9F256E" bold="true" box="[199,332,1025,1050]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">♂ genitalia</emphasis>
: 96DL, PT, MNHN (Tsaratanana;
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C41C6601CFD292CFCE3256E" box="[733,816,1025,1050]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1351,1373]" captionTargetBox="[386,1205,210,1306]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[363,1224,193,1330]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 15. ♂ genitalia in LV (left), DV (right) unless otherwise stated. A: Heteropsis kremenae Lees, sp. nov. (Masoala, Ambanivony; 19 DL). B: Ht. avaratra Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. (315 DL, referred specimen, Joffreville). C: Heteropsis sogai Lees, sp. nov. PT (Tsaratanana; 96 DL, MNHN), LV, SV. Scale bar: 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264612/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C). Small, about
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C41C6601DD4292CFB9E256D" box="[1012,1101,1025,1050]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
long, and with configuration typical of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601F172908FE002549" box="[311,467,1060,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601F172908FE002549" box="[311,467,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group; no obvious difference in shape of the genitalic components from other group members (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601F2E296AFE152514" author="Lees" box="[270,454,1095,1120]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997: 106</bibRefCitation>
) and the description below might apply to almost any of the group. From LV (DV not available), the valve bases are rather symmetrically-‘skittle’-shaped (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601D962947FBE725F6" author="Lees" box="[950,1076,1130,1154]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Uncus is slightly longer than tegumen, its dorsal profile relatively downbent, and slightly convex on ventral margin before the slightly pointed downturned tip. Gnathos with little dorsal serration, tapered from small base inbent at right angled, unlobed, ‘support member’, fairly straight, not reaching tip of uncus, and oriented about 30 degrees to it. Valve with rounded dorsal shoulder, arm about half length of valve, tapering to distinct ‘beak’ that points to mid-uncus with limited serration on small, not much expanded ‘club’ with serrae at end. Saccus relatively small, tapered to obliquely truncated (slightly bulbous in another preparation, 134BDL). Aedeagus slightly longer than valve, not particularly thin, only slightly uprecurved recurved distad of ostium.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C41C6601EE728ACFCBE2777" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C41C6601EE728ACFCBE2777" blockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601EE728ACFE9D24EE" bold="true" box="[199,334,1409,1434]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Etymology.</emphasis>
After the remarkable
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C41C6601C6928ACFD6524EE" box="[585,694,1409,1434]" name="Madagascar" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
collector Pierre Soga, who climbed many mountains in search of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601EB72889FEF224C9" box="[151,289,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, joining several expeditions of French lepidopterists, and was involved in collecting these
<typeStatus id="549548864C41C6601B0A2888FA4A24C9" box="[1322,1433,1445,1469]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. To my astonishment, I managed to find and meet P. Soga down on the way back from Mangindrano (S. of RNI Tsaratanana) on Christmas Eve, 2004; he was infirm at this time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C41C66E1EE72B20FC61218C" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C41C6601EE72B20FC242698" blockId="55.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601EE72B20FE9F2752" bold="true" box="[199,332,1549,1574]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Discussion.</emphasis>
This species was first recognized by myself in
<date id="FF90D0E44C41C6601D442B20FC0D2752" box="[868,990,1549,1574]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1994-04">
April
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C41C6601D862B23FC0D2752" box="[934,990,1550,1574]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06476" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="1994.0">1994</quantity>
</date>
in MNHN from specimens collected at Tsaratanana in 1966 by P. Griveaud
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601C782B1CFD4C273D" box="[600,671,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al.,</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601C952B1DFCBC273D" author="Lees" box="[693,879,1584,1609]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees, 1997: 65</bibRefCitation>
). As a possible endemic of Tsaratanana, it is understandable that there is such little material of this species, all from this single collection in MNHN, except for one specimen in BMNH dating from before 1924, which is not included in the
<typeStatus id="549548864C41C6601A1C2B5AFBBF27FB" box="[1084,1132,1655,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
series as it has a dubious locality label (see below). Due to its similarity to the relatively widespread
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601DCF2BB7FB5927C6" box="[1007,1162,1689,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601DCF2BB7FB5927C6" box="[1007,1162,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is also not surprising the species has not been described until now. All other available
<typeStatus id="549548864C41C6601DBA2B90FC0627A1" box="[922,981,1725,1749]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">types</typeStatus>
of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601A112B90FB1C27A1" box="[1073,1231,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601A112B90FB1C27A1" box="[1073,1231,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have been examined (see under
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601FA82BCDFDCD2783" box="[392,542,1758,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kremenae">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601FA82BCDFDCD2783" box="[392,542,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. kremenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As well as the two ♂♂ and two ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601DD42BCDFB892783" box="[1012,1114,1760,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601DD42BCDFB892783" box="[1012,1114,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. sogai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Tsaratanana, there is a single ♂ specimen labelled Beforo SE
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C41C6601C652A2CFD1F266E" box="[581,716,1793,1818]" name="Madagascar" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
in BMNH. When I revisited the
<typeStatus id="549548864C41C6601A192A2FFBBA266E" box="[1081,1129,1794,1818]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
locality (now, of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601B0C2A2EFA40266E" box="[1324,1427,1795,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601B0C2A2EFA40266E" box="[1324,1427,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ht. sogai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<date id="FF90D0E44C41C6601E972A09FEA32649" box="[183,368,1828,1853]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="2004-12">December 2004</date>
, I failed to refind this species, but neither did I rediscover another apparent endemic to the Tsaratanana massif,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601F5C2A6AFCF22614" authority="Paulian, 1951" authorityName="Paulian" authorityYear="1951" box="[380,801,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Strabena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsaratananae">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601F5C2A6AFDAF2614" box="[380,636,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Strabena tsaratananae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601CA42A6AFCF22614" author="Paulian" box="[644,801,1863,1888]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Paulian, R. (1951) Etudes sur les lepidopteres malgaches. II. Nouveaux satyrides (1). Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, (A), 6, 387 - 394." type="journal article" year="1951">Paulian, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, for which, suspiciously, the BMNH collection includes two specimens with the same locality and accession label. It is not clear that these Beforo-labelled specimens were really collected in SE
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C41C6601FBA2AA0FDF226D2" box="[410,545,1933,1958]" name="Madagascar" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
and no place name has been traced exactly as such (in any case, the similar sounding locality ‘Beforona’ is at far too low elevation). Furthermore, another apparently narrowly localized species,
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C41C6601ED52AF9FDD92698" authority="Paulian, 1951" authorityName="Paulian" authorityYear="1951" box="[245,522,2003,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Strabena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C41C6601ED52AF9FEBB269F" box="[245,360,2004,2027]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S. perrieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C41C6601F502AFEFDD92698" author="Paulian" box="[368,522,2003,2028]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Paulian, R. (1951) Etudes sur les lepidopteres malgaches. II. Nouveaux satyrides (1). Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, (A), 6, 387 - 394." type="journal article" year="1951">Paulian, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
bears the same locality and accession label.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF51A6AC4C4EC66F1EB72BC7FECA260E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264613/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[242,1343,191,1739]" targetPageId="56">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4EC66F1EB72BC7FECA260E" blockId="56.[151,1436,1770,1914]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1EB72BC7FEF3278B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1770,1792]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Adults in DV (left), VV (right) for mounted specimens and adults in natural posture (photos: D.C. Lees).
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1B7A2BC7FABF278B" bold="true" box="[1370,1388,1770,1791]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">A</emphasis>
: HT ♂ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1EED2A24FEAB266A" box="[205,376,1801,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1EED2A24FEAB266A" box="[205,376,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Heteropsis sogai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C4EC66F1FA42A25FE052669" box="[388,470,1800,1821]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1FA42A25FE052669" bold="true" box="[388,470,1800,1821]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Tsaratanana; DCL-DB-3386).
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1D3B2A25FCFF2669" bold="true" box="[795,812,1800,1821]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">B</emphasis>
: PT ♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1DB42A24FC21266A" box="[916,1010,1801,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sogai">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1DB42A24FC21266A" box="[916,1010,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ht. sogai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tsaratanana; DCL-DB-3387). Scale bar: 30 mm.
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1ECF2A0AFED22649" bold="true" box="[239,257,1831,1853]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">C</emphasis>
: ♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1F6A2A05FDDD2649" authority="Lees" authorityName="Lees" box="[330,526,1831,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kremenae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1F6A2A05FEB92649" box="[330,362,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ht.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1F522A0AFE072649" box="[370,468,1831,1853]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">kremenae</emphasis>
Lees
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C4EC66F1C3B2A0AFDBE2648" box="[539,621,1831,1852]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1C3B2A0AFDBE2648" bold="true" box="[539,621,1831,1852]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Vohitaly, Makira; 30/12/2002).
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1DE42A0AFC052648" bold="true" box="[964,982,1831,1852]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">D</emphasis>
: ♂ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1A3F2A05FB5C2649" box="[1055,1167,1832,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Culapa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauper">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1A3F2A05FB5C2649" box="[1055,1167,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ht. pauper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vohitaly, Makira; 30/12/ 2002).
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1EFF2A6BFF23262F" bold="true" box="[223,240,1862,1883]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">E</emphasis>
: ♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1F142A6AFE13262F" box="[308,448,1861,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsimilis">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1F142A6AFE13262F" box="[308,448,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ht. subsimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Ambohitantely; 6/12/2006);
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1CD32A6BFCD1262F" bold="true" box="[755,770,1862,1883]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">F</emphasis>
: ♀ of
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4EC66F1D662A6AFBA1262F" authority="Lees &amp; Kremen" authorityName="Lees &amp; Kremen" box="[838,1138,1861,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1D662A6AFCB42628" box="[838,871,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ht.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1D4D2A6AFC152628" box="[877,966,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">avaratra</emphasis>
Lees &amp; Kremen
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A269974D4C4EC66F1A5D2A6BFB1D262F" box="[1149,1230,1862,1883]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4EC66F1A5D2A6BFB1D262F" bold="true" box="[1149,1230,1862,1883]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Anjanaharibe Sud; 23/11/2014).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72DBAFC61218C" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72DBAFD0121C4" bold="true" box="[199,722,151,176]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Additional information. DNA divergences</emphasis>
: unsequenced. No specimens have been found since 1966 (expedition in 2004 of the author to RNI Tsaratanana including the
<typeStatus id="549548864C4FC66E1D9B2D90FC3821A1" box="[955,1003,189,213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
locality; and that in late 2013 of R. Ranaivosolo, pers. comm, to an adjacent area, provided no exemplars).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C4FC66E1EE72C29FE04236C" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72C29FF322010" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72C29FE342069" bold="true" box="[199,487,260,285]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Phylogeny/sister species</emphasis>
: in the morphological analysis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C4FC66E1D4F2C28FC2B2068" author="Lees" box="[879,1016,260,284]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Lees, D. C. (1997) Systematics and biogeography of Madagascan mycalesine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1997">Lees (1997)</bibRefCitation>
this taxon (“THTNN”) connected to
<taxonomicName id="4C2E8DA74C4FC66E1EB72C04FEF62034" box="[151,293,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avaratra">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EB72C04FEF62034" box="[151,293,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Ht. avaratra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“TWNFV”), which might possibly be its sister (as in combined tree in
<bibRefCitation id="EFBF8BD54C4FC66E1A422C0AFAAA2034" author="Aduse-Poku" box="[1122,1401,295,320]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Aduse-Poku, K., Lees, D. C., Brattstrom, O., Kodandaramaiah, U., Collins, S. &amp; Brakefield, P. M., (2016) Molecular phylogeny and generic-level taxonomy of the widespread palaeotropical ' Heteropsis clade' (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Mycalesina). Systematic Entomology, in press. http: // dx. doi. org / syen. 12183" type="book" year="2016">
Aduse-Poku
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1AD52C04FAFC2034" box="[1269,1327,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
, in press).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72C42FE2520FC" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,502,367,392]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72C42FE2520FC" bold="true" box="[199,502,367,392]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72CB9FBE520D9" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,1078,404,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72CB9FEF020D9" bold="true" box="[199,291,404,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Habitat</emphasis>
: ‘Matsabory’:
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C4FC66E1FEB2CB9FDEB20D9" box="[459,568,404,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
for a marshy area or small lake within forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72C9AFE0020A4" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,467,439,464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72C9AFE9020A4" bold="true" box="[199,323,439,464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Behaviour</emphasis>
: unreported.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72CF1FE6F2081" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,444,476,501]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72CF1FEEE2081" bold="true" box="[199,317,476,501]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hostplant</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72CD2FE04236C" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,471,511,536]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72CD2FE8B236C" bold="true" box="[199,344,511,536]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Early stages</emphasis>
: unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C4FC66E1EE72F09FD4323F0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72F09FE972314" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72F09FE8A2349" bold="true" box="[199,345,548,573]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distribution</emphasis>
: RNI Tsaratanana, where putatively endemic (
<figureCitation id="1315EAA14C4FC66E1D542F09FC1A2348" box="[884,969,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[325,1224,254,1731]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[316,1247,230,1746]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 30. Distribution maps. A. Purple: Heteropsis vanewrighti Lees, sp. nov. Green: Ht. pauliani Lees, sp. nov. Yellow: Ht. mimetica Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. Light blue: Ht. hazovola Lees &amp; Raharitsimba, sp. nov. Turquoise: Ht. imerina Lees, sp. nov. [northern populations overlapping with Ht. vanewrighti and Ht. pauliani are not shown]. Pink: Ht. westwoodi Lees, sp. nov. B. Red: Ht. avaratra Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. Light blue: Ht. kremenae Lees, sp. nov. Fawn: Ht. vertigo Lees &amp; Raharitsimba, sp. nov. C. Ochre: Ht. roussettae Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. Slate-blue: Ht. menamenoides Lees, sp. nov. Olive: Ht. lanyvary Lees, sp. nov. Dark green: Ht. borgo Lees, sp. nov. Light green: Ht. barbarae Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. Brown: Ht. oberthueri Lees, sp. nov. Dark pink: Ht. tianae Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. D. Mid green: Ht. sogai Lees, sp. nov. Dark brown: Ht. tornado Lees, Allaoui &amp; Aduse-Poku, sp. nov. Lilac: Ht. harveyi Lees &amp; Kremen, sp. nov. Light brown: centraleastern populations of Ht. harveyi complex. Scale bar: 500 km." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264627/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
D, mid green dots). See above regarding other localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72F41FD4323F0" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,656,620,645]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72F41FE4A23F1" bold="true" box="[199,409,620,645]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Elevational range</emphasis>
:
<quantity id="4CD65BC14C4FC66E1F882F41FD9023F0" box="[424,579,620,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.025" metricValueMax="2.05" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2025.0" valueMax="2050.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–2050 m</quantity>
(n=4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C334A5AF4C4FC66E1EE72FA2FAE523DC" box="[199,1334,655,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B91F6244C4FC66E1EE72FA2FAE523DC" blockId="57.[151,1436,151,680]" box="[199,1334,655,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B95A2A364C4FC66E1EE72FA2FE6A23DC" bold="true" box="[199,441,655,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
♂ [
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C4FC66E1FC22FBDFDED23D3" box="[482,574,656,679]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">BMNH</collectionCode>
], Beforo, SE
<collectingCountry id="F339B6B44C4FC66E1CF42FA2FC8E23DC" box="[724,861,655,680]" name="Madagascar" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, 61.23 Rothschild coll.|134
<collectionCode id="ED3F6EE14C4FC66E1AAB2FA2FB6723DC" box="[1163,1204,655,680]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">DL</collectionCode>
[genitalia].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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