422 lines
64 KiB
XML
422 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="8976EEA11C18F063FC86718046CCF231" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9208728d-5b89-4b4e-be3d-7f06ee509a96" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699827" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0131324-1E7D-4D4E-97EA-AA812A5F7B94" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583514352202" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Bochaton, Corentin, Boistel, Renaud, Grouard, Sandrine, Ineich, Ivan, Tresset, Anne & Bailon, Salvador" docDate="2019" docId="03AE7E3BFFE5FFE0FC37F97EFAA7F4EB" docLanguage="en" docName="GEODIVERSITAS.41.12.501-523.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 41 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Alsophis antillensis Fossil" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="510" masterDocId="FF970643FFEDFFEBFF9AFF8DFF8BF305" masterDocTitle="Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations" masterLastPageNumber="523" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="507" updateTime="1698725748484" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="EBA1FAEFDB62ECB6A51BED0C5637DBD4">Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="571DE56653F0D23E2A935FBFC9DDFDA2">Bochaton, Corentin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A272E8C76477078FF23113C7D771639F">Boistel, Renaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6E4109152ABCC3FD830AD29DA1200E1D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E629D86A22181E5EBDD999B69918CD41">Grouard, Sandrine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C5333C8AF43223253DB2AD18C5998AC">Ineich, Ivan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B1374ADFC570589640357190BD7213FD">Tresset, Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E0F53B96A3DA024A02E4BB21A7B6DFA1">Bailon, Salvador</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F238481CE3389D762B2C11E84AE5E1A5">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="88CCE50D40870B84FC9940A3FCFD8E1F">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3DDA064AAE7728DCDFE0C104F5874A06">2019-06-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5E5A5DA2753ECC3FAAE74FFB47AA2207">41</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7391E808E074E80A54ADC0CE44462807">12</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="4B989CAD86B8288BAC678C5DD6471081">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="ABB4F6F967FD1B9E4807E9AB8D52F2F7" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a12</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AE7E3BFFE5FFE0FC37F97EFAA7F4EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3705026" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162463391" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3705026" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE7E3BFFE5FFE0FC37F97EFAA7F4EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE7E3BFFE5FFE0FC37F97EFAA7F4EB" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="510" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
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<subSubSection id="C31D9CA6FFE5FFE3FC37F97EFAA4F40B" box="[941,1327,1779,1806]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE5FFE3FC37F97EFAA4F40B" blockId="8.[941,1327,1779,1806]" box="[941,1327,1779,1806]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
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<heading id="D0F07841FFE5FFE3FC37F97EFAA4F40B" box="[941,1327,1779,1806]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE5FFE3FC37F97EFAA4F40B" authority="(Schlegel, 1837)" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[941,1327,1779,1806]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE5FFE3FC37F97EFBF3F40B" bold="true" box="[941,1144,1779,1806]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Alsophis antillensis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE5FFE3FB1CF979FAACF40B" author="SCHLEGEL H." box="[1158,1319,1780,1806]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" refId="ref19025" refString="SCHLEGEL H. 1837. - Essai sur la physionomie des serpents - Partie descriptive. M. H. Schonekat, Libraire-Editeur, Amsterdam, 606 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D9CA6FFE5FFE3FCB7F8B8FACCF4E8" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE5FFE3FCB7F8B8FACCF4E8" blockId="8.[813,1456,1845,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
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EXAMINED MATERIAL. — A total of 840 bones from all 20 sites and six islands are attributed to
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE5FFE3FBB3F8DDFB44F46D" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1065,1231,1872,1896]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE5FFE3FBB3F8DDFB44F46D" box="[1065,1231,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Alsophis antillensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<tableCitation id="C685FA96FFE5FFE3FB47F8DDFAAAF46D" box="[1245,1313,1872,1896]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[132,143,221,239]" captionText="TABLE 1. — Number of fossil bones and taxonomic attribution of dipsadid snakes bones collected in each archaeological and paleontological deposit on the Guadeloupe Islands." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF789FA5FFE8FFEEFF1EFF50FEB9F203" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" tableUuid="DF789FA5FFE8FFEEFF1EFF50FEB9F203">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). Among these are 82 cervical and caudal vertebrae that could not be unambiguously identified because of their strong morphological variability. These elements, which are not described in this study, were associated with
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE5FFE3FC11F837FB8AF4D7" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[907,1025,1978,2002]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE5FFE3FC11F837FB8AF4D7" box="[907,1025,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">A. antillensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of their sizes, and the taxonomic composition of the snake material of the different sites.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D9CA6FFE4FFE0FF1EFF54FEE3F42B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="510" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EFF54FE9EF3F4" blockId="9.[132,775,217,977]" box="[132,277,217,243]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EFF74FE3DF216" blockId="9.[132,775,217,977]" box="[132,438,249,275]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF1EFF74FE3DF216" box="[132,438,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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Maxilla (4 elements;
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<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FEC5FF77FE25F216" box="[351,430,249,275]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EFE94FD3EF0D4" blockId="9.[132,775,217,977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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The most complete maxilla only lacks its anterior tip. It bears 16 tooth positions and measures
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<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE4FFE2FD98FEB4FDE0F256" box="[514,619,313,340]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="15.6">15.6 mm</quantity>
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in maximum length. Maxillae are elongate, slightly incurved in dorsal and ventral views, and bear well-developed ectopterygoid and palatine processes. In ventral view, a short diastema is visible below the ectopterygoid process and separates the two last dental positions from the previous ones. The few teeth preserved and size of teeth alveolar niches show that the two last teeth are larger than the others (tendency to opisthomegadont dentition), no other observation can be made regarding the structure of maxillary teeth. In dorsal view, the ectopterygoid process is of sub-rectangular shape and occurs medial to the second and third last dental positions. The ectopterygoid process is wide, moderately long, and ventrally incurved with a rounded medial margin. The palatine process occurs medial to the fifth and ninth first dental positions. Still in dorsal view, this process is of sub-triangular shape with a longer anterior than posterior margin. The bone has a shallow dorsal notch and a weakly marked insertion area for the maxillary ramus of the ectopterygoid situated at the posterior base of the ectopterygoid process (broken on the bone depicted in
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<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FDCBFC3AFD23F0D4" box="[593,680,951,977]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EFC7BFE34F714" blockId="9.[132,776,1014,1551]" box="[132,447,1014,1041]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF1EFC7BFE34F714" box="[132,447,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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Palatine (1 element;
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<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FEFFFC7AFE3CF714" box="[357,439,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EFB9BFEBCF50A" blockId="9.[132,776,1014,1551]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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The only available element is a complete right palatine discovered in Blanchard Cave. This bone measure
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<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE4FFE2FD35FBBBFC8CF754" box="[687,775,1078,1105]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
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in maximum length and bears 14 tooth positions. In lateral view, the bone bears a long, sub-triangular, and ventro-posteriorly oriented maxillary process. The vomerine process (
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FE95FB3BFECDF7CA" box="[271,326,1206,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE4FFE2FED7FB3BFE64F7D5" author="SZYNDLAR Z." box="[333,495,1206,1232]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" pagination="1" refId="ref19479" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. 1984. - Fossil snakes from Poland -. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 1 (28): 1 156." type="journal article" year="1984">Szyndlar 1984</bibRefCitation>
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) is well-developed, long, and sub-rectangular shaped in lateral view. In dorsal view, the choanal process (
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FEEFFB7BFE27F60A" box="[373,428,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE4FFE2FE2CFB78FDD1F615" author="SZYNDLAR Z." box="[438,602,1269,1296]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" pagination="1" refId="ref19479" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. 1984. - Fossil snakes from Poland -. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 1 (28): 1 156." type="journal article" year="1984">Szyndlar 1984</bibRefCitation>
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) prolonges the vomerine process in medioventral direction and is slightly posteriorly incurved. The anterior and posterior tips of the bone are blunted and neither is bifurcated. In ventral view, a large foramen for the maxillary nerve (= palatine foramen
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF73FA1BFEABF6AA" box="[233,288,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE4FFE2FEBDFA18FD90F6AA" author="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F." box="[295,539,1429,1455]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" pagination="362" refId="ref16140" refString="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. & ADLER K. (eds), The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New-York: 349 362." type="journal article" year="2008">Cundall & Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) is visible at the base of the maxillary process. The pterygoid process is short and bears a small ventral articular facet for contact with pterygoid bone.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EF9B9FE71F54A" blockId="9.[132,775,1588,1870]" box="[132,506,1588,1615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF1EF9B9FE71F54A" box="[132,506,1588,1615]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
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Pterygoid (3 elements;
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<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FEE3F9B8FE7BF54A" box="[377,496,1588,1615]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EF9D9FA24F156" blockId="9.[132,775,1588,1870]" lastBlockId="9.[813,1456,217,595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
Three fragments of pterygoids corresponding to anterior (
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FF14F9F9FF6CF58B" box="[142,231,1652,1678]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
|
) and posterior (
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FE3DF9F9FD8AF58A" box="[423,513,1652,1679]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
|
) parts of the bone are present in the studied assemblage. This bone is nearly flat in lateral view and anteriorly incurved in ventral view. Still in ventral view, on the medial edge of its anterior portion, the bone bears a row of 19 small and posteriorly incurved teeth. The posterior fragment of this bone (
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FDFAF899FD3DF42B" box="[608,694,1812,1838]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
|
) shows that at least the posterior one-third of the bone lacks teeth. The ectopterygoid process is well developed, distinct,and lies in line with the 13
|
|
<superScript id="7C726265FFE4FFE2FBBEFF77FBBEF20E" attach="left" box="[1060,1077,250,267]" fontSize="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">th</superScript>
|
|
to 19
|
|
<superScript id="7C726265FFE4FFE2FBECFF77FB0CF20E" attach="left" box="[1142,1159,250,267]" fontSize="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">th</superScript>
|
|
dental positions in ventral view. This process is subtriangular shaped with a blunt lateral margin in ventral view. The posterior part of the bone is elongate and its medial surface is concave in ventral view. In dorsal view, the posterior part of the bone bears a deep imprint of the mandibular condyle of the quadrate bone; this imprint is separated from the medial part of the bone by a high and thick pterygoid crest. The posterior tip of the bone is rounded and bears a small lateral notch that contacts the posterior process of the compound bone when the living animal closes its mouth (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE4FFE2FB34FDB5FA14F157" author="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F." box="[1198,1439,568,594]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" pagination="362" refId="ref16140" refString="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. & ADLER K. (eds), The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New-York: 349 362." type="journal article" year="2008">Cundall & Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7FDF5FB4CF197" blockId="9.[813,1456,632,1200]" box="[813,1223,632,658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FCB7FDF5FB4CF197" box="[813,1223,632,658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
Compound bone (3 elements;
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FBF7FDF5FB34F197" box="[1133,1215,632,658]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7FD15FB6CF7B5" blockId="9.[813,1456,632,1200]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
The two most complete compound bones are of two different sizes: the first one (
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FBDEFD3AFB1EF1D7" box="[1092,1173,695,722]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
|
) is complete and measure
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE4FFE2FCB7FD55FCF1F1F7" box="[813,890,728,754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
|
in maximum length, whereas the second one measure
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE4FFE2FCB7FD7AFCF6F017" box="[813,893,759,786]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
|
long despite lacking its retroarticular process. The bone is elongate. The retroarticular process is well developed, longer than the glenoid fossa, of truncated conical shape, medially incurved in dorsal view, and perforated by a deep and large foramen near its anterior margin in medial view. In lateral view, the surangular crest is moderately developed with a nearly straight dorsal margin and a sharp ventral margin. The mental foramen is large, semi-circular, and opens anteriorly. In medial view, the development of the prearticular crest is variable, but this crest consistently is two times higher than the surangular crest on all specimens. In dorsal view, the mandibular fossa is long and deep, but its width varies. In medial view, the imprint of the angular is well marked and posteriorly pointed.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7FB5BFBEEF7F5" blockId="9.[813,1456,1238,1583]" box="[813,1125,1238,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FCB7FB5BFBEEF7F5" box="[813,1125,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
Dentary (1 element;
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FB97FB5BFBD5F7F5" box="[1037,1118,1238,1264]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[126,1449,270,1837]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7FB78FAA5F52B" blockId="9.[813,1456,1238,1583]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">The only recovered dentary fragment corresponds to the posterior two-thirds of the bone. This fragment is moderately elongate and preserves seven tooth positions. In medial view, the Meckel groove is fully open with a narrower anterior opening that nearly reaches the anterior tip of the fragment. In lateral view, the bone has a large mental foramen situated in its median part. The bone bears a long posteroventral process with a blunted posterior apex. This process forms the ventral margin of a triangular insertion for the lateral process of the compound bone.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7F9D9FB60F56A" blockId="9.[813,1456,1620,1870]" box="[813,1259,1620,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FCB7F9D9FB60F56A" box="[813,1259,1620,1647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
Trunk vertebrae (741 elements;
|
|
<figureCitation id="133CD3A8FFE4FFE2FBECF9D8FB68F56A" box="[1142,1251,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1919,1937]" captionTargetBox="[176,1378,217,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[165,1378,268,1782]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trunk vertebrae of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from Gare Maritime de Basse-Terre archaeological site (US 1008) located on Basse-Terre Island (A) and from Blanchard Cave paleontological deposit (Layer 11) located on Marie-Galante Island (B). Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; e. s., epizygapophyseal spine; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis;pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699837/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
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)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FCB7F9F9FA3BF448" blockId="9.[813,1456,1620,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
These vertebrae are weakly built and of variable size (centra lengths between 1 and
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE4FFE2FBC4F919FB31F5AA" box="[1118,1210,1684,1711]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
|
) corresponding to all ontogenetic stages from juvenile to adult individuals. In dorsal view, vertebrae are slightly wider than long to slightly longer than wide (ratio CL/WIC = 0.81-1.17) and exhibit a well-marked median constriction. The zygosphene is moderately wide and bears an anterior margin
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF789FA5FFE4FFE2FF1EF8F2FA24F4EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699835/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" targetBox="[126,1449,270,1902]" targetPageId="10">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE4FFE2FF1EF8F2FA24F4EE" blockId="9.[132,1456,1919,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
|
|
FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE4FFE2FEFAF8F2FD0DF494" authority="(Schlegel, 1837)" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[352,646,1919,1937]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FEFAF8F2FE76F494" box="[352,509,1919,1937]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Alsophis antillensis</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE4FFE2FD9CF8F2FD09F494" author="SCHLEGEL H." box="[518,642,1919,1937]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" refId="ref19025" refString="SCHLEGEL H. 1837. - Essai sur la physionomie des serpents - Partie descriptive. M. H. Schonekat, Libraire-Editeur, Amsterdam, 606 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands:
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FB98F8F2FB84F494" bold="true" box="[1026,1039,1919,1937]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">A</emphasis>
|
|
, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FE10F81BFE1CF4AD" bold="true" box="[394,407,1942,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">B</emphasis>
|
|
, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FB82F818FBADF4A2" bold="true" box="[1048,1062,1941,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">C</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FBABF81BFBB4F4AD" bold="true" box="[1073,1087,1942,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">D</emphasis>
|
|
, left pterygoid anterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FA93F818FA9CF4A2" bold="true" box="[1289,1303,1941,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">C</emphasis>
|
|
) and posterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FA06F81BFA21F4AD" bold="true" box="[1436,1450,1942,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">D</emphasis>
|
|
) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FCBCF821FCB9F4BB" bold="true" box="[806,818,1964,1982]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">E</emphasis>
|
|
, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF5BF84EFF47F4D0" bold="true" box="[193,204,1987,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">F</emphasis>
|
|
, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations:
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FB93F84EFBBBF4D0" bold="true" box="[1033,1072,1987,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">c. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, choanal process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FB4BF84EFB73F4D0" bold="true" box="[1233,1272,1987,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">d. n.</emphasis>
|
|
, dorsal notch;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FAE2F84EFA05F4D0" bold="true" box="[1400,1422,1987,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">di.</emphasis>
|
|
, diastema;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FF56F857FE84F4E9" bold="true" box="[204,271,2010,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">e. p. m.</emphasis>
|
|
, ectopterygoid process of the maxilla;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FDCCF857FD19F4E9" bold="true" box="[598,658,2010,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">e. p. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FC75F857FBA7F4E9" bold="true" box="[1007,1068,2010,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">f. m. n.</emphasis>
|
|
, foramen for the maxillary nerve;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE4FFE2FADFF857FAECF4E9" bold="true" box="[1349,1383,2010,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">g. f.</emphasis>
|
|
, glenoid
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE7FFE1FF2EFF6FFAA4F203" blockId="10.[180,1327,226,262]" box="[180,1327,226,262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">A p. p. e. p. m. d. n.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE7FFE1FDF0FE24FB3FF46E" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">di. p. p. e. p. m. Ventral view Dorsal view B m. p. f. m. n. pt. p. c. p. v. p. pt. p. v. p. c. p. Ventral view m. p. Lateral view e. p. p. C Ventral view e. p. p. Dorsal view D pt. c. m. c. l. g. l. q. Ventral view Dorsal view E mt. f. s. c. p. c. r. p. ma. f. p. c. g. f. mt. f. s. c. r. p. Lateral view Dorsal view F i. c. pv. p. mt. f. M. g. Lateral view Medial view</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE7FFE1FF1EF818FEE1F4EE" blockId="10.[132,1456,1941,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">
|
|
fossa;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FF21F81BFF50F4AD" bold="true" box="[187,219,1942,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">i. c.</emphasis>
|
|
, insertion area for the lateral process of the compound bone;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FD41F81BFD70F4AD" bold="true" box="[731,763,1942,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">i. q.</emphasis>
|
|
, imprint of the mandibular condyle of the quadrate bone;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FB40F81BFB71F4AD" bold="true" box="[1242,1274,1942,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">l. g.</emphasis>
|
|
, lateral groove;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FAE5F81BFA21F4AD" bold="true" box="[1407,1450,1942,1960]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">m. c.</emphasis>
|
|
, medial concave surface;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FECCF821FE08F4BB" bold="true" box="[342,387,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">M. g.</emphasis>
|
|
, Meckel groove;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FD8FF821FDCAF4BB" bold="true" box="[533,577,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">m. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, maxillary process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FD73F821FC97F4BB" bold="true" box="[745,796,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">ma. f.</emphasis>
|
|
, mandibular fossa;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FC58F821FC7BF4BB" bold="true" box="[962,1008,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">mt. f.</emphasis>
|
|
, mental foramen;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FB13F821FB24F4BB" bold="true" box="[1161,1199,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">p. c.</emphasis>
|
|
, prearticular crest;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FAC8F821FAF1F4BB" bold="true" box="[1362,1402,1964,1982]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">p. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, palatine process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FF6FF84EFEAAF4D0" bold="true" box="[245,289,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">pt. c.</emphasis>
|
|
, pterygoid crest;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FE29F84EFE6AF4D0" bold="true" box="[435,481,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">pt. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, pterygoid process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FD16F84EFD30F4D0" bold="true" box="[652,699,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">pv. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, posteroventral process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FC15F84EFC3BF4D0" bold="true" box="[911,944,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">r. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, retroarticular process;
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FBEFF84EFB11F4D0" bold="true" box="[1141,1178,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">s. c.</emphasis>
|
|
, surangular crest,
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE7FFE1FAAFF84EFAD3F4D0" bold="true" box="[1333,1368,1987,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">v. p.</emphasis>
|
|
, vomerine process. Scale bars:
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE7FFE1FEAEF854FEEDF4EE" box="[308,358,2009,2027]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE6FFE0FF1EFF54FEE3F42B" blockId="11.[132,776,217,1838]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">
|
|
whose shape varies from straight to slightly trilobate. The postero-medial notch of the neural arch is moderately deep and bracketed by flared lateral margins forming an angle of nearly 90°. On some specimens, a very reduced and slightly marked epizygapophyseal spine occurs, but this is absent on most of the vertebrae, including the two figured examples. Prezygapophyseal facets are rounded to ovoid in outline. The morphology of the prezygapophyseal processes is highly variable depending on the size of the specimen. These processes are anterolaterally oriented and conical shaped on small specimens, but tend to become shorter, wider, and blunter in large specimens although remaining elongate in some. In lateral view, the shape of these processes also varies from a transversally rounded in small specimens to a flattened shape in large specimens. Still in lateral view, the neural spine is well developed and longer than high. In most specimens the neural spine is two times longer than high, but this condition is variable in our material. The anterior margin of the spine is usually slightly incurved and a small dorsal anterior projection slightly overhangs the anterior edge of the spine whereas the posterior margin more strongly overhangs the posterior edge of the spine. The interzygapophyseal crest is straight in lateral view. Synapophysis bear moderately distinct diapophysis and parapophysis, the first being slightly larger and located more posteriorly. The hemal keel is well-visible in lateral view. The hemal keel is well-extended ventrally except along its anterior part where it shallows progressively until reaching the cotyle. In ventral view, the hemal keel is laterally well-delimited, thin, and exhibits a more or less spatulate shape (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FEF1FB1AFE29F7B5" box="[363,418,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">sensu</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FE32FB1BFDCCF7B5" author="HOLMAN J. A." box="[424,583,1174,1200]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" refId="ref17619" refString="HOLMAN J. A. - 2000. - Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloumington, 412 p." type="book" year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) with a posterior enlargement of variable extend. However, rare specimens instead have a hemal keel shaped like a gladius (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FD0FFB5BFD47F7EA" box="[661,716,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">sensu</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FD48FB5BFF73F615" author="HOLMAN J. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="510" refId="ref17619" refString="HOLMAN J. A. - 2000. - Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloumington, 412 p." type="book" year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The hemal keel appears to exhibit important morphological variability in the material, but it is always laterally well-delimited. Still in ventral view, the centrum is triangular with well-marked lateral margins. It has subcentral depressions of variable extend and depth. A subcentral foramen occurs to either side of the hemal keel. In anterior view, the roof of the zygosphene is thin, ranging from slightly curved to straight. Still in anterior view, the cotyle is generally subcircular and slightly wider than high. However, the cotyle is round on some specimens. The cotyle is bordered by paracotylar foramina and deep paracotylar depressions of low extension. In ventral view, the cotyle also bears sub-cotylar tubercles on some specimens. In posterior view, the neural arch is moderately vaulted. In posterior outline, the condyle ranges from subcircular(often slightly dorsoventrally flattened) to round. It is separated from the centrum by a well-marked precondylar constriction best seen in ventral view.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C31D9CA6FFE6FFE0FF1EF8DEFAA7F4EB" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE6FFE0FF1EF8DEFF67F46E" blockId="11.[132,775,1875,2030]" box="[132,236,1875,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB8CF2DFFE6FFE0FF1EF8FEFAA7F4EB" blockId="11.[132,775,1875,2030]" lastBlockId="11.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">
|
|
The above described bones have been associated together on the basis of their size and of several morphological characters. They exhibit several characters occurring in “colubrid” (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FE95F859FEF0F4E8" box="[271,379,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
|
) snakes: a slightly curved maxilla having well-developed palatine and ectopterygoid processes, with the number of teeth (16) between two and 36 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FCACFE97FB96F236" author="MARX H. & RABB G. B." box="[822,1053,281,308]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="1" refId="ref18196" refString="MARX H. & RABB G. B. 1972. - Phyletic analysis of fifty characters of advanced snakes. Field Museum of Natural History 63: 1 321. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2981 -" type="journal article" year="1972">Marx & Rabb 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and with the two most posterior teeth larger than the others (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FBEDFEB4FAF9F256" author="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F." box="[1143,1394,313,339]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="362" refId="ref16140" refString="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. & ADLER K. (eds), The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New-York: 349 362." type="journal article" year="2008">Cundall & Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); the occurrence of distinct maxillary and choanal processes on the palatine bone (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FB9DFEF4FA8FF296" author="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F." box="[1031,1284,377,403]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="362" refId="ref16140" refString="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. & ADLER K. (eds), The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New-York: 349 362." type="journal article" year="2008">Cundall & Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); vertebrae are weakly build, with a thin zygosphene and neural spine, differentiated paradiaopophyses, paracotylar foramina, and well-developed prezygapophyseal processes (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FAB6FE54FA23F2F7" author="RAGE" box="[1324,1448,472,499]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" refId="ref18734" refString="RAGE - J. C. 1984. - Serpentes, in Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie. Volume 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, 80 p." type="book" year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FCB7FE75FBA1F117" author="HSIOU A. S. & ALBINO A. M." box="[813,1066,504,530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="249" refId="ref17735" refString="HSIOU A. S. & ALBINO A. M. - 2010. - New snake remains from the Miocene of northern South America. The Herpetological Journal 20 (4): 249 259." type="journal article" year="2010">Hsiou & Albino 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The fossils also exhibit a character occurring in xenodontine snakes: the occurrence of an extension (choanal process) of the vomerine process of the palatine in postero-ventral direction (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FB66FDD5FCECF197" author="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F." pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="362" refId="ref16140" refString="CUNDALL D. & IRISH F. 2008. - The snake skull, in GANS C., GAUNT A. S. & ADLER K. (eds), The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New-York: 349 362." type="journal article" year="2008">Cundall & Irish 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Among the Lesser-Antillean xenondontine snakes, these fossils exhibit several differences compared to the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCEEFD3AFB97F1D4" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[884,1052,695,721]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Erythrolamprus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCEEFD3AFB97F1D4" box="[884,1052,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Erythrolamprus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FBB7FD3AFA91F1D4" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1069,1306,695,721]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Erythrolamprus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juliae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FBB7FD3AFA91F1D4" box="[1069,1306,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Erythrolamprus juliae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). In the later genus: the maxilla has more teeth (25-26) and its palatine process bears a distinct, pointed, and posteriorly oriented distal tip; the pterygoid has posterior lateral and medial grooves that are less deep and extended, its ectopterygoid process is weakly separated from the pterygoid flange; and the compound bone is more elongate and has a shorter mandibular fossa. Additional differences also occurr on the trunk vertebrae (see below in description of fossil
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCB7FC5BFC5EF0F5" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[813,981,982,1008]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Erythrolamprus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCB7FC5BFC5EF0F5" box="[813,981,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Erythrolamprus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). By contrast, the fossil bones are entirely consistent with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FC43FC7BFB15F715" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[985,1182,1014,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FC43FC7BFB15F715" box="[985,1182,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis antillensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the second xenodontine species currently occurring on the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3108FBDFFE6FFE0FB3BFB9BFAACF735" box="[1185,1319,1046,1072]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
|
Islands. The fossils differ from other species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FB26FBBBFA9FF755" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1212,1300,1078,1104]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB26FBBBFA9FF755" box="[1212,1300,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
we observed: on the compound bone the dorsal margin of the surangular crest is straight in medial view in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FB6AFBFBFAF5F795" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1264,1406,1142,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB6AFBFBFAF5F795" box="[1264,1406,1142,1168]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. antillensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCB7FB1BFC36F7B5" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[813,957,1174,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rijgersmaei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCB7FB1BFC36F7B5" box="[813,957,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. rijgersmaei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, whereas it is slightly concave in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FA84FB1BFA23F7B5" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1310,1448,1174,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiventris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FA84FB1BFA23F7B5" box="[1310,1448,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. rufiventris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The morphology of the vertebrae also is very different from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCB7FB5BFC4BF7F5" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[813,960,1238,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiventris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCB7FB5BFC4BF7F5" box="[813,960,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. rufiventris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see below in description of fossil
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FAC2FB5BFA3BF7F5" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1368,1456,1238,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FAC2FB5BFA3BF7F5" box="[1368,1456,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. 2) and also differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FBFAFB7BFB7DF60A" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1120,1270,1270,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rijgersmaei">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FBFAFB7BFB7DF60A" box="[1120,1270,1270,1296]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. rijgersmaei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
whose vertebrae bear a hemal keel consistently of gladius shape (
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FAA7FA9BFAFFF62A" box="[1341,1396,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">sensu</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FAE0FA98FC2BF64A" author="HOLMAN J. A." pageId="11" pageNumber="510" refId="ref17619" refString="HOLMAN J. A. - 2000. - Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloumington, 412 p." type="book" year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) with straight lateral margins and no posterior enlargement. In addition, gross size comparison with modern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCB7FAF8FC0FF68A" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[813,900,1397,1423]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCB7FAF8FC0FF68A" box="[813,900,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimens show that fossil vertebrae correspond to individuals between 25 and
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE6FFE0FB14FA18FB6FF6B5" box="[1166,1252,1429,1456]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" unit="cm" value="150.0">150 cm</quantity>
|
|
in total length or between 18 and
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE6FFE0FC45FA38FBBAF6CA" box="[991,1073,1461,1487]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" unit="cm" value="112.0">112 cm</quantity>
|
|
in snout-vent length, a size matching that of modern
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FB96FA58FB13F6EA" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1036,1176,1493,1519]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB96FA58FB13F6EA" box="[1036,1176,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. antillensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(max.
|
|
<quantity id="4CFF62C8FFE6FFE0FB72FA58FAA4F6EA" box="[1256,1327,1493,1519]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" unit="cm" value="93.0">93 cm</quantity>
|
|
of SVL see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FCB7FA78FBD3F50A" author="HENDERSON R. & POWELL R." box="[813,1112,1525,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" refId="ref17285" refString="HENDERSON R. & POWELL R. 2009. - Natural History - of West - Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 496 p." type="book" year="2009">Henderson & Powell 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), although some fossils appear to be larger than modern representatives. On the basis of these observations and the current occurrence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FAC9F9B8FCEEF56B" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FAC9F9B8FCEEF56B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. antillensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
on the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3108FBDFFE6FFE0FC2DF9D9FBCBF56B" box="[951,1088,1620,1646]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
|
Islands, we refer these remains to
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCB7F9F9FC74F58B" box="[813,1023,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCB7F9F9FC77F58B" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[813,1020,1652,1678]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">Alsophis antillensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Compared with the snakes previously identified from fossils on the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3108FBDFFE6FFE0FBEAF919FB72F5AB" box="[1136,1273,1684,1710]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
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Islands, our fossils aresimilar to the cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FBAEF939FB00F5CB" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1076,1163,1716,1742]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FBAEF939FB00F5CB" box="[1076,1163,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. and Colubroidea sp. 1 of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FCD0F959FBCDF5EB" author="BOCHATON C. & GROUARD S. & CORNETTE R. & INEICH I. & TRESSET A. & BAILON S." box="[842,1094,1748,1775]" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="101" refId="ref14906" refString="BOCHATON C., GROUARD S., CORNETTE R., INEICH I., TRESSET A. & BAILON S. 2015. - Fossil and subfossil herpetofauna from Cadet 2 Cave (Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe Islands, F. W. I.): Evolution of an insular herpetofauna since the Late Pleistocene. Comptes Rendus Palevol 14 (2): 101 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2014.10.005" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Bochaton
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FC24F958FC78F5EB" box="[958,1011,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
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(2015)
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</bibRefCitation>
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in Cadet 2 cave (Marie-Galante Island), to the cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FC6AF979FBCCF40B" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1008,1095,1780,1806]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FC6AF979FBCCF40B" box="[1008,1095,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Colubroidea of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF96B2DCFFE6FFE0FAB6F979FCF2F42B" author="BAILON S. & BOCHATON C. & LENOBLE A." pageId="11" pageNumber="510" pagination="127" refId="ref14395" refString="BAILON S., BOCHATON C. & LENOBLE A. 2015. - New data on Pleistocene and Holocene herpetofauna of Marie-Galante (Blanchard Cave, Guadeloupe Islands, French West Indies): Insular faunal turnover and human impact. Quaternary Science Reviews 128: 127 137. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2015.09.023" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Bailon
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FAE1F978FA3BF40B" box="[1403,1456,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
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(2015)
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</bibRefCitation>
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in Blanchard cave (Marie-Galante Island), and to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCCCF8BEFC26F448" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[854,941,1843,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCCCF8BEFC26F448" box="[854,941,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. of Boudadi-Maligne
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|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB5BF8B9FB7DF448" box="[1217,1270,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">et al.</emphasis>
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(2016) from the site of Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (La Désirade Island). Our observations of ontogenetic variability of
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FB76F8FEFA3BF488" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1260,1456,1907,1933]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
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|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB76F8FEFA3BF488" box="[1260,1456,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Alsophis antillensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and of
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FCE4F81EFBADF4A8" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[894,1062,1939,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Erythrolamprus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FCE4F81EFBADF4A8" box="[894,1062,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">Erythrolamprus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
vertebral morphology suggest that small fossil dipsadid vertebrae previously left unidentified can be confidently attributed to
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<taxonomicName id="4C07B4AEFFE6FFE0FB03F85EFAADF4E8" authorityName="Fossil" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel, Amerindian" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1177,1318,2003,2029]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B973133FFFE6FFE0FB03F85EFAADF4E8" box="[1177,1318,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="510">A. antillensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |