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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-9-e69374" ID-Pensoft-UUID="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" ModsDocID="1314-2828-9-e69374" checkinTime="1629125362331" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Verhaegen, Gerlien, Cimoli, Emiliano &amp; Lindsay, Dhugal" docDate="2021" docId="F2584E729205527E80829BBB9CC1952D" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 9: e69374" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 9" docPubDate="2021-08-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374" docTitle="Beroe Mueller 1776" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" lastPageNumber="69374" masterDocId="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" masterDocTitle="Life beneath the ice: jellyfish and ctenophores from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with an image-based training set for machine learning" masterLastPageNumber="69374" masterPageNumber="69374" pageNumber="69374" updateTime="1629125362331" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Life beneath the ice: jellyfish and ctenophores from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with an image-based training set for machine learning</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Verhaegen, Gerlien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Cimoli, Emiliano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia &amp; Discipline of Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Lindsay, Dhugal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName LSID="F2584E72-9205-527E-8082-9BBB9CC1952D" authority="Mueller, 1776" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
Beroe 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, 1776
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Description of the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Beroe</taxonomicName>
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: sac-like bodies without tentacles or tentacle sheaths, very large mouth and stomodaeum, eight meridional canals, connected orally and a row of branched papillae in a figure of eight at the aboral pole (
<bibRefCitation author="Licandro, Priscilla" journalOrPublisher="Marine plankton: A practical guide to ecology, methodology, and taxonomy." pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049032" refString="Licandro, Priscilla, Lindsay, Dhugal J, 2017. . Marine plankton: A practical guide to ecology, methodology, and taxonomy. 1" volume="1" year="2017">Licandro and Lindsay 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The identification of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be very difficult, as of the current 27 described species (
<bibRefCitation author="Willem, V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Third Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7050120" refString="Board WoRMS Editorial World Register of Marine Species http://www.marinespecies.org 2021-01-07T00:00:00+02:00" year="1894">WoRMS Editorial Board 2020</bibRefCitation>
), many have only been superficially described and the number of synonyms is likely very high (
<bibRefCitation author="Harbison, G R" journalOrPublisher="Deep-Sea Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="233 - 256" refId="B7048598" refString="Harbison, G R, Madin, L P, Swanberg, N R, 1978. On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores. Deep-Sea Research 25: 233 - 256" title="On the natural history and distribution of oceanic ctenophores" volume="25" year="1978">Harbison et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
). We, therefore, only report the morphological characteristics of the three 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species reported for the Southern Ocean (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T7035498" captionText="Table 1. Morphological characteristics of Beroe species that have been reported for the Southern Ocean (the compared characters were chosen, based on those that were evident in our filmed specimens)." pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">1</tableCitation>
), namely: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1909" class="Hydrozoa" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe compacta" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="compacta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Beroe compacta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Moser, 1909 from Gauss Station (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsch Suedpolar-Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="117 - 192" refId="B7049519" refString="Moser, F, 1909. Die Ctenophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsch Suedpolar-Expedition 11 (3): 117 - 192" title="Die Ctenophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903" volume="11" year="1909">Moser 1909</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140289" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">10</figureCitation>
D) and Eastern Antarctica (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Grossmann, Mary M" journalOrPublisher="Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049467" refString="Grossmann, Mary M, 2010. A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" title="A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008" year="2010">Grossmann 2010</bibRefCitation>
), &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe cucumis" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Beroe cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; from the Antarctic Peninsula (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Friedlander, A M" journalOrPublisher="SCAR - AntOBIS" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7050136" refString="Friedlander, A M, Goodell, W, Salinas-de-Leon, P, Ballesteros, E, Berkenpas, E, Capurro, A P, Cardenas, C A, Huene, M, Lagger, C, Landaeta, M F, Munoz, A, Santos, M, Turchik, A, Werner, R, Sala, E, 2020. Argentina-Chile National Geographic Pristine Seas Expedition To The Antarctic Peninsula - Deep Sea Cam Data. SCAR - AntOBIS" title="Argentina-Chile National Geographic Pristine Seas Expedition To The Antarctic Peninsula - Deep Sea Cam Data" year="2020">Friedlander et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
) and Gauss Station (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Moser, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsch Suedpolar-Expedition" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="117 - 192" refId="B7049519" refString="Moser, F, 1909. Die Ctenophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsch Suedpolar-Expedition 11 (3): 117 - 192" title="Die Ctenophoren der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903" volume="11" year="1909">Moser 1909</bibRefCitation>
) and &quot; 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovale" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; in the northern Ross Sea (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="20 / 20, Ocean Survey" journalOrPublisher="Southwestern Pacific OBIS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7050408" refString="20/20, Ocean Survey, 2013. International Polar Year and census of Antarctic Marine Life Ross Sea voyage (TAN0802) biodiversity data. Southwestern Pacific OBIS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand" title="International Polar Year and census of Antarctic Marine Life Ross Sea voyage (TAN 0802) biodiversity data" year="2013">Ocean Survey 20/20 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="O'Sullivan, D." journalOrPublisher="Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition Research Notes" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 43" refId="B7083550" refString="O'Sullivan, D., 1986. A guide to the Ctenophores of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters. Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition Research Notes 36: 1 - 43" title="A guide to the Ctenophores of the Southern Ocean and adjacent waters" volume="36" year="1986">O'Sullivan (1986)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. forskalii" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded from the Antarctic Peninsula in 
<bibRefCitation author="Chun, C" journalOrPublisher="Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7050438" refString="Chun, C, 1880. . Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte 1" volume="1" year="1880">Chun (1880)</bibRefCitation>
, within his monograph on ctenophores from the Gulf of Naples and surrounding waters, but we were unable to find such a geographical record in that manuscript. A photograph of a 64 mm-long 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Beroe</taxonomicName>
species from the Danco coast of the Antarctic Peninsula (64.65˚S, 61.916˚W) appears in Figure 3 of 
<bibRefCitation author="Whelan, Nathan V" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1737 - 1746" refId="B7084887" refString="Whelan, Nathan V, Kocot, Kevin M, Moroz, Tatiana P, Mukherjee, Krishanu, Williams, Peter, Paulay, Gustav, Moroz, Leonid L, Halanych, Kenneth M, 2017. Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group of other animals. Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution 1: 1737 - 1746" title="Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group of other animals" volume="1" year="2017">Whelan et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. It is whitish, but appears to have yellowish-brown pigment around the mouth and in the distal halves of the meridional canals, with the diverticula not anastomosing. Only a single photograph is presented, without notes on morphology, but the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA sequence (MF599315) should allow subsequent authors to characterise it. In any case, the comb rows are too short and too long, respectively, for it to be assignable to the present 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1776" class="Hydrozoa" family="Mertensiidae" genus="Beroe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Beroe" order="Cydippida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. A or B. Regarding &quot; 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovale" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140289" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140546" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">a</figureCitation>
), apparently the Match Taxa tool in the World Register of Marine Species (
<bibRefCitation author="Willem, V" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Third Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7050120" refString="Board WoRMS Editorial World Register of Marine Species http://www.marinespecies.org 2021-01-07T00:00:00+02:00" year="1894">WoRMS Editorial Board 2020</bibRefCitation>
) at that time was used to finalise the species assignment, but the rationale for identification has not been recorded. We consider it most likely that the recorded species resembled either 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovata" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu Mayer, 1912 (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140289" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140548" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">c</figureCitation>
) = 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovata" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Chamisso &amp; Eysenhardt, 1821 = 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bosc, 1802 or 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovata" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu Chun, 1880 (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140289" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStartId="F7140547" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">b</figureCitation>
) = 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovata" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Eschscholtz, 1829 = 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovata" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
, 1789 [two different species - see 
<bibRefCitation author="Mills, Claudia E" journalOrPublisher="Scientia Marina" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="145 - 163" refId="B7081893" refString="Mills, Claudia E, Pugh, P R, Harbison, G R, Haddock, S H D, 1996. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Alboran Sea, south western Mediterranean. Scientia Marina 60 (1): 145 - 163" title="Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Alboran Sea, south western Mediterranean" volume="60" year="1996">Mills et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
]. The WoRMS taxonomy for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovale" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bosc, 1802 has been updated to the correct species epiphet (i.e. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. ovatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">B. ovatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bosc, 1802).
</paragraph>
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