115 lines
13 KiB
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115 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document id="BD96F0AA97CD0DCBFABE9F3A65D3E02B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157047" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9ce4477-12e4-4d46-98b1-466780ae7f17" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157047" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459623838259" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Erwin, Terry L. & Medina, Raul F." docDate="2003" docId="BC638799FFE03C54FE88FC82FDC9E069" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00273.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 273" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ctenodactylini" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="405AFFE1FFED3C59FF80FFB0FFEAE73E" masterDocTitle="The Neotropical species Askalaphium depressum (Bates): Larval description, first diagnosis and illustrations of immature Ctenodactylini, with natural history notes on the genus and tribe (Coleoptera: Carabidae)" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698203843034" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="82306E16DC3184C73CA4F9DEB245CE75">
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<mods:title id="0FE9C3AB9E1BB4866224C918D1280BA2">The Neotropical species Askalaphium depressum (Bates): Larval description, first diagnosis and illustrations of immature Ctenodactylini, with natural history notes on the genus and tribe (Coleoptera: Carabidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="842573513FAB8F80927A51EAC7918EC1">Erwin, Terry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3F1D94015BD5F179D1226ADE602DA730" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E5B8A5CA50090F44754AF33E0E6E90C6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6843E9F083B549E7DA5C6D575B6A1F4D">Medina, Raul F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="ACA4041BBE4D3FDFA0DA38E5B299FF1B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9E00A53F49AEDBD6B78192619375702F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="F312604A6D2B7E9E976720F55B963C06">
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<mods:date id="6BBEF503DDBD3BEE447FC9C51824F069">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="45257FDD3F94B67D43D11AED462B3FDA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D4B9FF04B7516C16D2779B3F0C118EA5">273</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="6B4DB410EBAAD57BC214671F00A92C58">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C9F56DEB755FD727AA35C7CC2FACBA0D">15</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="3B50C2DFAF0FF73CB421A6532A489983">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="05A80AB994606ABCC5F26602DC740DD9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157047</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6550DC348EBD92CCBB57010FA5D53A8C" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="26F91520C3742FD1C02E581B9BD84170" type="Zenodo-Dep">157047</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BC638799FFE03C54FE88FC82FDC9E069" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6273950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119332024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6273950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BC638799FFE03C54FE88FC82FDC9E069" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC638799FFE03C54FE88FC82FDC9E069" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="7CD06504FFE03C54FE88FC82FD4CE472" box="[264,678,818,844]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3475368FFFE03C54FE88FC82FD4CE472" blockId="13.[264,1324,818,1879]" box="[264,678,818,844]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<heading id="6F3D81E3FFE03C54FE88FC82FD4CE472" bold="true" box="[264,678,818,844]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FE88FC82FD4CE472" bold="true" box="[264,678,818,844]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Characteristics of
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FE6EFC82FD4CE472" ID-CoL="8KTTP" box="[494,678,818,844]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ctenodactylini">Ctenodactylini</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7CD06504FFE03C54FEB8FCE5FDC9E069" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3475368FFFE03C54FEB8FCE5FAC3E2A1" blockId="13.[264,1324,818,1879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Although van Emden (1948) mixed attributes of two unrelated tribes,
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FBEAFCE5FB13E451" box="[1130,1273,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Odacanthini">Odacanthini</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FE88FCCDFE52E4A9" box="[264,440,893,919]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ctenodactylini">Ctenodactylini</taxonomicName>
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, some features of the latter may be extracted from his descriptions. His observations of members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FD4BFC15FC91E480" box="[715,891,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Leptotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FD4BFC15FC91E480" box="[715,891,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leptotrachelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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contain the following which we also found in larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FE63FC7DFD6AE4D8" box="[483,640,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Askalaphium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressum">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FE63FC7DFD6AE4D8" box="[483,640,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. depressum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: epicranial suture short; cervical groove and keel present; maxilla with inner lobe present; neck not severely constricted; urogomphi nodal, yet not segmented. We located the collection of
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FD73FBADFC98E308" box="[755,882,1053,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Leptotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FD73FBADFC98E308" box="[755,882,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. dorsalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae that van Emden studied (collected at Oxford, Indiana) in the NMNH, however, they are not in very good condition. We confirm his observations and add that second and third instars lack a pencillus and the terebral blade is serrate, but refrain from making a more detailed comparison until better specimens are discovered in future field work. These observations are at least a beginning in our understanding of the structural features of the larval stages for the carabid tribe
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FB5BFB55FE98E219" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ctenodactylini">Ctenodactylini</taxonomicName>
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. There are some poorly preserved specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FC2DFABDFAE6E219" authority="Linneaus" authorityName="Linneaus" box="[941,1292,1293,1319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Odacanta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanura">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FC2DFABDFB72E218" box="[941,1176,1293,1318]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Odacanta melanura</emphasis>
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Linneaus
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</taxonomicName>
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in the NMNH collection, as well, and we studied these as well as possible considering their condition. These specimens differ from ctenodactyline larvae in that the mandible has a single seta pensillus and the maxilla lacks an inner lobe, other features are not discernible.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3475368FFFE03C54FEB8FA1DFDC9E069" blockId="13.[264,1324,818,1879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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The postulated commensal association with monocotyledonous plants and larvae of a genus of chrysomelids provides an additional characteristic feature of ctenodactylines. Species representing other genera of the this tribe are known to occur commonly as adults on the culms of marsh grasses such as
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FD4AF995FC17E100" box="[714,1021,1573,1598]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dichotomiflorum">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FD4AF995FC17E100" box="[714,1021,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Panicum dichotomiflorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FB8DF995FE75E159" authority="Steiner 1984" authorityName="Steiner" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Leptotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FB8DF995FAC8E100" box="[1037,1314,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leptotrachelus dorsalis</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="505B4B7EFFE03C54FE88F9FDFE75E159" author="Steiner" box="[264,415,1613,1639]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Steiner, W. E., Jr. (1984) A review of the biology of phalacrid beetles. In Wheeler, Q. & Blackwell, M. (eds.), Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 424 - 445." type="book chapter" year="1984">Steiner 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) in Maryland,
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<collectingCountry id="4CDD761FFFE03C54FDD0F9FDFD64E159" box="[592,654,1613,1639]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">USA</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FD4DF9FDFCA8E158" box="[717,834,1613,1638]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FD4DF9FDFCA8E158" box="[717,834,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paspalum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FCFEF9FDFBC4E158" box="[894,1070,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Leptotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FCFEF9FDFBC4E158" box="[894,1070,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leptotrachelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.:
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<bibRefCitation id="505B4B7EFFE03C54FBF7F9FDFAE9E159" author="Erwin" box="[1143,1283,1613,1639]" pageId="13" pageNumber="15" refString="Erwin, T. L. (1991) Natural history of the carabid beetles at the BIOLAT Biological Station, Rio Manu, Pakitza, Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 33, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1991">Erwin 1991</bibRefCitation>
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) in the western Amazon Basin. Undescribed larvae of some genera of ctenodactylines were also found in the rotten stems and leaf axils of species of the plant genera
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FB04F92DFB12E188" box="[1156,1272,1693,1718]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zingiberales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FB04F92DFB12E188" box="[1156,1272,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heliconia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FE88F975FE9EE1E0" box="[264,372,1733,1758]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Calathea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="06BEEA9DFFE03C54FE88F975FE9EE1E0" box="[264,372,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Calathea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in low wet places. Further discovery is necessary and subsequent documentation is required to define more accurately the
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<taxonomicName id="F3CA4D0CFFE03C54FD78F95DFC42E039" box="[760,936,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ctenodactylini">Ctenodactylini</taxonomicName>
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, and to explore the patterns that must link these beetles evolutionarily and ecologically to the plants on which they live and the food which they eat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |