430 lines
61 KiB
XML
430 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="337CC748E4635D3D311C981235D8CA5A" ID-CLB-Dataset="202083" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bb97b9dd-2acc-4244-8f30-72bef07b9ed9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7345007" ID-ZooBank="5754769C-B747-4714-BDD9-7D5509D48BEB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1669101340847" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="López-García, Margarita M. & Deloya, Cuauhtémoc" docDate="2022" docId="A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5211.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5211 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Tomarus subtropicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="5E303143FD5FFF81AF311956FFBEBC61" masterDocTitle="Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1699396337306" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="D39299A2F14E4961F4405A3012BEEAF4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="25735657C2113A037C4535872AA0DAE9">
|
||
<mods:title id="2EF21449F8271D2C12AD28ED2EB3DAA0">Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="416644B69397567B2E2246E9C9A3EAEC" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1370116D8A3BFEDEFD86CD57BC29370C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2740C20F487810EF0839F0C970F4FA23">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4141691B94379F66A5AF9033FBD52A2B">López-García, Margarita M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="71889AFAD32BB64570B15A8E445EA9BE" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2796-2931</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="78795A5B05C832B444F9AD6A3069E126" type="email">margaralopezg@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="1D70B66EE065B0A5C80098B3FF336694" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6459D0F24C6DA8BEF8210123AA04CC84">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6D9D231143ADFC1FBF7BD00A0B94C487">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="31BDE17D680C76FF122C7C7DC39D8413">Deloya, Cuauhtémoc</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3883515AF23C463FB1C8FF194849C01B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4774-140X</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E1AEB8D5924DF7624A316ED35B7BA372" type="email">cuauhtemoc.deloya@inecol.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="D36E5781A5105D953E341A932612DB4B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="A9217BD1B1BCA1A92481F0998FAA3461" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="0B2A5C4E7B54D634A7F169D805814A87">
|
||
<mods:title id="EECAD45D11A7A43F3830FCCEC7777BB9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="DB5285B435FF0823BA31508FFE59A6EA">
|
||
<mods:date id="B82428D917C6A18B320C05FB52EF3E1F">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D545083EE5C1CCC1322DF2577970DAA6" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="968FBAD9F0A896A9B5EE13CE2964D167">2022-11-22</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="67B43457242EA021F0095D8546123CA3" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="659D2A336BDC30A17F76B6488FF58FAB">5211</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="77E69E64312E0B546FA329FF13ED104F" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="6B7B196180EB150A63245B76B115811B">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="FD90BEAD8DB07CAD4A3CB91D7A7CDEA6" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="AC81F0373608E32B10DED4CC6E22517A">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="9256A624ECA6F2F6C21183B3F6FD5D6A">119</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="82E9F9F1E18FF287B8D01909F3F1E653">
|
||
<mods:url id="25F7A4F19342209698CE231789E2D996">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="CBA25B8EFF4013E0F3BA8FB3DB6B2AE2">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4812FFE38170EBB4B1ED024FDCCD59FC" type="CLB-Dataset">202083</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="39529F861244D9AE8F9A7328DF25E6B0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5211.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B89511A7FBA4704341EFE4451A0BEF1B" type="GBIF-Dataset">bb97b9dd-2acc-4244-8f30-72bef07b9ed9</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9E71D3CE4CF52D0E21BC16416F05B3E4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2FCF74DE4ED9E90B8B88AC1BDE9AE52E" type="Zenodo-Dep">7345007</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3F907735F763341D7F341A8AAADC6A46" type="ZooBank">5754769C-B747-4714-BDD9-7D5509D48BEB</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7383789" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205794523" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7383789" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD19FFC7AFA61C8BFDD3B997" box="[151,621,1500,1527]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC7AFA61C8BFDD3B997" blockId="70.[151,682,1500,1563]" box="[151,621,1500,1527]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<heading id="71574F41FD19FFC7AFA61C8BFDD3B997" bold="true" box="[151,621,1500,1527]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AFA61C8BFDD3B997" authority="(Blatchley, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[151,621,1500,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD19FFC7AFA61C8BFDD3B997" bold="true" box="[151,621,1500,1527]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD19FFC7AFA61C8BFE2BB996" bold="true" box="[151,405,1500,1527]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Tomarus subtropicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD19FFC7AE971C8BFDDBB997" author="Blatchley, W. S." box="[422,613,1500,1527]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref88424" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1922) Some new and rare Coleoptera from southwestern Florida. The Canadian Entomologist, 54, 27 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 5427 - 2" type="journal article" year="1922">Blatchley, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD19FFC7AFA61F57FD14BA7A" box="[151,682,1537,1563]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC7AFA61F57FD14BA7A" blockId="70.[151,682,1500,1563]" box="[151,682,1537,1563]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AFAE1F57FEBDBA7A" box="[159,259,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Figs. 2K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AE3E1F57FE97BA7A" box="[271,297,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">4I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AE051F57FEE7BA7A" box="[308,345,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1963,1987]" captionTargetBox="[185,1409,1024,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-74@84.[178,1409,1015,1940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 6. Labrum. A) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, B) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) Tomarus gyas, E) T. maternus, F) T. selanderi, G) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345029/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">6G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AE541F57FE29BA7A" box="[357,407,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">13K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AE921F57FE6BBA7A" box="[419,469,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1161,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-90@89.[152,1436,1161,1653]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 14. Spiculum gastrale. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) Tomarus pullus, F) T. rostratus, G) T. selanderi, H) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345059/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">14H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AED01F57FDACBA7A" box="[481,530,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">16R</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AD2F1F57FDF8BA7A" box="[542,582,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">20I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7AD601F57FDC7BA7A" box="[593,633,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,182,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-17@103.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345107/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">28I</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD19FFC7ADB41F57FD1CBA7A" box="[645,674,1537,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[203,1395,181,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-17@111.[193,1395,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 41. Distributional records of Tomarus adoceteus and T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345154/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">41</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD19FFC7AFA61F10FC9DBA3C" box="[151,803,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC7AFA61F10FC9DBA3C" blockId="70.[151,1437,1605,2028]" box="[151,803,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD19FFC7AFA61F10FC9DBA3C" box="[151,803,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD19FFC7AFA61F10FD8BBA3C" author="Blatchley, W. S." box="[151,565,1605,1629]" page="30" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" year="1922">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AFA61F10FD8BBA3C" authority="Blatchley, 1922: 30" authorityName="Blatchley" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,565,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD19FFC7AFA61F10FEDFBA3C" box="[151,353,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Ligyrus subtropicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD19FFC7AE5B1F13FD8BBA3C" author="Blatchley, W. S." box="[362,565,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="27 - 33" refId="ref88424" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1922) Some new and rare Coleoptera from southwestern Florida. The Canadian Entomologist, 54, 27 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 5427 - 2" type="journal article" year="1922">Blatchley, 1922: 30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Original combination.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD19FFC7AC181F13FD1EBAD8" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC7AC181F13FEC2BAFA" blockId="70.[151,1437,1605,2028]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AC4D1F13FC6BBA3C" box="[892,981,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(PERC) “Dunedin, Fla. /
|
||
<collectorName id="87559DFBFD19FFC7ABD31F13FADABA3C" box="[1250,1380,1605,1629]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">W.S.B. Coll.</collectorName>
|
||
/ 6-4 /.1913 // Purdue / Blatchley / collection // TYPE //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7ADD41F32FC8ABA1D" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[741,820,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ subtropicus / sp. nov. // PERC / 0066475”. Type locality: Dunedin,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD19FFC7AE1A1FD5FEC6BAFA" box="[299,376,1667,1691]" country="Uruguay" name="Florida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC7AFA61FF4FD1EBAD8" blockId="70.[151,1437,1605,2028]" box="[151,672,1697,1721]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0AB0DF03FD19FFC7AFA61FF4FD1EBAD8" box="[151,672,1697,1721]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="AB01DE3CFD19FFC7AFA61FF4FD93BAD8" author="Cartwright, O. L." box="[151,557,1697,1721]" page="34" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" year="1944">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AFA61FF4FD93BAD8" authority="Cartwright, 1944: 34" authorityName="Cartwright" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1944" box="[151,557,1697,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blatchleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD19FFC7AFA61FF4FEF1BAD8" box="[151,335,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Ligyrus blatchleyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD19FFC7AE671FF7FD93BAD8" author="Cartwright, O. L." box="[342,557,1697,1721]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="28 - 36" refId="ref88802" refString="Cartwright, O. L. (1944) New Scarabaeidae from the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 37, 28 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 37.1.28" type="journal article" year="1944">Cartwright, 1944: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Synonym.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD19FFC6AD971FF7FD9ABCAC" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD19FFC6AD971FF7FD9ABCAC" blockId="70.[151,1437,1605,2028]" lastBlockId="71.[199,1436,150,205]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ADD01FF7FC84BAD8" box="[737,826,1697,1721]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) not examined.
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AB061FF7FB2EBAD8" box="[1079,1168,1697,1721]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Miami, Florida /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AFE41F96FEEEBAB9" box="[213,336,1728,1752]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1933-06-20">20.Jun.1933</date>
|
||
/ Frank N. Young //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AD111F96FD1DBAB9" box="[544,675,1728,1752]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="allotype">ALLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AC5C1F96FC02BAB9" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[877,956,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ABF91F96FA9FBAB9" box="[1224,1313,1728,1752]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AA0A1F96FE08BA96" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7ADF51F89FC27BA96" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[708,921,1759,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Tomarus subtropicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ (Blatchley) / Det. B.C.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD19FFC7AB911F89FA89BA97" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." box="[1184,1335,1758,1783]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 346" refId="ref92876" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2015) The dynastine scarab beetles of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 28, 1 - 346." type="journal article" year="2015">Ratcliffe 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
”. Two female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AFCE1FA8FEDEBB77" box="[255,352,1790,1814]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Miami /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AD1D1FABFD19BB74" box="[556,679,1789,1813]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1933-06-25">25.Jun.1933</date>
|
||
/ Frank N. Young //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AC4A1FABFC47BB74" box="[891,1017,1789,1813]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7ABF61FABFAA8BB74" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1223,1302,1789,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AE761E4AFE1EBB55" box="[327,416,1820,1844]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AE881E4AFCB2BB55" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" box="[441,780,1820,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958”. Two female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ABB61E4AFB56BB55" box="[1159,1256,1820,1844]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Miami /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AFE41E6DFEEFBB32" box="[213,337,1851,1875]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1933-06-22">22.Jun.1933</date>
|
||
/ Frank N. Young //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AD131E6DFD1EBB32" box="[546,672,1851,1875]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AC5A1E6DFC04BB32" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[875,954,1851,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ABF61E6DFA9EBB32" box="[1223,1312,1851,1875]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AA0A1E6DFE09BB10" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958”. Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AC291E0CFCD1BB13" box="[792,879,1882,1906]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Miami /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AB731E0FFB79BB10" box="[1090,1223,1881,1905]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1933-05-16">16.May.1933</date>
|
||
/ Frank N. Young //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AFF61E2EFEFBBBF1" box="[199,325,1912,1936]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AD3A1E2EFDE4BBF1" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[523,602,1912,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AC501E2EFC04BBF1" box="[865,954,1912,1936]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7ACE21E2EFA98BBF1" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" box="[979,1318,1912,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958”. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AEA41EC1FE52BBCE" box="[405,492,1943,1967]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Miami /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AD871EC1FC8CBBCE" box="[694,818,1943,1967]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1933-06-30">30.Jun.1933</date>
|
||
/ Frank N. Young //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AB351EC1FB3CBBCE" box="[1028,1154,1943,1967]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AA7C1EC1FA22BBCE" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[1357,1436,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AEE21EE0FD92BBAF" box="[467,556,1974,1998]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7AD791EE3FC21BBAC" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" box="[584,927,1973,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958”. Male
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ABD51EE0FA85BBAF" box="[1252,1339,1974,1998]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM) “Savannah Ga. /
|
||
<date id="5E1EDEEDFD19FFC7AE441E82FE54BB8D" box="[373,490,2004,2028]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1937-07-13">13.Jul.1937</date>
|
||
/ P.W. Fatting //
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7ADA91E82FCA8BB8D" box="[664,790,2004,2028]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/ USNM / 56936 //
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD19FFC7ACD51E82FB8DBB8D" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1915" box="[996,1075,2004,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Ligyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ligyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ blatchleyi / Cartwright /
|
||
<typeStatus id="F51B468FFD19FFC7AA721E82FA22BB8D" box="[1347,1436,2004,2028]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
//
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AFED19C1FD8CBCCE" authority="(Blatchley)" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" box="[220,562,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Bothynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">Bothynus subtropicus (Blatchley)</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Det. Cartwright 1958”. Another
|
||
<specimenCount id="3CA633A4FD18FFC6ACA319C1FB9FBCCE" box="[914,1057,151,175]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">five paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
not examined. Type locality: Miami, Florida,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD18FFC6AE2C19E3FD9EBCAC" box="[285,544,181,205]" name="United States of America" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD18FFC6AFA619ADFC77BF18" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD18FFC6AFA619ADFC77BF18" blockId="71.[151,1437,251,1717]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFA619ADFE97BD74" bold="true" box="[151,297,251,277]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AEF619ADFD9CBD77" box="[455,546,251,278]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,182,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-17@103.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345107/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28I</figureCitation>
|
||
. Length
|
||
<quantity id="ED5855C8FD18FFC6ADB219ADFC96BD77" box="[643,808,251,278]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.75" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="27.5" valueMin="17.5">17.5–27.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; humeral width 8.8–14.0 mm. Color dark reddish brown to black.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFCE1876FEF6BD5B" bold="true" box="[255,328,288,314]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Frons and clypeus coarsely and densely rugose. Frontoclypeal region with 2 transverse, low tubercles separated by about 7 tubercle diameters. Clypeus narrowed towards apex, base 3 times wider than apex. Clypeal teeth small, transverse, separated by a tooth diameter. Mandible with 2 apical teeth and a lateral, narrowly rounded tooth. Mentum abruptly constricted at apical 3rd (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6ADFB18DDFC9BBDC7" box="[714,805,395,422]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1584,1608]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1548]" captionTargetId="figure-24@82.[151,1436,181,1560]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 2. Labium. A) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, B) Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus, C) L. (Ligyrus) gibbosus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, F) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, G) Euligyrus ebenus, H) E. similis, I) Tomarus gyas, J) Tomarus selanderi, K) Tomarus subtropicus. Abbreviations: LL: Ligular lobes, LP: Labial palpus, M: Mentum, S: Suture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345015/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
|
||
). Galea of maxilla with teeth 5 and 6 vestigial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AA0E18DDFA31BDC7" box="[1343,1423,395,422]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interocular distance 3.5 times an eye width.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AD4F18E6FCBFBDAB" bold="true" box="[638,769,432,458]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with small punctures, denser and deeper on anterior and lateral angles, disc impunctate. Apical tubercle small, rounded, visible in lateral view. Subapical fovea shallow, elongate, narrow (1/3 the interocular distance); equal in both sexes, surface rugopunctate.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6ABB718A1FAB9BE70" bold="true" box="[1158,1287,503,529]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Scutellum:</emphasis>
|
||
Surface with sparse, minute punctures not forming lines parallel to margins.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AC6F1B4AFC0DBE57" bold="true" box="[862,947,540,566]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
Punctures on first interval as large as those on other intervals, sutural stria complete. Inner surface of apex with rounded, large tubercles forming 17 parallel lines.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFEA1B35FEE7BE1C" bold="true" box="[219,345,611,637]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of tergite IV with a triangular wide area with small, irregular tubercles forming 12–14 diagonal, nearly parallel lines. Pygidium with dense rugosity on basal 3rd, apex rounded.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AB5D1BDEFB7BBEC3" bold="true" box="[1132,1221,648,674]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Venter:</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of prosternal process flat, transversely oval to rounded. Metasternum with minute setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6ACC81BFAFB84BEA7" bold="true" box="[1017,1082,684,710]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia tridentate, rarely with basal denticle. Apex of metatibia crenulate, with 11–14 spinules.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AC471B86FBFABE88" bold="true" box="[886,1092,719,746]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Coxite concave near the inner margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AFC41BA5FEE0BF6F" box="[245,350,755,782]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1041,1065]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,183,1016]" captionTargetId="figure-17@89.[151,1436,181,1017]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 13. Female genital plates. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni, D) L. (Ligyrodes) sallaei, E) L. (Ligyrus) allonasutus, F) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, G) L. (Ligyrus) neglectus, H) Tomarus laticaudus, I) T. maternus, J) T. rostratus, K) T. subtropicus. Abbreviations: SCx: Subcoxite, Cx: Coxite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345057/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 13K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AE401BA2FD9BBF6C" bold="true" box="[369,549,755,782]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
Spiculum gastrale without basal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6ACDA1BA5FBEDBF6F" box="[1003,1107,755,782]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="89.[151,250,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1161,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-90@89.[152,1436,1161,1653]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="FIGURE 14. Spiculum gastrale. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) L. (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, E) Tomarus pullus, F) T. rostratus, G) T. selanderi, H) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345059/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 14H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phallobase 1.2 times longer than parameres. Parameres with 2 dorsal teeth each side; basal tooth large, strongly curved backwards, longer than apical tooth that is short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AE851A6DFD9BBF34" box="[436,549,827,853]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Figs. 16R</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AD001A6AFDE4BF37" box="[561,602,828,854]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">20I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internal sac with copulatory lamella and short lamellar spiny belt; with a complex of 7 spine-like, accessory lamellae, with dense granules at base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD18FFC6AFF61AD5FCA1B833" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD18FFC6AFF61AD5FCA1B833" blockId="71.[151,1437,251,1717]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFF61AD5FEFCBFFC" bold="true" box="[199,322,899,925]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AE7A1AD2FD89BFFC" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[331,567,899,925]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AE7A1AD2FD89BFFC" box="[331,567,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Tomarus subtropicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by the following character combination: frontoclypeal tubercles transverse and low (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AD1B1AFEFD09BFA0" authorityName="Ratcliffe & Cave" authorityYear="2010" box="[554,695,935,961]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adoceteus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AD1B1AFEFD09BFA0" box="[554,695,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">T. adoceteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6ADF71AF1FC9EBFA3" box="[710,800,935,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1535,1559]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetId="figure-17@81.[151,1436,181,1511]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 1. Head. A) Euligyrus ebenus, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) peruvianus, D) L. (Anagrylius) moroni, E) L. (Ligyrus) ruginasus, F) L. (Ligyrus) nasutus, G) L. (Ligyrus) bidentulus, H) Tomarus adoceteus, I) T. maimon, J) T. pullus, K) T. pumilus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345011/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
|
||
); galea of maxilla with teeth 5 and 6 vestigial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AA0F1AF1FA30BFA3" box="[1342,1422,935,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetId="figure-81@83.[151,1437,1118,1848]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 4. Maxilla. A) Euligyrus similis, B) Proculigyrus cicatricosus, C) Ligyrus (Ligyrodes) relictus, D) L. (Ligyrus) burmeisteri, E) L. (Ligyrus) villosus, F) Tomarus gyas, G) Tomarus maternus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345023/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
); pronotal surface with small punctures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AD7F1A9DFD12BF87" box="[590,684,971,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="103.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,182,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-17@103.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="FIGURE 28. Habitus of the species of Tomarus: A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345107/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 28I</figureCitation>
|
||
); pronotal tubercle small but visible in lateral view; pronotal fovea shallow and narrow (1/3 as wide as interocular distance); protibial tridentate, rarely with an additional basal denticle; apex of metatibia with 11–14 spinules; parameres with 2 dorsal teeth on each side, main teeth long and strongly curved backwards, secondary teeth short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AD5C1D61FD60B830" box="[621,734,1079,1105]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1633,1657]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,189,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-17@91.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 16. Parameres in frontal view. A) Tomarus adoceteus, B) T. amazonicus, C) T. bituberculatus, D) T. colombianus, E) T. discrepans, F) T. gyas, G) T. laevicollis, H) T. laticaudus, I) T. maimon, J) T. maracaiboensis, K) T. maternus, L) T. pilcopataensis, M) T. pullus, N) T. pumilus, O) T. roigjunenti, P) T. rostratus, Q) T. selanderi, R) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345065/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Figs. 16R</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6ADD81D6EFCADB833" box="[745,787,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="95.[151,250,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,191,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-17@95.[151,1436,181,1202]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURE 20. Parameres in lateral view. A) Tomarus maracaiboensis, B) T. maternus, C) T. pilcopataensis, D) T. pullus, E) T. pumilus, F) T. roigjunenti, G) T. rostratus, H) T. selanderi, I) T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345083/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">20I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62BAABA6FD18FFC6AFF61D0DFEA3BAD4" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD18FFC6AFF61D0DFB5EB817" blockId="71.[151,1437,251,1717]" box="[199,1248,1115,1142]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFF61D0DFEDFB814" bold="true" box="[199,353,1115,1141]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD18FFC6AECE1D0DFCA7B814" box="[511,793,1115,1142]" name="United States of America" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AC191D0DFC78B817" author="Endrodi, S." box="[808,966,1115,1142]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref89854" refString="Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp." type="book" year="1985">Endrödi 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6ACE31D0DFB6AB817" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." box="[978,1236,1115,1142]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD18FFC6AFF61D29FBCBB948" blockId="71.[151,1437,251,1717]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFF61D29FE41B8F8" bold="true" box="[199,511,1151,1178]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Locality records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B29BE4A8FD18FFC6AEAA1D29FE4EB8F8" box="[411,496,1151,1177]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="111.[151,250,1075,1099]" captionTargetBox="[203,1395,181,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-17@111.[193,1395,181,1051]" captionTargetPageId="111" captionText="FIGURE 41. Distributional records of Tomarus adoceteus and T. subtropicus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7345154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7345154/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="9AC8F270FD18FFC6AD371D29FBCFB948" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3986696649" collectionCode="FSCA, UNSM, USNM" country="United States of America" county="Counties" location="Baker" municipality="Alachua" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alabama">
|
||
125 examined specimens from
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD18FFC6AC591DD6FC0FB8FB" box="[872,945,1152,1178]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD18FFC6AC8C1DD6FBAFB8FB" box="[957,1041,1152,1178]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34868" name="University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">UNSM</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4CB160E8FD18FFC6AB2C1DD6FBCCB8FB" box="[1053,1138,1152,1178]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C37E80A1FD18FFC6AB4C1D29FB5FB8F8" box="[1149,1249,1151,1177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Counties</collectingCounty>
|
||
listed from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AA5D1DD6FE36B8DF" author="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 298" refId="ref92923" refString="Ratcliffe, B. C. & Cave, R. D. (2017) The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 30, 1 - 298." type="journal article" year="2017">Ratcliffe & Cave (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AEA51DF2FB9FB8DC" bold="true" box="[404,1057,1187,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD18FFC6AEA51DF2FC93B8DC" box="[404,813,1187,1214]" name="United States of America" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(492).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD18FFC6ACB01DF5FC50B8DC" box="[897,1006,1187,1213]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mobile.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6ABB81DF5FA8FB8DC" bold="true" box="[1161,1329,1187,1213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD18FFC6ABB81DF5FB5CB8DC" box="[1161,1250,1187,1213]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(459):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="CA7B6257FD18FFC6AA061DF5FA26B8DC" box="[1335,1432,1187,1213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Alachua</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFA61D91FF63B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFA61D91FF63B880" box="[151,221,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Baker" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Baker</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFDD1D91FEECB880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFDD1D91FEECB880" box="[236,338,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Broward" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Broward</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AE511D91FE7DB880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AE511D91FE7DB880" box="[352,451,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Calhoun" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Calhoun</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AEE11D91FD82B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AEE11D91FD82B880" box="[464,572,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Charlotte" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Charlotte</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD7B1D91FD25B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD7B1D91FD25B880" box="[586,667,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Collier" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Collier</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD9B1D91FD57B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD9B1D91FD57B880" box="[682,745,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Dade" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Dade</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ADC61D91FC87B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ADC61D91FC87B880" box="[759,825,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Dixie" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Dixie</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AC761D91FC31B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AC761D91FC31B880" box="[839,911,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Duval" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Duval</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACAC1D91FBBEB880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACAC1D91FBBEB880" box="[925,1024,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Franklin" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Franklin</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB3F1D91FBD8B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB3F1D91FBD8B880" box="[1038,1126,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Hendry" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Hendry</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB421D91FAB4B880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB421D91FAB4B880" box="[1139,1290,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Hillsborough" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Hillsborough</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AA281D91FADFB880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AA281D91FADFB880" box="[1305,1377,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Indian" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Indian</location>
|
||
River;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AF8E1DBAFF52B967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AF8E1DBAFF52B967" box="[191,236,1260,1286]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Lee" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Lee</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFCA1DBAFEE1B967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFCA1DBAFEE1B967" box="[251,351,1260,1286]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Manatee" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Manatee</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AE5F1DBAFE74B967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AE5F1DBAFE74B967" box="[366,458,1260,1286]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Monroe" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Monroe</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AEE81DBDFDD9B964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AEE81DBDFDD9B964" box="[473,615,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Palm Beach" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Palm Beach</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD441DBDFD6FB964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AD441DBDFD6FB964" box="[629,721,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Pinellas" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Pinellas</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ADD11DBAFCFCB967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ADD11DBAFCFCB967" box="[736,834,1260,1286]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Sarasota" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Sarasota</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AC601DBDFC00B964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AC601DBDFC00B964" box="[849,958,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Seminole" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Seminole</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACFC1DBAFB87B964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACFC1DBAFB87B964" box="[973,1081,1259,1286]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="St. Lucie" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">St. Lucie</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB791DBDFB2AB964" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AB791DBDFB2AB964" box="[1096,1172,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Taylor" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Taylor</location>
|
||
; Volusia.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AA361DBDFA22B964" bold="true" box="[1287,1436,1259,1285]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD18FFC6AA361DBDFAD9B964" box="[1287,1383,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(6):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFA61C59FEBEB948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6AFA61C59FEBEB948" box="[151,256,1295,1321]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Chatham" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Chatham</location>
|
||
; Glynn.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AE6E1C59FDB3B948" bold="true" box="[351,525,1295,1321]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD18FFC6AE6E1C59FE73B948" box="[351,461,1295,1321]" country="United States of America" name="Lousiana" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Lousiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(18):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Lafourche.
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6ADA41C59FCC2B948" bold="true" box="[661,892,1295,1321]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E86436CFFD18FFC6ADA41C59FCF5B948" box="[661,843,1295,1321]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
(8):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACB21C59FC57B948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACB21C59FC57B948" box="[899,1001,1295,1321]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Beaufort" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Beaufort</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACC51C59FBCFB948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A209493BFD19FFC6AFA61C8BFEA3BAD4:2F7FAEF6FD18FFC6ACC51C59FBCFB948" box="[1012,1137,1295,1321]" country="United States of America" county="Counties" municipality="Alachua" name="Charleston" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" stateProvince="Alabama">Charleston</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1FF82DFD18FFC6AFF61C62FEA3BAD4" blockId="71.[151,1437,251,1717]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AFF61C62FE39B92C" bold="true" box="[199,391,1331,1358]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is univoltine. Adults emerge between June and August, eggs are laid from late June to early August, and larvae are active from July to February (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6ACBE1C01FB6FB913" author="Kostromytska, O. S. & Buss, E. A." box="[911,1233,1367,1394]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1847 - 1855" refId="ref90918" refString="Kostromytska, O. S. & Buss, E. A. (2008) Seasonal phenology and management of Tomarus subtropicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in St. Augustine grass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 1847 - 1855. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0022 - 0493 - 101.6.1847" type="journal article" year="2008">Kostromytska & Buss 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); winter is passed as a larva. The larva was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AD7C1C2DFC37B9F7" author="Gordon, R. D. & Anderson, D. M." box="[589,905,1403,1430]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="119 - 138" refId="ref90241" refString="Gordon, R. D. & Anderson, D. M. (1981) The species of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) associated with sugarcane in south Florida. Florida Entomologist, 64, 119 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3494604" type="journal article" year="1981">Gordon & Anderson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It is considered the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6ABDB1C2DFAC0B9F4" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1258,1406,1403,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
of primary economic importance in sugar cane fields in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="52B7B8BDFD18FFC6AC181CC9FBF7B9D8" box="[809,1097,1439,1466]" name="United States of America" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AB6B1CC9FAA4B9DB" author="Cartwright, O. L." box="[1114,1306,1439,1466]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="515 - 541" refId="ref88844" refString="Cartwright, O. L. (1959) Scarab beetles of the genus Bothynus in the United States (Coleoptera: Sacarabaeidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 108, 515 - 541." type="journal article" year="1959">Cartwright 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AA191CC9FEFAB9BF" author="Gordon, R. D. & Anderson, D. M." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="119 - 138" refId="ref90241" refString="Gordon, R. D. & Anderson, D. M. (1981) The species of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) associated with sugarcane in south Florida. Florida Entomologist, 64, 119 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3494604" type="journal article" year="1981">Gordon & Anderson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but also attacks the roots of other grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AC1D1C95FABCB9BF" authority="(Walt. Kuntze)" baseAuthorityName="Walt. Kuntze" box="[812,1282,1475,1502]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stenotaphrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="secundatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AC1D1C95FBE8B9BC" box="[812,1110,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Stenotaphrum secundatum</emphasis>
|
||
(Walt. Kuntze)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AA061C95FF49BA60" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylon">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AA061C95FF49BA60" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Cynodon dactylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AE0A1CBEFE24BA63" authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[315,410,1512,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6AE831CB1FD4DBA63" author="Kostromytska, O. S. & Buss, E. A." box="[434,755,1511,1538]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="164 - 172" refId="ref90977" refString="Kostromytska, O. S. & Buss, E. A. (2011) Tomarus subtropicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larval feeding habits. Florida Entomologist, 94, 164 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.094.0207" type="journal article" year="2011">Kostromytska & Buss 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AC881CBEFBE6BA60" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[953,1112,1511,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AC881CBEFBE6BA60" box="[953,1112,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">T. subtropicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lay their eggs at the base of the plant, and then the larvae feed on the roots until the plant lacks support.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E3185DCFD18FFC6ACDE1F5DFB71BA47" author="Cherry, R. & McCray, M. & Sandhu, H." box="[1007,1231,1547,1574]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="169 - 176" refId="ref89071" refString="Cherry, R., McCray, M. & Sandhu, H. (2017) Changes in the relative abundance of soil-dwelling insect pests in sugarcane grown in Florida. Journal of Entomological Science, 52, 169 - 176." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cherry
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AB751F5AFBC8BA44" box="[1092,1142,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sampled 20 fields of sugar cane in Florida during 2015 and 2016 and found that although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA083AEFD18FFC6AC8A1F66FBE7BA28" baseAuthorityName="Blatchley" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[955,1113,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Tomarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtropicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18D4243FFD18FFC6AC8A1F66FBE7BA28" box="[955,1113,1583,1609]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">T. subtropicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was once the most abundant white grub in this region, no specimens were found. They believed that the most logical explanation for this drastic population decline is the increased flooding of sugarcane fields as this species is less flood tolerant compared with wireworms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |