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<mods:title id="8198B54EB4F0A78FFEA4AA722D0A868E">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4D314CA7D1AACB04DE2BB2FCB89B88A8">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FFBFB850FF6B44D078400D86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967009" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFBFB850FF6B44D078400D86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FFBFB850FF6B44D078400D86" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB853FF6B44D07ADF0CF0" box="[151,977,905,932]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B44D07ADF0CF0" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,977,905,932]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FFBFB853FF6B44D07ADF0CF0" box="[151,977,905,932]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FF6B44D07B800CF0" ID-CoL="399MB" ID-ENA="356180" authority="(Cope, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,654,905,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B44D078FA0CF7" bold="true" box="[151,500,905,932]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Eleutherodactylus planirostris</emphasis>
(Cope, 1862)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FD5744D07ADF0CF0" bold="true" box="[683,977,905,931]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Non-native; Established.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB853FF0B44F478570B67" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF0B44F47B2A0B5C" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FF0B44F47BAB0C9B" authority="Cope, 1862: 153" authorityName="Cope" authorityPageNumber="153" authorityYear="1862" box="[247,677,941,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylodidae" genus="Hylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF0B44F478D30C94" box="[247,477,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hylodes planirostris</emphasis>
Cope, 1862: 153
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFBFB853FD4C44F77BE60C9B" box="[688,744,942,968]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
material: None designated;
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFBFB853FBD544F77D250CB8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688774" collectionCode="PEM" collectorName="Schwartz &amp; Thomas" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1">
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFBFB853FBD544F77D570C9B" box="[1065,1113,942,968]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
material originally at “Mus. Salem” (=
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBFB853FE2C44887B050CB8" box="[464,523,977,1003]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xqn4-34sv" name="Port Elizabeth Museum" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">PEM</collectionCode>
) apparently lost (
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFBFB853FD3244887A360CB8" box="[718,824,977,1003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Schwartz</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFBFB853FCA744887ABB0CB8" box="[859,949,977,1003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Thomas</collectorName>
1975: 33)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFBFB853FBC9448B7B2E0B5C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688726" country="Bahamas" location="New Providence Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1">
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFBFB853FBC9448B7D630CBF" box="[1077,1133,978,1004]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “
<location id="0526CCBEFFBFB853FB1C448878900B5C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFBFB850FF6B44D078400D86:0526CCBEFFBFB853FB1C448878900B5C" country="Bahamas" name="New Providence Island" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">New Providence Island</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FE5644AC7B180B5C" box="[426,534,1013,1039]" name="Bahamas" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
”
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B434078570B67" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,345,1049,1076]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Greenhouse Frog</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB853FF6B436478C70B04" box="[151,457,1085,1112]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B436478C70B04" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,457,1085,1112]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFBFB853FF63436478180B0B" box="[159,278,1085,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="349.[152,255,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[151,1430,151,1890]" captionTargetId="figure-23@349.[151,1430,151,1890]" captionTargetPageId="349" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Limnonectes paramacrodon, B) Limnonectes plicatellus, C) Occidozyga sumatrana, D) Eleutherodactylus planirostris, E) Leptobrachium nigrops, F) Megophrys nasuta, G) Kalophrynus limbooliati, and H) Kaloulapulchra. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960329/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
; Tengah Forest)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB853FF6B43387BAA0A58" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B433878760B28" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,376,1121,1147]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B433878760B28" bold="true" box="[151,376,1121,1147]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FF6B4338781E0B28" box="[151,272,1121,1147]" name="Singapore" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF0B43DC7BAA0A58" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FF0B43DC7B420BCC" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[247,588,1157,1183]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF0B43DC7B420BCC" box="[247,588,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Eleutherodactylus planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Groenewoud &amp; I.S. Law, 2016a: 59 (Sembawang).—A. Tay
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FAE943DF7C400BCC" box="[1301,1358,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017: 103 (Clementi Woods).—A. Yeo
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FD3243F37A090B90" box="[718,775,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018: 1 (Dairy Farm Nature Park).—B.C. Ng, 2021: 135, 137 (Pang Sua Woodland).—L. Ong, 2022: 1 (Fort Canning Park).—Puniamoorthy
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FAFE43977C340BB4" box="[1282,1338,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022: 1 (Mount Serapong, [Sentosa]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB853FF6B424C7D7A08C0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B424C7AA40823" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B424C78050A7C" bold="true" box="[151,267,1301,1327]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
On
<date id="7447BCA5FFBFB853FEBC424C7B010A63" box="[320,527,1301,1328]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2015-12-03">3 December 2015</date>
, one individual of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FD16424F7A830A7C" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[746,909,1301,1327]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FD16424F7A830A7C" box="[746,909,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at a housing estate in Sembawang (Groenewoud &amp; Law 2016). Two years later, several individuals were found at Clementi Woods on
<date id="7447BCA5FFBFB853FAB7426078210A24" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2017-07-28">28 July 2017</date>
(Tay
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FE88420778A00A24" box="[372,430,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2017) and one individual was found at DFNP on
<date id="7447BCA5FFBFB853FC1242047DC40A24" box="[1006,1226,1373,1399]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2017-11-18">18 November 2017</date>
(Yeo
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FAED42077C450A24" box="[1297,1355,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2018), suggesting either multiple introductions or rapid dispersion away from its introductory site. We believe the former to be true as the colonisation of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FD0642FF7A910AEC" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[762,927,1445,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FD0642FF7A910AEC" box="[762,927,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at unoccupied sites appears to be linked to construction works (A. Figueroa pers. obs.). Today,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FCCA42937AD80AB0" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[822,982,1481,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FCCA42937AD80AB0" box="[822,982,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very common and is found throughout
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FF0B42B478650954" box="[247,363,1517,1543]" name="Singapore" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, including CNR (A. Figueroa unpubl. data). Native to
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FC0842B47D3C0954" box="[1012,1074,1517,1543]" name="Cuba" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cuba</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FBBD42B47DA40954" box="[1089,1194,1517,1543]" name="Bahamas" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, and Grand Cayman (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FF03414878E80978" author="Heinicke M. P. &amp; Diaz, L. M. &amp; Hedges, S. B." box="[255,486,1553,1579]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref313507" refString="Heinicke M. P., Diaz, L. M. &amp; Hedges, S. B. (2011) Origin of invasive Florida frogs traced to Cuba. Biology Letters, 7 (3), 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="2011">
Heinicke
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FE91414B78AB0978" box="[365,421,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FE06414B7B950978" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[506,667,1553,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FE06414B7B950978" box="[506,667,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has established populations throughout the Caribbean,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FAFB414B7C370978" box="[1287,1337,1553,1580]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">U.S.</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FABB41487C930978" box="[1351,1437,1553,1579]" name="Mexico" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Mexico</collectingCountry>
down to South America, Hawaii,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FD87416C7BCC091C" box="[635,706,1589,1615]" name="Guam" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Guam</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FD2C416C7A5F091C" box="[720,849,1589,1615]" name="Philippines" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FCA2416F7AE90903" box="[862,999,1590,1616]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FBDB416C7D75091C" box="[1063,1147,1589,1615]" name="Nigeria" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FB70416C7C18091C" author="Kraus, F." box="[1164,1302,1589,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref319284" refString="Kraus, F. (2009) Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. Springer Science, London, xii + 563 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8946 - 6" type="book" year="2009">Kraus 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Ukpong
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FA74416F781A0920" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2012;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FE9841037B1D0920" author="Lee, W. H. &amp; Lau, M. W. N. &amp; Lau, A. &amp; Rao, D. Q. &amp; Sung, Y. H." box="[356,531,1625,1652]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="85 - 89" refId="ref322758" refString="Lee, W. H., Lau, M. W. N., Lau, A., Rao, D. Q. &amp; Sung, Y. H. (2016) Introduction of Eleutherodactylus planirostris (Amphibia, Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) to Hong Kong. Acta Herpetologica, 11 (1), 85 - 89." type="journal article" year="2016">
Lee
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FE69410378C10920" box="[405,463,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). The main driver behind its expansion is the plant trade (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FB5C41007C270920" author="Kraus, F." box="[1184,1321,1625,1651]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref319284" refString="Kraus, F. (2009) Alien Reptiles and Amphibians: A Scientific Compendium and Analysis. Springer Science, London, xii + 563 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8946 - 6" type="book" year="2009">Kraus 2009</bibRefCitation>
), which is how
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FED2412778DE09C4" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[302,464,1661,1687]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FED2412778DE09C4" box="[302,464,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is believed to have reached
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FCF041247A7009C4" box="[780,894,1661,1687]" name="Singapore" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(Groenewoud &amp; Law 2016). The populations in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FF0B41FB787409EF" box="[247,378,1698,1724]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
are regarded to have arrived via plants imported from the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FBFD41F87C1709E8" box="[1025,1305,1697,1723]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">United States of America</collectingCountry>
in the early 2000s, which in turn, exports plants to
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FD54419C7A14098C" box="[680,794,1733,1759]" name="Singapore" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FCD6419F7AD8098C" author="Lee, W. H. &amp; Lau, M. W. N. &amp; Lau, A. &amp; Rao, D. Q. &amp; Sung, Y. H." box="[810,982,1733,1760]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="85 - 89" refId="ref322758" refString="Lee, W. H., Lau, M. W. N., Lau, A., Rao, D. Q. &amp; Sung, Y. H. (2016) Introduction of Eleutherodactylus planirostris (Amphibia, Anura, Eleutherodactylidae) to Hong Kong. Acta Herpetologica, 11 (1), 85 - 89." type="journal article" year="2016">
Lee
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FCA6419F7A9C098C" box="[858,914,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular analysis into the origin of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FA78419F78770850" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FA78419F78770850" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Shenzen,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FDF441B07B450850" box="[520,587,1769,1795]" name="China" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">China</collectingCountry>
indicated that the species was introduced from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FBA241B37DED0857" box="[1118,1251,1770,1796]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FAEB41B07C960850" box="[1303,1432,1769,1795]" name="Philippines" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Philippines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FF0B4057785D087B" box="[247,339,1806,1832]" name="Panama" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Panama</collectingCountry>
, but most likely
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FFBFB853FDF740547B510874" box="[523,607,1805,1831]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FD9640547BAE0874" box="[618,672,1805,1831]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFBFB853FD5240547A7E0874" author="Hong, Y. &amp; He, Y. &amp; Lin, Z. &amp; Du, Y. &amp; Chen, S. &amp; Han, L. &amp; Zhang, Q. &amp; Gu, S. &amp; Tu, W. &amp; Hu, S. &amp; Yuan, Z. &amp; Liu, X." box="[686,880,1805,1831]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="23 - 37" refId="ref314291" refString="Hong, Y., He, Y., Lin, Z., Du, Y., Chen, S., Han, L., Zhang, Q., Gu, S., Tu, W., Hu, S., Yuan, Z. &amp; Liu, X. (2022) Complex origins indicate a potential bridgehead introduction of an emerging amphibian invader (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) in China. NeoBiota, 77, 23 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / neobiota. 77.83205" type="journal article" year="2022">
Hong
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FD0940577A230874" box="[757,813,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). Presently,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FC0A40577D980874" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1014,1174,1805,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FC0A40577D980874" box="[1014,1174,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ impact to native fauna remains unknown. However, given its small size, occupancy of leaf litter, and insectivorous diet, we foresee
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FF0B400F7896083C" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[247,408,1877,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Eleutherodactylidae" genus="Eleutherodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF0B400F7896083C" box="[247,408,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possibly competing with species of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBFB853FCD3400C7AAD083C" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[815,931,1877,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Microhyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FCD3400C7AAD083C" box="[815,931,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Microhyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B40207D7A08C0" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,1140,1913,1940]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B4020782408C0" bold="true" box="[151,298,1913,1939]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Widespread, excluding Nature Reserves and most Nature Parks. Common.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFBFB850FF6B40C478400D86" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B40C47BB308E4" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,701,1949,1976]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B40C47B0A08E4" bold="true" box="[151,516,1949,1975]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBFB853FF6B40C4781E08E4" box="[151,272,1949,1975]" name="Singapore" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Not Applicable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBFB853FF6B40987BC40888" blockId="37.[151,1437,905,2012]" box="[151,714,1985,2012]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBFB853FF6B409878AF0888" bold="true" box="[151,417,1985,2011]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
None, non-native species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B47CF7BDB0FE2" blockId="38.[151,1436,150,357]" box="[151,725,150,177]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FF6B47CF78DC0FE2" bold="true" box="[151,466,150,177]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Least Concern [2021].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B47E37BE00FAA" blockId="38.[151,1436,150,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FF6B47E37BAE0F87" bold="true" box="[151,672,186,213]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FF6B47E378160F87" box="[151,280,186,212]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FEC047E278A40F86" box="[316,426,187,213]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
Museum specimens.
</emphasis>
Clementi Woods Park:
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFBCB850FC5B47E27C960F86" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687854" box="[935,1432,187,213]" collectingDate="2017-08-09" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FC5B47E27AEE0F86" box="[935,992,187,213]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ZRC</collectionCode>
.1.13124–
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FBB247E27D890F86" box="[1102,1159,187,213]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ZRC</collectionCode>
.1.13128 (
<date id="7447BCA5FFBCB850FB0847E27C9E0F86" box="[1268,1424,187,213]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2017-08-09">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFBCB850FB0847E27C9E0F86" box="[1268,1424,187,213]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2017-08-09">09-Aug-2017</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFBCB850FF0B47867BE40FAA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689223" box="[247,746,223,249]" collectingDate="2017-08-14" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FF0B4786783E0FAA" box="[247,304,223,249]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ZRC</collectionCode>
.1.13129–
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFBCB850FE63478678D60FAA" box="[415,472,223,249]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ZRC</collectionCode>
.1.13131 (
<date id="7447BCA5FFBCB850FDB947867BED0FAA" box="[581,739,223,249]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2017-08-14">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFBCB850FDB947867BED0FAA" box="[581,739,223,249]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2017-08-14">14-Aug-2017</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B465B7A390E4E" blockId="38.[151,1436,150,357]" box="[151,823,258,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FF6B465B7B840E4F" bold="true" box="[151,650,258,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBCB850FEE2465B78990E4F" box="[286,407,258,284]" name="Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B467F7BB80E36" blockId="38.[151,1436,150,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FF6B467F78840E13" bold="true" box="[151,394,294,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFBCB850FF6B467F781E0E13" box="[151,272,294,320]" name="Singapore" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Clementi Woods—Dairy Farm Nature Park—Fort Canning Park—Pang Sua Woodland— Sembawang—Sentosa—Tengah Forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FE1D46917D5D0EB1" blockId="38.[481,1107,456,482]" box="[481,1107,456,482]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FE1D46917D5D0EB1" bold="true" box="[481,1107,456,482]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Family
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBCB850FDBC46917AC20EB1" authority="Bonaparte, 1850" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[576,972,456,482]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850</taxonomicName>
(2 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B45497D710D79" blockId="38.[151,1151,528,555]" box="[151,1151,528,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Megalophreidina Bonaparte, 1850: 1 (
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFBCB850FDBE45497B7A0D79" box="[578,628,528,554]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBCB850FD3F45497D7C0D79" authority="Kuhl &amp; Van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Kuhl &amp; Van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" box="[707,1138,528,555]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FD3F45497A4F0D79" box="[707,833,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Megophrys</emphasis>
Kuhl &amp; Van Hasselt, 1822
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FE0845177D310D3B" blockId="38.[500,1087,590,617]" box="[500,1087,590,617]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FE0845177D310D3B" bold="true" box="[500,1087,590,617]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBCB850FDB045177AB60D3B" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[588,952,590,617]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FDB045177A080D3A" bold="true" box="[588,774,590,617]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leptobrachium</emphasis>
Tschudi, 1838
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFBCB850FF6B45CE78400D86" blockId="38.[151,1436,663,725]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBCB850FF6B45CE7B100DE2" authority="Tschudi, 1838: 81" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,542,663,689]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FF6B45CE784C0DE2" box="[151,322,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leptobrachium</emphasis>
Tschudi, 1838: 81
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFBCB850FDCD45CE7B6D0DE2" box="[561,611,663,689]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFBCB850FD2E45CE7D9B0DE2" authority="Tschudi, 1838" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[722,1173,663,689]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hasseltii">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFBCB850FD2E45CE7AEB0DE2" box="[722,997,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Leptobrachium hasseltii</emphasis>
Tschudi, 1838
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy; gender neuter).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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