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<mods:title id="AB39673A4A64260F822D6C1A0727ACAA">Revision of the Staurosirella leptostauron complex (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyta) in Europe with the description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BAA4A34D19F5953B64E72F6FA9C0CD0D">Williams, David M.</mods:namePart>
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<emphasis id="37BB3A9564B2668D5DDC14BB6E68FF8A" italics="true">Staurosirella crux</emphasis>
(Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber
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<figureCitation id="225A7BAAE9928294E5D69E2933E16435" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM micrographs taken from the original Ehrenberg sample 2726 (Polirschiefer bei Cassel, Germany). A. Original drawing 2348 from the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin, Germany). B – E. LM pictures of valves in valve face view from the original mica conserved in BHUMP, Berlin, Germany. F – H. LM pictures of prepared unmounted Ehrenberg material. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056752">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="AB53741C4387372AC8FFC97195E9D6DB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM and SEM micrographs taken from the original Smith type material for Odontidium harrisonii (BR- 4685, Hull, United Kingdom). A. LM picture of a frustule in girdle view. B – M. LM pictures of valves in valve face view in decreasing length. N. SEM external view of a complete valve. O. SEM external detail of the footpole showing the large apical pore field. P. SEM external detail of part of the central area with the marginal spines, the large virgae and the vimines. Q. SEM internal view of a complete valve. Scale bar = 10 µm (A – N, Q), 1 µm (O – P)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056753">2</figureCitation>
<xref id="413C20681463952A880AF855C5327E40" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">, Supplementary materials 1</xref>
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, 2 
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– 
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, 3 
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– 
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<emphasis id="15A9B083F5F8A4F0BC100429B8CD73B1" italics="true">Navicula crux</emphasis>
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Ehrenb. (
<emphasis id="2F4DB89A5C52A8D76F411979F8D83FE7" bold="true">basionym</emphasis>
), Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische 
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<bibCitation id="63BD337DF29C7B35620EC6C98AB774B1" page="184" score="1.708709659244206" volumeTitle="Leben der Natur" year="1838">Leben der Natur: 184. 1838</bibCitation>
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. (
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<emphasis id="EB6FC96E58119E0A6FC76DFD91867FE2" italics="true">Biblarium crux</emphasis>
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(Ehrenb.) Ehrenb. (
<bibRefCitation id="1D05039C2F9EC2B18079EC24F5ED342A" author="Ehrenberg CG" firstAuthor="Ehrenberg" journalOrPublisher="Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin" page="74" pagination="53-87" refId="B11" refString="Ehrenberg CG (1845) Neue Untersuchungen über das kleinste Leben als geologisches Moment. Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1845: 53–87." title="Neue Untersuchungen über das kleinste Leben als geologisches Moment." volume="1845" year="1845">Ehrenberg 1845: 74</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="2BE0AA7FBA403C01663377E3B54CAC24" italics="true">Odontidium harrisonii</emphasis>
<comment id="35348FD973ABD03047F76693908ACCEA">
W. Sm. (
<bibRefCitation id="BA68231579C67831BD57B53332AB74B4" author="Smith W" firstAuthor="Smith" page="18" refId="B50" refString="Smith W (1856) A Synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with Remarks on their Structure, Functions and Distribution; and Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Specimens. The Plates by Tuffen West. Vol. II. John van Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, 1–107." year="1856">Smith 1856: 18</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="6074B6C0B114E229D1643C49A79EBB1F" author="Pritchard A" page="790" year="1861">
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<emphasis id="AA38DCC6E1562C00209AE86F94068DAE" italics="true">Dimeregramma harrisonii</emphasis>
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(W. Sm.) Ralfs (
<bibRefCitation id="70ECAF383A48E83AC18163644586F4F4" author="Pritchard A" firstAuthor="Pritchard" page="790" refId="B44" refString="Pritchard A (1861) A history of infusoria, including the Desmidiaceae and Diatomaceae, British and foreign. Fourth edition enlarged and revised by J. T. Arlidge, M. B., B. A. Lond.; W. Archer, Esq.; J. Ralfs, M. R. C. S. L.; W. C. Williamson, Esq., F. R. S., and the author. Whittaker and Co., London, 1–968, pls 1–40." year="1861">Pritchard 1861: 790</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="E64E4BB3DD5FACA181FAD4B12C3ABD43" author="Grunow A" page="368" year="1862">
<taxonomicName id="2A2AF77897A67636DD8A5512E3F8C07D" authority="(W. Sm.) Grunow" authorityName="Grunow" baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Fragilaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="1753D4D51E48E00577AC9F495BDA02E7" italics="true">Fragilaria harrisonii</emphasis>
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(W. Sm.) Grunow (
<bibRefCitation id="E07566F51C67358B2E62A7F88688F82A" author="Grunow A" firstAuthor="Grunow" page="368" refId="B14" refString="Grunow A (1862) Die österreichischen Diatomaceen nebst Anschluss einiger neuen Arten von andern Lokalitäten und einer kritischen Uebersicht der bisher bekannten Gattungen und Arten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 315–472 [Abt 1], 545–588 [Abt. 2]." year="1862">Grunow 1862: 368</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="AA274C65A9CECF3AA634895D781EC789" authority="(W. Sm.) Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Diatoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="4F6F04D4ECB80909B67F50A4E64614A7" italics="true">Diatoma harrisonii</emphasis>
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(W. Sm.) Cleve (
<bibRefCitation id="DDB4FA8919E882000ED45A40D6997214" author="Cleve PT" firstAuthor="Cleve" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm" page="219" pagination="213-240" refId="B3" refString="Cleve PT (1868) Svenska och Norska Diatomacéer. Öfversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 25 (3): 213–240." title="Svenska och Norska Diatomacéer." volume="25" year="1868">Cleve 1868: 219</bibRefCitation>
)
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<treatmentCitation id="25D371677BF2C60B97D7C54D539D82B2" author="O’Meara E" page="296" year="1875">
<taxonomicName id="3472EB906828ADCA71D56B13AAF776E2" authority="(W. Sm.) O'Meara" authorityName="O'Meara" baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Rhaphoneidaceae" genus="Rhaphoneis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rhaponeidales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="61A8CF0F3BBBCD81B66A248846922009" italics="true">Rhaphoneis harrisonii</emphasis>
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(W. Sm.) O’Meara (
<bibRefCitation id="FDE97FD31033A853873DBA01723589B2" author="O’Meara E" firstAuthor="O'Meara" page="296" refId="B39" refString="O’Meara E (1875) Report on the Irish Diatomaceae. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Series 2 2: 235–425." year="1875">O’Meara 1875: 296</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="D93B16254C6EAC8184DA88D92C2F5B9F" italics="true">Staurosira harrisonii</emphasis>
(W. Sm.) Grunow
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(
<bibRefCitation id="684BA2152BE3960485F3DE9AA371B258" author="Cleve and Moller" firstAuthor="Cleve" refId="B5" refString="Cleve PT, Möller JD (1877) Diatoms. Part I, No. 1–48. Esatas Edquists Boktryckeri, Upsala." year="1877">Cleve and Möller 1877</bibRefCitation>
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: No. 25)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="4A75086EB7CBED31727F022595F23CCD">
<treatmentCitation id="82B703CD7B97C680B74392F2026A239E" author="Kuntze O" page="416" year="1898">
<taxonomicName id="0ADB5150A627CCA3B6F36472E2B6E504" authority="(W. Sm.) Kuntze" authorityName="Kuntze" baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" genus="Nematoplata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="04624C31BEF68E50787300AF65692043" italics="true">Nematoplata harrisonii</emphasis>
<comment id="6C7B17E2B588F00BEAC57CBFEA290A20">
(W. Sm.) Kuntze (
<bibRefCitation id="2C55525EB37B58C9474E4FCE25F3B2A9" author="Kuntze O" firstAuthor="Kuntze" page="416" refId="B26" refString="Kuntze O (1898) Revisio generum plantarum. Pars III (3). Arthur Felix, Dulau &amp; Co., U. Hoepli, Gust. A. Schechert, Charles Klincksierck, Leipzig, London, Milano, New York, Paris, 1–576." year="1898">Kuntze 1898: 416</bibRefCitation>
)
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B690CDA5B26E7F32D639DA427038154">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D89C208FBF53319DDFE4F43AD2C77754">
<treatmentCitation id="CF635E678FE6BDCE537274F761BD8301" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4924751" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4924751" author="Levkov Z &amp; Williams DM" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87D2B85BFFCC00FDFB792357DCB1" page="5" year="2011">
<taxonomicName id="2D1AEC981B26B13001B419B83A9EA277" authority="Levkov et al." authorityName="Levkov" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lata">
<emphasis id="83D5B7ABD2F84F3948E4F8B04F722CA6" italics="true">Staurosirella lata</emphasis>
<comment id="1D812EF0A511FBEF6C89DAEA804B7DD6">
Levkov et al. (
<bibRefCitation id="892A1B2687298DEC8CF0EE904048C1FD" DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.30.1.1" author="Levkov Z &amp; Williams DM" firstAuthor="Levkov" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" page="5" pagination="1-41" refId="B29" refString="Levkov Z, Williams DM (2011) Fifteen new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from Lake Ohrid, Macedonia. Phytotaxa 30: 1–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.30.1.1" title="Fifteen new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from Lake Ohrid, Macedonia." volume="30" year="2011">Levkov and Williams 2011: 5</bibRefCitation>
)
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5927323863F88413627DC7C0339452EB">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="E83D5AFAD1E5DEF4573194AE7B8EA914">
<treatmentCitation id="3C0C40612A59A1DE01CFC31DC2E687A8" author="Morales E &amp; Wetzel CE &amp; Van de Vijver B &amp; Ector L" page="468" year="2015">
<taxonomicName id="52B673650F6CFE0FCD108D64AE4721E1" authority="(W. Sm.) E. Morales &amp; C. E. Wetzel" authorityName="E. Morales &amp; C. E. Wetzel" baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="176092FA478DC81B147E8B873DF278D2" italics="true">Staurosirella harrisonii</emphasis>
<comment id="5B8887E38A18D08CA1B312171EAB4717">
(W. Sm.) E. Morales &amp; C. E. Wetzel (
<bibRefCitation id="1A6E6AA1C87078FE7EEC1EE7F89926F9" DOI="10.2216/15-21.1" author="Morales E &amp; Wetzel CE &amp; Van de Vijver B &amp; Ector L" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morales" issue="5" journalOrPublisher="Phycologia" page="468" pagination="455-470" refId="B36" refString="Morales E, Wetzel CE, Van de Vijver B, Ector L (2015) Morphological studies on type material of widely cited araphid diatoms (Bacillariophyta). Phycologia 54 (5): 455–470. https://doi.org/10.2216/15-21.1" title="Morphological studies on type material of widely cited araphid diatoms (Bacillariophyta)." volume="54" year="2015">Morales et al. 2015: 468</bibRefCitation>
)
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZCCI" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="D860C134713CDD54944F985CF8104A46">
<heading id="CEF846CA371AB08FF1B3E222FAEF75A5" reason="title">Type locality.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3517A0A529121126BEDEB1FD95CCCB3F">
<collectingCountry id="16E94B4CB8AFCD27437D2E9AE036B5ED" name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
, Polierschiefer bei Cassel, Ehrenberg 
<collectionCode id="999B60039A6A049072EBB00E93A19EEA" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin" type="Museum">BHUPM</collectionCode>
drawing sheet 2348, 
<collectionCode id="7D8BD764ACD893714260C6D72163EF36" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin" type="Museum">BHUPM</collectionCode>
sample 2726.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5CCI" type="Lectotype">
<paragraph id="E32D4E510CF2120198FBAD4302B1654F">
<heading id="EEA8472344BF60DADB81CFBF1BD385E1" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="5C8A1E40911A020B84E91A1DFBADB3F8" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B682743122777B1154F083A26255F6A">
<materialsCitation id="D0D7DE91DBD95B96F31A7B47D15C3B61" collectionCode="BHUPM" specimenCode="BHUPM 420310" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<specimenCode id="BF739A7ED5FB5E11F4FF4C43F3F3B029" collectionCode="BHUPM" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin" type="Museum">BHUPM 420310</specimenCode>
ε w ‘ Cassel’ (Kasten = case 42, Buch = folder 3, mica strip 10 ε white ring) 
<emphasis id="1029975F17574143E8E7E53EFD225ED0" bold="true">(designated here)</emphasis>
, 
<specimenCount id="D6762FA3B1A6974A6B0133A8685BD474" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
illustrated as our Fig. 
<figureCitation id="8287695A9ED8F29E63B5BAA2FC321DD1" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM micrographs taken from the original Ehrenberg sample 2726 (Polirschiefer bei Cassel, Germany). A. Original drawing 2348 from the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin, Germany). B – E. LM pictures of valves in valve face view from the original mica conserved in BHUMP, Berlin, Germany. F – H. LM pictures of prepared unmounted Ehrenberg material. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056752">1 D</figureCitation>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKDCI" type="Isolectotype">
<paragraph id="39817A805C54CFB579F003324FE60D92">
<heading id="0EB4419C1AC809A04ECBB8F21DFBEBF9" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="A20A7803849C5E27501C0870F39B0E88" type="isolectotype">Isolectotype</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0FAB6ACB3CF9A95DBB29C7A8E8216391">
<collectionCode id="26A8648377749B2BB1386C3AC2B3D803" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin" type="Museum">BHUPM</collectionCode>
s. n., specimen illustrated as our Fig. 
<figureCitation id="713A703FD7F6749C8145767CD9E6DB8A" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM micrographs taken from the original Ehrenberg sample 2726 (Polirschiefer bei Cassel, Germany). A. Original drawing 2348 from the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin, Germany). B – E. LM pictures of valves in valve face view from the original mica conserved in BHUMP, Berlin, Germany. F – H. LM pictures of prepared unmounted Ehrenberg material. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056752">1 G</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="8B4A24EA31A3278785E8FDF9A98BBD19" bold="true">(designated here)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWDCI" type="Registration for the new combination">
<paragraph id="045A787870A95BDDFB3FF01F0914328C">
<heading id="0593A97C997CE707D064F8D5425FBA3B" reason="title">Registration for the new combination.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06F3240C5F9303CEB59C7B88B9E86661">
<ext-link id="F97B31CCD9407DAC23C37E16BCEC60A6" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="http://phycobank.org/103338" xlink_type="simple">http://phycobank.org/103338</ext-link>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EBECI" type="Registration for the typification">
<paragraph id="D994A5993975B29E8AFAD681EEEAEF98">
<heading id="BFE9C2CF777AE678E547D3167BF1321B" reason="title">Registration for the typification.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="416D924FFAEC9A63E2E915C9525C0899">
<ext-link id="B4FBC012729D17A36DB578BCDD5104D5" ext-link-type="uri" xlink_href="http://phycobank.org/103841" xlink_type="simple">http://phycobank.org/103841</ext-link>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMECI" type="material">
<paragraph id="60CC1DBEA8C79201188A03DB1696ADDD">
<heading id="73B7620B395013065B283D89FBA174A1" reason="title">Analysed material.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15061D1F9AB9F5233697CCD873F92E41">
<materialsCitation id="3551C18C9EDDE6821555E221259B0D86" collectionCode="BHUPM" collectorName="Ehrenberg" country="Germany" location="Polierschiefer bei Cassel" specimenCode="sheet 2348" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="8F0A1E954578C9152D5B7B3C7EA46EC2" name="Germany">GERMANY</collectingCountry>
• 
<location id="09E3429355B9A46DCBD34CB8BF082BDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27A13E4603DE5B0BA11E35AB63E0A9ED:09E3429355B9A46DCBD34CB8BF082BDA" country="Germany" name="Polierschiefer bei Cassel">Polierschiefer bei Cassel</location>
; 
<collectorName id="E367CA65B74000A02F4A9BA9675DDEFC">Ehrenberg</collectorName>
sample 2726, Ehrenberg [icon!] drawing 
<specimenCode id="3CE515A5D02918AF2CD7C8D47884166B">sheet 2348</specimenCode>
; 
<collectionCode id="0020F94F9E2731870BECE633B45CBF0F" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13660" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin" type="Museum">BHUPM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="D639D6BCCCE254908917DF8C80598FF5" collectedFrom="filed as Staurosira harrisonii under Odonti [di] um harrisonii in the general collection" collectionCode="W, BR" collectorName="Grunow" location="Moosach" municipality="Moosach near Munchen" specimenCode="W 0164841, BR- 4819" specimenCount="1">
<collectingMunicipality id="1469D246C7C5EC72D5D957B8E4E60420">Moosach near München</collectingMunicipality>
; Grunow sample s. n., 
<location id="07323A9278940DB260C2CAB53CD1E5B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27A13E4603DE5B0BA11E35AB63E0A9ED:07323A9278940DB260C2CAB53CD1E5B0" municipality="Moosach near Munchen" name="Moosach">Moosach</location>
<specimenCode id="94C01D70BB66ACED149DA56580B1B768">W 0164841</specimenCode>
[
<collectedFrom id="D1353C24565306EE04808CFDE34168EF">
filed as 
<taxonomicName id="773DF5B39734213418B69E49C395D03B" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="5E63FB2E5DE0F370DA3C2A6C401FC445" italics="true">Staurosira harrisonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<emphasis id="A7265C230EB4FF66D10E187C906DB13B" italics="true">Odonti</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="A2D05014B1A2E1BD83B18E61FD459038" italics="true">di</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="EC0910F2D2D4A2587833E8CF6BA34CA0" italics="true">um harrisonii</emphasis>
in the general collection
</collectedFrom>
], slide 
<specimenCode id="B9EB36FF16BC99705E99A1F9A09481D9">BR- 4819</specimenCode>
; 
<collectionCode id="51ECFB2E02C4562C1E27CCB53E7712C5" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="9FC3B5972D9E6A31465AB4584032261F" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection">BR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="D1C7A97F874A0538C5AFE57270537C2A" collectionCode="BR" collectorName="Kutzing" location="Moosach near Munchen" specimenCode="BR- 4820" specimenCount="1">
<location id="857A753EB9FB31023680AEB88A05377D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27A13E4603DE5B0BA11E35AB63E0A9ED:857A753EB9FB31023680AEB88A05377D" name="Moosach near Munchen">Moosach near München</location>
; 
<collectorName id="67D44C8F07CCAE9B659DB0029054423D">Kützing</collectorName>
sample 921, slide 
<specimenCode id="E3250C08FE42D5C521B01143F79B9893">BR- 4820</specimenCode>
; 
<collectionCode id="9373E272F26E21EFB1BA8C8BECD02749" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection">BR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4360C3C7A7E1062FE993D3DBCB309340">
<materialsCitation id="6B2D6BB6582E2CE98B7FE879CF616D46" collectingDate="1854-01-15" collectionCode="BR" collectorName="Smith" country="United Kingdom" location="Hull" specimenCode="BR- 4685" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="457EDE875F1514906358997CAB88D093" name="United Kingdom">UNITED KINGDOM</collectingCountry>
• 
<location id="356D898BBF60940A7B16480BAAEC4BF7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:27A13E4603DE5B0BA11E35AB63E0A9ED:356D898BBF60940A7B16480BAAEC4BF7" country="United Kingdom" name="Hull">Hull</location>
; 
<date id="4D5899DBE899959B573D7F8B000D656A" value="1854-01-15">
<collectingDate id="F4C30483EA4FDE27F8E3CF1AAF692AA4" value="1854-01-15">15 Jan. 1854</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectorName id="F768DF6733C37B1E3D3EA18B25809E66">Smith</collectorName>
sample s. n., slide 
<specimenCode id="262E67A581E8F1457F0BAD68C2F60ACF">BR- 4685</specimenCode>
; 
<collectionCode id="1B2B04D0179DD93B0A25A61F358FA527" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collection">BR</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ESFCI" type="description">
<paragraph id="9B3178DD88748FB4E5EA93AB51EA2F59">
<heading id="D6D8D61A34032B9A2FD42A74C038E598" reason="title">
<collectionCode id="C79DCDDEC0286704CE66F2F7DD536AD3" country="Mozambique" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13988" name="Secçáo de Botânica e Ecologia" type="Herbarium">LM</collectionCode>
description.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E1AFC9466745225F5C503BEF7EB90B2">
<underline id="52131322315858046D7A9E3A5040AD4D">Frustules</underline>
in girdle view rectangular, solitary. 
<underline id="4944D3F446CD0CF2A8CD94D9B4B077E0">Valve outline</underline>
cruciform in larger valves becoming subovoid / rhomboid in smaller specimens, usually showing a rather irregular valve outline. Larger valves subtly heteropolar with one apex slightly wider than the opposite one, becoming distinctly heteropolar in the lower end of the size range. Apices not protracted, broadly rounded. Central inflations broadly rounded with a broad base. 
<underline id="E9CE76359AF3B11D2D9F34FAD5CBA85E">Valve dimensions</underline>
(n = 30): length 10–36 µm, width 7–24 µm. 
<underline id="6009EA8654D154D1A62E8ED9530F6132">Sternum</underline>
rather wide, linear to weakly lanceolate. 
<underline id="05AE63AA0F08A03EA89E3C771D2A64D6">Striae</underline>
narrower than the virgae, alternating, radiate to weakly curved, 
<quantity id="CFC572F83B086187FCEE33A7A12ED1EB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.27" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 in</quantity>
10 µm. Individual lineolae in the striae usually well discernible in 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHGCI" xlink_title="light">
<collectionCode id="63EEBB09181EBD2D79FBAC7F2348D305" country="Mozambique" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13988" name="Secçáo de Botânica e Ecologia" type="Herbarium">LM</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
. Figures 
<figureCitation id="153B6FC91B3CBEFF55EC4799F251BC8F" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM micrographs taken from the original Ehrenberg sample 2726 (Polirschiefer bei Cassel, Germany). A. Original drawing 2348 from the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin, Germany). B – E. LM pictures of valves in valve face view from the original mica conserved in BHUMP, Berlin, Germany. F – H. LM pictures of prepared unmounted Ehrenberg material. Scale bar = 10 µm." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056752">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="86DA54641ED935DBA9533A16F76D0981" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM and SEM micrographs taken from the original Smith type material for Odontidium harrisonii (BR- 4685, Hull, United Kingdom). A. LM picture of a frustule in girdle view. B – M. LM pictures of valves in valve face view in decreasing length. N. SEM external view of a complete valve. O. SEM external detail of the footpole showing the large apical pore field. P. SEM external detail of part of the central area with the marginal spines, the large virgae and the vimines. Q. SEM internal view of a complete valve. Scale bar = 10 µm (A – N, Q), 1 µm (O – P)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056753">2 A – M</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ETGCI" type="description">
<paragraph id="2B1CF78DD4446E09B0618BCE71675994">
<heading id="94D974D3A5FF000C261E03A0D207E302" reason="title">SEM description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B29671EB7CBC966C10F9A3BEF6D8DE82">
Valve surface uneven. Virgae with clearly raised transapical ridge. Striae uniseriate, composed of long, apically elongated areolae (= lineolae). Vimines broader than the areolae, becoming shorter towards the sternum and on the valve mantle. Spines irregular, rudimentary, grouped as verrucae-like structures on the valve face / mantle junction, located on the virgae in pit-like, shallow depressions. Apical pore fields very large, present on both apices, with both pore fields almost equal in size. Pore fields composed of a large number of parallel rows of very small, double, slit-like pores. Internally, valve surface more or less flat, with broad virgae and depressed series of areolae. Volae on the striae bifurcate, emerging from the longer inner side of the vimines. Figure 
<figureCitation id="97B7A1B435D175B1208DA340FBAC2814" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Staurosirella crux (Ehrenb.) Van de Vijver &amp; Kusber comb. nov., LM and SEM micrographs taken from the original Smith type material for Odontidium harrisonii (BR- 4685, Hull, United Kingdom). A. LM picture of a frustule in girdle view. B – M. LM pictures of valves in valve face view in decreasing length. N. SEM external view of a complete valve. O. SEM external detail of the footpole showing the large apical pore field. P. SEM external detail of part of the central area with the marginal spines, the large virgae and the vimines. Q. SEM internal view of a complete valve. Scale bar = 10 µm (A – N, Q), 1 µm (O – P)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.119907.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1056753">2 N – Q</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ECHCI" type="Associated diatom flora">
<paragraph id="9AABC0977CA4AA966BB0D609A1D96863">
<heading id="5E9CF5F9C35158B230ABF8A9411E451C" reason="title">Associated diatom flora.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CEB1E8D679D1F3A7CECCFCFFC8A6D1A0">
The 
<typeStatus id="F65E6BCFD9A52E6E6BEB59D7A8AC9EB3" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
population was observed in a fossil sample (Polierschiefer = layered diatomaceous earth) collected in the surroundings of Cassel, a town in central 
<collectingCountry id="29E97B8D67893039574F3EEED7A897E2" name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="1B8654D13364C9A036ED19BE971310F6" country="Germany" name="Hessen">Hesse</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="D9CBCCFD287FDA73CC5DBDBBC657C8C2" name="Germany">Germany</collectingCountry>
). According to 
<bibRefCitation id="66D3A6BE9EA70F438B5DDA02A95C6D1D" author="Ehrenberg CG" firstAuthor="Ehrenberg" refId="B12" refString="Ehrenberg CG (1854) Mikrogeologie. Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstständigen Lebens auf der Erde. Verlag von Leopold Voss, Leipzig, 1–374." year="1854">Ehrenberg (1854)</bibRefCitation>
, the silver-grey material has a Tertiary origin and is composed of freshwater organisms. Although highly fragmented, it is possible to identify several species in the sample such as 
<taxonomicName id="60A46EE9FE6852F5D09281F79EFE24EE" authority="(Herib.) Lange-Bert." authorityName="Lange-Bert." baseAuthorityName="Herib." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Planothidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="joursacense">
<emphasis id="CE081721E3987899CE75A2DF3A2F493D" italics="true">Planothidium joursacense</emphasis>
(Hérib.) Lange-Bert.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4433F034395C74ABB82EA21D6015E10B" authority="(W. Sm.) Lange-Bert." authorityName="Lange-Bert." baseAuthorityName="W. Sm." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cavinulaceae" genus="Cavinula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="scutelloides">
<emphasis id="D3D77875D8920F0E0AE71D5A1763A7D4" italics="true">Cavinula scutelloides</emphasis>
(W. Sm.) Lange-Bert.
</taxonomicName>
, and several species of 
<taxonomicName id="8841BB3BF113A9D81825F07D09B272A2" authorityName="D.M.Williams &amp; F.E.Round" authorityYear="1988" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Pseudostaurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="880F70DB7848135FC39C2CF0D252104A" italics="true">Pseudostaurosira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1ED65FEA6A359322DE3E9DC41F4A2704" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Navicula" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DD22AC505D29C7569AC19DFD03264D4D" italics="true">Navicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species composition indicates more alkaline, mesotrophic, β-mesosaprobic conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="345C0E9705C0A0034A6FE60F9BD959EF" author="Lange-Bertalot" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lange-Bertalot" refId="B28" refString="Lange-Bertalot H, Hofmann G, Werum M, Cantonati M (2017) Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. English edition with updated taxonomy and added species. Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten-Oberreifenberg, 1–942." year="2017">Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The type population of 
<taxonomicName id="24C8DF6D8BE98BDD783C0E6C75A18446" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="B5C242EF17FD08C37494E90118576605" italics="true">O. harrisonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Hull is almost a monoculture of 
<taxonomicName id="552A7C24B017A21B6C927EA55579BC99" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="harrisonii">
<emphasis id="16F63FEB59A058854FCED23A61FBCCD7" italics="true">S. harrisonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with nearly 100 % of the observed diatom flora belonging to this species. The Moosach populations, however, are more diverse and dominated by taxa such as 
<taxonomicName id="A763FFA85CA624476A11154FC32DFED2" authority="(Kutz.) Heib." authorityName="Heib." baseAuthorityName="Kutz." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="exile">
<emphasis id="91A72058E25B93FACAF8EA95ACAA04E0" italics="true">Achnanthidium exile</emphasis>
(Kütz.) Heib.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="220F7326D4A2CB24C126ACD01A907BD6" authority="E. Reichardt" authorityName="E. Reichardt" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cocconeidaceae" genus="Cocconeis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pseudothumensis">
<emphasis id="E0CAE2204CB03457E58C89E26CFB508C" italics="true">Cocconeis pseudothumensis</emphasis>
E. Reichardt
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="56A03E208CE9327C0EA6EF40B4A2123A" authority="Grunow" authorityName="Grunow" authorityYear="1862" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Denticula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="kuetzingii">
<emphasis id="D4B2D9A541EE565B6A5257F1EFA6EDA9" italics="true">Denticula kuetzingii</emphasis>
Grunow
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="34497C513359465150E6F01D826CB49D" authority="Kutz." authorityName="Kutz." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Denticula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="C7CAB22FE8D52F7B287AB51A06E1C648" italics="true">D. tenuis</emphasis>
Kütz.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BEFBA105B5E6D25F5723DC339362D205" authority="(Moore) Dorofeyuk &amp; Kulikovskiy" authorityName="Dorofeyuk &amp; Kulikovskiy" baseAuthorityName="Moore" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Paraliaceae" genus="Ellerbeckia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Paraliales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="arenaria">
<emphasis id="8B19116FBC2F94F348595998D9315FC3" italics="true">Ellerbeckia arenaria</emphasis>
(Moore) Dorofeyuk &amp; Kulikovskiy
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="93F87238620EB78261F34BC44FEF1F72" authority="Lange-Bert." authorityName="Lange-Bert." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Eunotiaceae" genus="Eunotia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eunotiales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="alkalibiontica">
<emphasis id="F63EA8D5A10E52CD70B9B2AC10C947D0" italics="true">Eunotia alkalibiontica</emphasis>
Lange-Bert.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="DBC33BC1A40A5C4A551D1BCCD489B395" authority="(Grunow) Rabenh." authorityName="Rabenh." baseAuthorityName="Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Grunowia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="tabellariae">
<emphasis id="5673EFB0974A3BD87FF49CA837635849" italics="true">Grunowia tabellariae</emphasis>
(Grunow) Rabenh.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E34726A2F537B1E08E1203A1396C4FCD" authority="(Ehrenb.) Kutz." authorityName="Kutz." baseAuthorityName="Ehrenb." class="Gastropoda" family="Caecidae" genus="Odontidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mesodon">
<emphasis id="E3C5836B69AB1117DD197EC908FD08FE" italics="true">Odontidium mesodon</emphasis>
(Ehrenb.) Kütz.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="AFFE5A767803335338B1FA727309100B" authority="E. Morales et al." authorityName="E. Morales" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="neopinnata">
<emphasis id="B1BB20BB8D888672994671B45F89A1A1" italics="true">Staurosirella neopinnata</emphasis>
E. Morales et al.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7A0A7BAA5BA0DFA4D846150C5EBF2F6D" authority="(Ehrenb.) D. M. Williams &amp; Round" authorityName="D. M. Williams &amp; Round. In" authorityYear="1854" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenb." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Staurosirella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="leptostauron">
<emphasis id="7BBAEEC96460366628889FB644A76C92" italics="true">S. leptostauron</emphasis>
(Ehrenb.) D. M. Williams &amp; Round
</taxonomicName>
, and various species of 
<taxonomicName id="F24DB16F38A20728BD3AF5970A236B55" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cymbellaceae" genus="Delicata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cymbellales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C3B9804EC46D21789F9DAF561282D9A4" italics="true">Delicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40D8AD3A24A7BE9C6A3AA0E462D87F6F" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Hymenogastraceae" genus="Cymbella" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="959E63DF257CB00937F17BC61AF164EE" italics="true">Cymbella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="7CFD395EF40EAC7E8EC2A59AAD38C1CD" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Gomphonemataceae" genus="Gomphonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cymbellales" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2041369F6C763AD753ED8B16F0ADF7C6" italics="true">Gomphonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species composition is usually found in oligo- to mesotrophic, calcium-bicarbonate enriched, alkaline conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="88E8F865FCFEB8E92827C6EAD3729A4D" author="Lange-Bertalot" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lange-Bertalot" refId="B28" refString="Lange-Bertalot H, Hofmann G, Werum M, Cantonati M (2017) Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. English edition with updated taxonomy and added species. Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten-Oberreifenberg, 1–942." year="2017">Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>