472 lines
40 KiB
XML
472 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" ID-PMC="PMC6070582" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-106-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" ID-PubMed="30072843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326005" ModsDocID="1314-2003-106-1" checkinTime="1532592511837" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, Gloria E., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Baden, Maria & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2018" docId="2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 106: 1-223" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 106" docPubDate="2018-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" docTitle="Solanum hirtulum A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 101. 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668138996586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tsarkinen@rbge.org.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Poczai, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 7, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Baden, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK- 5230 Odense M, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-07-25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>106</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>223</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-106-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1326005</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182224954" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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5.
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<taxonomicName LSID="2B277023-38EF-5630-9170-CEEE6D37516E" authority="A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 101. 1850" authorityName="A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 101." authorityYear="1850" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">Solanum hirtulum A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 101. 1850</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Solanum hirtulum A. Rich A Habit B Detail of adaxial leaf surface C Eglandular hair D Inflorescence E Flower F Infructescence G Seed (A-G Friis et al. 11912). Scale bar: 3 cm (A), 4 mm (B), 0.6 mm (C), 7 mm (D), 5 mm (E), 1 cm (F) and 2 mm (G). Drawing by L. Smith." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218719" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 16</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Solanum hirtulum A. Rich A Habit B Detail of flower and fruits C Detail of flower and fruits (Schimper 977, A, C isolectotype STU 000030, B isolectotype MPU 011270)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218720" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 17</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Damm" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum monactinanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monactinanthum">Solanum monactinanthum</taxonomicName>
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Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48: 236. 1912.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Damm" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum monactinanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monactinanthum">Solanum monactinanthum</taxonomicName>
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Type. Ethiopia. "Galla-Hochland: Arussi-Galla, Jidah", 2600 m, Jul 1900,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Ellenbeck 1452</emphasis>
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(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">Solanum hirtulum</taxonomicName>
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Steud. ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 44. 1852, nom. illeg. (isonym), not
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">S. hirtulum</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich. (1850).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Damm" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum monactinanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monactinanthum">Solanum monactinanthum</taxonomicName>
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Type. Based on same type as
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">Solanum hirtulum</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1838-01-29" collectorName="G. H. W. Schimper" country="Ethiopia" location="Inch'et Kab Bota in Simien Mountains" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Amhara" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<collectingCountry name="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingRegion country="Ethiopia" name="Amara">Amhara</collectingRegion>
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:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Enschadcap”">"Enschadcap"</normalizedToken>
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[
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E:BF62B6ABCD2DE373EBFE5F4FA3E0A2AC" country="Ethiopia" name="Inch'et Kab Bota in Simien Mountains" stateProvince="Amhara">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Inch’et">Inch'et</normalizedToken>
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Kab Bota in Simien Mountains
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</location>
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],
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<collectingDate value="1838-01-29">29 Jan 1838</collectingDate>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<collectorName>G.H.W. Schimper</collectorName>
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977
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</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lester, RN" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="273 - 293" refId="B211" refString="Lester, RN, 1997. Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125: 273 - 293" title="Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme." volume="125" year="1997">Lester 1997</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 286: P [P00343990]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000907529, BM000907530], BR [BR0000008799999, BR0000008421876], E [E00193283] G [G00343567, G00301657, G00343597], G-DC [G00137892], GH [GH00219333], GOET [GOET003536], HOH [HOH009832], K [K000922317], L [L0403968], LE, M [M0105600, M0105601, MO [MO-2289035, acc. # 2918258], MPU [MPU011268, MPU011269, MPU011270, P [P00343991, P00343992], PAL, REG [REG000397], S [acc. # S-G-5693], STU [STU000030, STU000031], TCD [TCD0000844], TUB [TUB003992, TUB003993], U [U0113936], W [1889-0288845, 0000606], WU [WU0033427], ZT [ZT- 00010272, ZT- 00010273])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Annual to short-lived, mostly prostrate perennial herbs to 5-20(-150) cm high, branches ascending from woody tap-root. Stems decumbent to ascending, terete or very slightly winged from decurrent leaf bases, green or straw coloured, older stems not appearing spinescent, yellowish-brown, not markedly hollow; new growth moderately pubescent with simple, antrorse, uniseriate, eglandular trichomes, these 5-7-celled, 0.5-0.8 mm long, white. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 1.5-5.0(-6.0) cm long, 0.7-1.8 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, narrowing gradually to the base, concolorous, without smell; adaxial surface sparsely and evenly pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem; abaxial surface with a few evenly scattered trichomes like those of the adaxial surface; major veins 5-7 pairs; base long-attenuate, decurrent on the petiole; margins entire to sinuate; apex acute to acuminate, the tip slightly rounded; petioles absent, the laminar tissue extending to the junction of leaf and stem. Inflorescences 0.5-2.2 cm long, opposite the leaves, simple, sub-umbelliform to shortly racemose, with 1-5 flowers clustered in the distal portion, sparsely pubescent with antrorse simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 0.4-1.8 cm long, straight; pedicels 0.7-1.6 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base and apex, stout and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars clustered at the tip of the inflorescence rhachis and overlapping, occasionally the basal scar 1-2.5 mm distant. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla halfway exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 2.0-3.0 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.8-1.2 mm wide, linear-oblong, tips rounded, densely pubescent with trichomes like those of the stems and pedicels. Corolla 12-18(-20) mm in diameter, deep purple to pale violet, stellate, lobed 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 4.5-8 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, spreading to reflexed, densely papillate abaxially, the papillae denser along margins and tips. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxially densely pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.3-2.8 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary rounded, glabrous; style 4.5-5.5 mm long, densely pubescent with simple trichomes in the basal 1/3, exserted ca. 1 mm beyond anther cone; stigma large-capitate, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 5-6 mm in diameter (immature?), mature berry colour not known, the pericarp thin and matte or somewhat shiny; fruiting pedicels 0.7-1.6 cm long, 0.5 cm in diameter at the base and 1.0-1.2 mm at the apex, stout with slight curving at the base, reflexed, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, appressed to the berry. Seeds (10-)20-35 per berry, ca. 1.8-2.0 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, not markedly flattened, tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal to rectangular in outline. Stone cells 2 per berry, ca. 0.6 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326045" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218719" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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Detail of adaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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Eglandular hair
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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Inflorescence
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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Flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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Infructescence
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
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Seed (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-G</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Friis et al. 11912</emphasis>
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). Scale bar: 3 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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), 4 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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), 0.6 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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), 7 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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), 5 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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), 1 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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) and 2 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
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). Drawing by L. Smith.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326047" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218720" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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Detail of flower and fruits
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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Detail of flower and fruits (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimper 977</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
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isolectotype STU 000030,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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isolectotype MPU 011270).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(Figure
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distribution of Solanum hirtulum A. Rich." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218721" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18</figureCitation>
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). Endemic to the high mountains of Ethiopia on the western side of the Rift Valley.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326049" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218721" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 18.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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A.Rich.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Grows in open grassy areas, arable land, along river banks, in forest and along roadsides; between 2,200 and 3,500 m elevation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</emphasis>
|
||
None recorded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B176" refString="IUCN, 2016. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a country-restricted endemic with AOO of 48 km2 (EN) and EOO of 49,487 km2 (LC). The species is known from a small number of records, and it could be that the lack of collections reflects small population sizes and/or local rarity. From the EOO measure, it would be assessed as LC (Least Concern), but since it is a single-country endemic, it merits some attention and we assign the species as NT (Near Threatened; Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Preliminary conservation assessments for the Old World members of the Morelloid clade. For details, see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO (Extent of Occurrence) only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The conservation status of species known to be introduced in the Old World has been assessed considering native range only and is discussed under each species treatments." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558">7</tableCitation>
|
||
). The high mountains where it grows are at threat from grazing and human disturbance, but
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like other members of this group, is a species of open, disturbed areas. The Simien Mountains have protected status as both a World Heritage Site and as a National Park in Ethiopia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a distinctive prostrate, creeping herb with narrow lanceolate attenuate leaves with strigose, somewhat antrorse pubescence. The flowers are larger than others in the group in Africa and appear to always be purple or
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“blue”">"blue"</normalizedToken>
|
||
; this, however, must be taken with caution given the high degree of flower colour polymorphism in other species. The inflorescences are usually few-flowered with tightly spaced flowers at the very tip.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. memphiticum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="memphiticum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. memphiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having black berries with a somewhat accrescent calyx, but the flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. memphiticum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="memphiticum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. memphiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are always smaller, usually white and more delicate (see description of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. memphiticum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="memphiticum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. memphiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The leaf bases in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are strongly attenuate and decurrent on to the stem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirtulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a plant of Afromontane vegetation (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00651.x" author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 54" refId="B401" refString="White, F, 1981. The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation. African Journal of Ecology 19 (1-2): 33 - 54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00651.x" title="The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1981.tb00651.x" volume="19" year="1981">White 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B402" refString="White, F, 1983. The vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris." title="The vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris." year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3668279" author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B403" refString="White, F, 1993. The AETFAT chrological classification of Africa: History, methods and applications. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 62(1/4): 225-281. https://doi.org/10.2307/3668279" title="The AETFAT chrological classification of Africa: History, methods and applications. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 62 (1 / 4): 225 - 281." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3668279" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Linder (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linder, HP" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 252" refId="B216" refString="Linder, HP, Lovett, J, Mutke, JM, Borthlott, W, Juergens, N, Rebelo, T, Kueper, W, 2005. A numerical re-evaluation of the sub-Saharan phytochoria of mainland Africa. Biologiske Skrifter 55: 229 - 252" title="A numerical re-evaluation of the sub-Saharan phytochoria of mainland Africa." volume="55" year="2005">Linder et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" author="Linder, HP" journalOrPublisher="The American Journal of Chinese Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B215" refString="Linder, HP, 2014. The evolution of African plant diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2: 38, https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" title="The evolution of African plant diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2: 38," url="https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" year="2014">Linder 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed that this vegetation type (as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Tropic-montane”">"Tropic-montane"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) was not necessarily a distinct unit across Africa, but instead was locally distinct based on high turnover in particular mountain blocks. Most clades from these forest types were Miocene in age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" author="Linder, HP" journalOrPublisher="The American Journal of Chinese Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B215" refString="Linder, HP, 2014. The evolution of African plant diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2: 38, https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" title="The evolution of African plant diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2: 38," url="https://doi.org/10.3389/evo.2014.00038" year="2014">Linder 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For Ethiopia,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Friis, I" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 307" refId="B134" refString="Friis, I, Demissew, S, van Breugel, P, 2010. Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia. Biologiske Skrifter 58: 1 - 307" title="Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia." volume="58" year="2010">Friis et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further characterised this vegetation as "moist evergreen Afromontane forest", with additional complexity added by the grasslands that are characteristic of the seral stages of forest regrowth in these areas. This forest type is only intact in limited areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Friis, I" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 307" refId="B134" refString="Friis, I, Demissew, S, van Breugel, P, 2010. Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia. Biologiske Skrifter 58: 1 - 307" title="Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia." volume="58" year="2010">Friis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); these are the forests where wild coffee grows and are areas of high endemism in the Ethiopian flora (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vivero, JL" editor="Ghazanfar, SA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="761 - 778" refId="B386" refString="Vivero, JL, Kelbessa, E, Demissew, S, 2006. Progress on the Red List of plants of Ethiopia and Eritrea: conservation and biogeography of endemic flowering taxa. In: Ghazanfar, SA, Beentje, HJ, Eds., Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond: 761 - 778" title="Progress on the Red List of plants of Ethiopia and Eritrea: conservation and biogeography of endemic flowering taxa." volumeTitle="Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use." year="2006">Vivero et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occurs at the lower levels of Afroalpine vegetation (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Friis, I" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 307" refId="B134" refString="Friis, I, Demissew, S, van Breugel, P, 2010. Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia. Biologiske Skrifter 58: 1 - 307" title="Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia." volume="58" year="2010">Friis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in grasslands at forest edges. The type of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected from the Simien Mountains, the most important hotspot of endemism for Afroalpine and Afromontane species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vivero, JL" editor="Ghazanfar, SA" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="761 - 778" refId="B386" refString="Vivero, JL, Kelbessa, E, Demissew, S, 2006. Progress on the Red List of plants of Ethiopia and Eritrea: conservation and biogeography of endemic flowering taxa. In: Ghazanfar, SA, Beentje, HJ, Eds., Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond: 761 - 778" title="Progress on the Red List of plants of Ethiopia and Eritrea: conservation and biogeography of endemic flowering taxa." volumeTitle="Taxonomy and ecology of African plants, their conservation and sustainable use." year="2006">Vivero et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The type number of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirtulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirtulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirtulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimper 977</emphasis>
|
||
) is also that for a plant collected in 1837 in Saudi Arabia (the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hochst & Steud" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Seddera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Seddera intermedia" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seddera intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hochst.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.Hochstetter" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000852498). He clearly reused numbers for his Ethiopian plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Damm" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum monactinanthum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monactinanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum monactinanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here placed in synonymy based on the description and following
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Thulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="207 - 208" refId="B115" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2006a. Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Thulin, M, Ed., Flora of Somalia 3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London: 207 - 208" title="Solanum L. section Solanum." volumeTitle="Flora of Somalia 3." year="2006 a">Edmonds (2006a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, no duplicates of the type (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ellenbeck 1452</emphasis>
|
||
) that was destroyed in Berlin have been found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1850-10-19" collectingDateMax="2004-10-25" collectingDateMin="1850-10-19" collectorName="Mesfin Tadese, Kagnew, de Wilde, Gilbert" country="Ethiopia" county="Debarek Semien Gonder Region" location="Gojjam region" municipality="Debre Markos" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Addis Ababa">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. sin. loc.,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1862-10-26">26 Oct 1862</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimper 631</emphasis>
|
||
(BM, E, K, P, W);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Ethiopia" name="Adis Abeba">Addis Ababa</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Addis Ababa,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1937-09-30">30 Sep 1937</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Piovano 511</emphasis>
|
||
(FT); Addis Ababa,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1937-10-19">19 Oct 1937</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Senni 1837</emphasis>
|
||
(FT);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Ethiopia" name="Amara">Amhara</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Semien,
|
||
<collectingCounty>Debarek Semien Gonder Region</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1909-07-11">11 Jul 1909</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiovenda 889</emphasis>
|
||
(FT);
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Debre Markos">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
SE of Debre Markos
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
along rd to Addis Ababa, between
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Debre Markos</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
and Addis Ababa,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2004-10-25">25 Oct 2004</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Friis et al. 11912</emphasis>
|
||
(K); Bichena Awraja, c.
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Debre Work">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" unit="km" value="36.0">36 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of Debre Work
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
(
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E:C5DE131711029A8AFBEBC79CD21A74C8" country="Ethiopia" county="Debarek Semien Gonder Region" municipality="Debre Markos" name="Gojjam region" stateProvince="Addis Ababa">Gojjam region</location>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="1981-10-30">30 Oct 1981</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectorName>Mesfin Tadese</collectorName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
&
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectorName>Kagnew</collectorName>
|
||
1659
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(K); in campis Debra Eski,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1850-10-19">19 Oct 1850</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimper 74</emphasis>
|
||
(P); Semien, Derasghie,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1952-12-25">25 Dec 1952</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scott 292</emphasis>
|
||
(K);
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E:388F18948E94AB1E71829EB02FD72DA8" country="Ethiopia" county="Debarek Semien Gonder Region" municipality="Debre Markos" name="Dejen" stateProvince="Addis Ababa">Dejen</location>
|
||
to Debra Marcos,
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Dejen">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" unit="km" value="48.0">48 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of Dejen
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1980-05-24">24 May 1980</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thulin 3914</emphasis>
|
||
(K, MO); mule track
|
||
<locationDeviation firstLocation="Debarak" secondLocation="Geech">between Debarak and Geech</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1969-09-16">16 Sep 1969</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectorName>de Wilde</collectorName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
&
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectorName>Gilbert</collectorName>
|
||
5
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(EA, MO);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Ethiopia" name="Oromiya">Oromia</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2B27702338EF56309170CEEE6D37516E:A3FF81AAE031BF6D496436FB9438DF2C" country="Ethiopia" county="Debarek Semien Gonder Region" municipality="Debre Markos" name="Semien Shewa region" stateProvince="Addis Ababa">Semien Shewa region</location>
|
||
, Holetta,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1953-05-04">4 May 1953</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mooney 4752</emphasis>
|
||
(K); Addis Alem,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1926-09-20">20 Sep 1926</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Omer Cooper s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(K);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Ethiopia" name="Tigray">Tigray</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Adua, Prope Adoam, Abyssinia, 1852,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimper s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(P)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |