597 lines
72 KiB
XML
597 lines
72 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0F04BC04B89EF115FA5B18336FD44FD2">Description of the immature stages of Larinusvulpes and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E9D8113C874E4555422DA9D8079B84E8">Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E6DB5DA2E7A65BFA7BED38E473F58728">Volovnik, Semyon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6BD9A39AEE97D71A02266B78445E77D6">Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0D24307710B20F98560567BBA16B9828">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F3BDE465B3D506BCF611BF257F563CCC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132649428" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F3BDE465B3D506BCF611BF257F563CCC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3BDE465B3D506BCF611BF257F563CCC" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<subSubSection id="4B2288572AFA47CEDFCF5CC329F65438" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7065C229A5A51EE72A17AF48AE5409BC" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<taxonomicName id="20B4B17C282632BDEFC152A91D2B4016" ID-CoL="8J73F" authority="Olivier, 1807" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1807" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus (Larinus) vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes" subGenus="Larinus">Larinus (Larinus) vulpes (Olivier, 1807)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="97734EBE5135A7A9D921077CD3520473" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="26D5C0048F9D89B06C11B8A6F3C19FFB" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3193201A31D098EF863A7F942607B7D9" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">UKRAINE: Cyrilivska Spit (locality 3 in Materials and methods), 12-29.viii.2015, 15 larvae, 16 pupae (5♂♂, 11♀♀), leg. S Volovnik.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F57F28769F09CB551E28F3F0A6657A9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="description">
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<paragraph id="102319CEC44523A829BD16F3A1B44703" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Description of mature larva.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E63698FD5064E0FE3463ACC68F317BB9" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Measurements (in mm, n = 15). Body length: 13.4-21.2 (mean 18.1). Body width: (meso- and metathorax) 4.03-5.01 (mean 4.46). Head width: 1.99-2.29 (mean 2.14).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5355214C9FF512010BAC8091C086D8D9" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">General. Body stocky, slightly curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 7). Cuticle densely spiculate (Figs 8-9).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A7674B34C2584D030EE806F4CE4F373" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Colouration. Head light brown or brown with a distinct pale pattern around the frontal and epicranial sutures (Fig. 7). All thoracic and abdominal segments are dark yellow with a light brown, elongate stripe on the dorsum of the pronotum (Fig. 7).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="76D4E68AF2B7196C4F22D7BD9C49D627" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Vestiture. Setae on body thin, short, light yellow or orange (Figs 7-9).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9962832FDBB9D6028BE9719E27E6FC6E" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Head capsule (Fig. 1). Head suboval, slightly longer than wide, endocarinal line weak, but long as a half-length of frons. Frontal sutures distinct, wide, and extended to the antennae. Single anterior stemma (st) distinct, in the form of a slightly pigmented spot. Des1 and des2 located in the upper part of the central part of the epicranium, des1 near the middle part of the epicranium and des2 near the side of the epicranium, des3 located anteriorly near the frontal suture, des4 located in the central part of the epicranium, des5 located anterolaterally; all des long, nearly subequal in length, except des4 distinctly shorter (Fig. 1). Fs1, fs2 and fs3 placed medially, fs4 located anteromedially, fs4b located laterally close to fs4; and fs5 located anterolaterally, close to the epistoma; all setae very long to long, only fs4b and fs5 medium, distinctly shorter than very long fs1-4 (Fig. 1). Les1-2 and ves1-2 very long, as long as des5. Epicranial area with two sensilla, one upper des1 and the second in upper part of posterior; and also with 3 pes in line with upper des2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EDA7A7ADB8E0E77A6877680B64ADFEB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<taxonomicName id="D6F712652F822750F3668857A900A821" genus="Antennae" lsidName="Antennae" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" rank="genus">Antennae</taxonomicName>
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located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, membranous and slightly convex basal article bearing one conical sensorium, relatively long; basal membranous article with 5 sensilla, different in both shape and length (Fig. 4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F3DD5E6CF3BC6ABBAC836AF11248A77" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
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<pageBreakToken id="CC853A69881DEA2ED81AAA732C1218D7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" start="start">Clypeus</pageBreakToken>
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(Fig. 2) trapezoid-shaped, approximately twice as wide as long, with two relatively long cls, cls2 slightly shorter than cls1, localized posterolaterally and 1 sensillum located close to cls1; anterior margin concave.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C0B07D112885848E8F64C3407627195D" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Mouth parts. Labrum (Fig. 2) approximately twice as wide as long, with 3 pairs of piliform lms, of different lengths; lms3 distinctly shorter than very long lms1 and long lms2; lms1 located close to the margin with clypeus, lms2 located anteromedially, and lms3 located anterolaterally; anterior margin bisinuate. Epipharynx (Fig. 3) with 4 blunt, finger-like als, unequal in length, als1-2 shorter than als3-4; 3 ams: ams1 and ams2 distinctly thinner than ams3; ams1 and ams2 piliform, ams3 blunt, finger-like; 2 mes and one sensillum close to mes2; mes1 distinctly smaller than mes2, both located close to lr; labral rods (lr) elongated, slightly diverging on distal half. Mandibles (Fig. 5) relatively broad, bifid, teeth of unequal height; slightly truncate; both mds relatively long, piliform. Maxilla (Fig. 6) stipes with 2 stps, 2 pfs, and 1 mbs; both stps and pfs2 very long and 1.5 times longer than long pfs1, mbs very short; mala with 9 bacilliform dms1-9; 5 short vms1-5, in two sizes: 2 vms short, and 3 very short; all vms distinctly shorter than dms. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere with 1 short mxps and two sensilla; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.9; distal palpomere with one sensillum and a group of conical, apical sensorial papillae. Praelabium (Fig. 6) heart-shaped, with 1 relatively long prms; ligula with sinuate margin and 2 piliform very short ligs, unequal in length; premental sclerite V-shaped clearly visible. Labial palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.9; distal palpomere with one sensillum and short, apical sensorial papillae; basal palpomere with 1 ventral sensillum. Postlabium (Fig. 6) with 4 pms, 1 pms located anteriorly, and 3 pms laterally; very long, almost of equal length; surface of postlabium densely covered by distinct asperities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C85DBE8FC84D33DCF2793A9F1E342871" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
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Thorax. Prothorax larger than meso- and metathorax. Meso- and metathorax distinctly wider than abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="7DC45DF309CDAADDE55FD0124228A70B" originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
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. Spiracle unicameral. Cuticle densely spiculate and with distinct thorn-like cuticular processes, primarily on dorsal parts but also on pleural parts (Fig. 7). Prothorax (Fig. 10) with ca. 30-35 relatively long to short prns unequal in length, 25 on pigmented pronotal sclerite, which is subdivided medially into two triangular plates, next 5-10 prns placed below; 20 relatively long ps also on pigmented sclerite, and 12 relatively long eus. Mesothorax (Fig. 10) with 3 short prs; 13 relatively long to short pds; 6-7 relatively long to short as; 6 relatively long to short ss on pigmented sclerite; 6-9 relatively long to short eps on pigmented sclerite; 14 relatively long to short ps on pigmented sclerite and 12 relatively long to long eus. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax (Fig. 10) almost identical, but some specimens partly variable in the exact count of setae. Each pedal area of the thoracic segments well separated and pigmented, with 10 long pda on pigmented sclerite, unequal in length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5F9D4A49865D4C4B2621D49C688D3D5A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
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Abdomen. Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="1ADB48510EE33103913C1DBF3B0D1FD8" originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
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of almost equal length, subsequent abdominal segments decreasing gradually to the terminal parts of the body. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size, the dorsal being distinctly the largest, the lateral pair equal in size, and the ventral lobe very small. Anus located
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<pageBreakToken id="25EBF21AF91FBEE0E61EF6F24EBAE070" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" start="start">terminally</pageBreakToken>
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. Spiracles unicameral, the eight abdominal spiracles located laterally, close to the anterior margin of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="8A99165F6E7B68714B3578FEB150E36A" originalValue="I–VIII">I-VIII</normalizedToken>
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. Cuticle also densely spiculate and with distinct thorn-like cuticular processes, primarily on dorsal parts but also on pleural parts (Figs 8-9). Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="13C404B28809077B2A67A55BFB05A067" originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
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(Figs 11-12) with 2 relatively
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<pageBreakToken id="12882B23F1A54D63621E9DB9A2429319" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
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to short prs; 13 relatively long to short pds, 10 pds in line, and 3 pds in the below part partly anteriorly; 7 relatively long to short ss, 5 ss under pds (abdominal segment VII only with 3 setae), and 2 ss in below part of dorsal lobe; 13 (10-14) relatively long
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<pageBreakToken id="BA3F349B8267E49E748E1695C3A2627C" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
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short eps on pigmented sclerite (only on abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="7E85F42FEF6EB0B41BFE83B4CE2F3E19" originalValue="I–II">I-II</normalizedToken>
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); 9 relatively long ps of unequal length; 2 short lsts and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment VIII (Fig. 12) with 2 relatively long prs; 10 relatively long to long pds in line; 2 relatively long ss in below part of dorsal lobe; 13 relatively long to short eps; 9 relatively long ps of unequal length; 2 short lsts and 2 short eus. Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 12) with 7 ds (6 long ds near posterior margin, and 1 short ds medially); 13 relatively long to long ps; and 2 relatively long and 2 short sts. Abdominal segment X (Fig. 12) with 2 very short setae (ts) on each lateral anal lobe, and 1 very short seta (ts) on dorsal anal lobe.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C78AD19D7AA735D4744F2B6D3E62DE04" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" type="description">
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<paragraph id="06165F04C77FE8822256A5A3DB56EAA1" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Description of pupa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A2B74E486B90FD6A742452D5F9F92BCF" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Measurements (in mm; 5 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀). Body length: ♂ 11.8-13.2 (mean 12.5), ♀ 12.6-15.2 (mean 14.0). Body width: ♂ 6.5-7.8 (mean 6.8), ♀ 7.0-8.20 (mean 7.5). Thorax width: ♂ 4.6-4.9 (mean 4.7), ♀ 4.8-5.1 (mean 4.9). Head width: ♂ 1.8-2.0, ♀ 1.9-2.2.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="80B34E58FE4D3BD13C30F41C41F3FB60" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
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Colouration. All thoracic and abdominal segments light yellow or greenish-white. Cuticle smooth, except thorn-like processes on abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="48A80AEB3FCCDE1228E8B2B0DB6C7608" originalValue="III–VIII">III-VIII</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C57DAB82E3F9C215F128C0D0FDC3290D" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
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Morphology (Figs 13-20). Body moderately slender and elongated. Rostrum long, approximately 2.5 times as long as wide, extended to mesocoxae.
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<taxonomicName id="FBC8AF5BAF3D127A152065D6AF87FAC3" genus="Antennae" lsidName="Antennae" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" rank="genus">Antennae</taxonomicName>
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relatively long and slender. Pronotum 2.5 times as wide as long. Meso- and metanotum of equal length. Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="77B679A7BCD933462FBA863D04D4B7F5" originalValue="I–V">I-V</normalizedToken>
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of equal length, abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="C6814C57F950DD6BA5C36EF288AE6716" originalValue="V–VII">V-VII</normalizedToken>
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diminish gradually, abdominal segment VIII almost semi-circular, and abdominal segment IX distinctly smaller than other segments. Urogomphi very short, almond-shaped with acute sclerotised apexes. Spiracles placed dorso-laterally; 5 pairs functional on abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="9E3C1DC5CAF949EB742DC2A5ABBCE2D8" originalValue="I–V">I-V</normalizedToken>
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and one atrophied on abdominal segment VI, on next abdominal segments spiracles invisible. Sexual dimorphism visible in the structure of abdominal segment IX: gonotheca of ♀ divided (Fig. 19), ♂ undivided (Fig. 20).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A0548B465E4AC8E9FD9B2373EF57C06C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
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Chaetotaxy (Figs 13-20). Setae distinct, of different length, light brown. Head capsule includes 1 vertical seta (vs); 3 super-orbital setae (sos1-3) (equal in length); 1 orbital seta (os) and 4 post-antennal setae (pas1-4) (equal in length). Rostrum with 8 rostral setae (rs1-8) (different in length); rs1-4 located apically, rs5-7 latero-apically, and rs8 latero-medially. Mandibular theca with 1 epistomal seta (es). Setae on head capsule and rostrum straight or slightly curved, shorter than setae on pronotum. Pronotum with many setae, which created a characteristic pattern that consisted of: 1 super apical seta (sas), 4 super lateral setae (sls1-4) (equal in length), distributed along a horizontal line, 3 discal setae (ds1-3) equal in length, forming a group medially, and 21 posterolateral setae (pls1-21) (different in length) of which: pls1-11 located along posterior margin of pronotum and next 10 setae (pls12-21) form groups ventrally. Lateral setae in two groups; ls1-5 located more or less along margin of pronotum, next five (ls6-10) form a group (sometimes covered by antennae). Setae on pronotum different in length: pls1-11 the longest, ds1-3 the shortest (Fig. 16). Prolegs with 5 trochanter setae (trs1-5). Mesonotum with 14 setae (d1-14): d1-3 located anteromedially, d4 posteromedially and d5-14 mediolaterally. Metanotum with 14 setae (d1-14): d1-3 located anteromedially, d4-14 form a line medially (Fig. 16). Apex of femora with 3 or 4 long femoral setae (fes) (Fig. 18). Setae on abdominal segments various in size, sometimes replaced by thorn-like cuticu
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<pageBreakToken id="F5A5BC3798C91A03323A9E5514EB50F1" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" start="start">lar</pageBreakToken>
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processes; a reason the exact number of setae remained difficult to precisely determine. Approximately 40 setae are on dorsal parts of each of abdominal segments I and II, and approximately 30 on each of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="2C09A6DD483B7BBE5466B46FBB2403AB" originalValue="III–VIII">III-VIII</normalizedToken>
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. Generally: 4-6 very short setae placed along anterior margin of each segment, next 20 long and short setae (or ca. 10 long setae and ca. 10 thorn-like cuticular processes) form a regular, horizontal line on median parts; next approximately 15 thin setae form groups dorsolaterally on each segment. Some small setae are replaced by thorn-like cuticular processes, which increase gradually from abdominal segment III to VII. Cuticular processes on abdominal segment VIII distinctly smaller than those on abdominal segments VI and VII. Abdominal segment VIII with 5 small setae along anterior margin, 6 medium size setae and some small cuticular processes medially. Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="AC27E69E523603F38C383C82060D3648" originalValue="I–VIII">I-VIII</normalizedToken>
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with approximately 20 thin setae (l1-20) laterally (Fig. 18); ventral parts of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken id="1D05659B6F64E9FA23B61ABB0D554D65" originalValue="I–VIII">I-VIII</normalizedToken>
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with 3 setae located medially or medio-laterally. Abdominal segment IX with 5 short setae, located ventrally along anterior margin of segment, and next single seta on gonothecae. External parts of urogomphi are densely covered by thin setae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="0485157BDCFD9AD973A42C4FB01C94A9" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
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<paragraph id="191CE81E750254B02A9AF7542A109639" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName id="DA9D3A32C56F2B290BF449729D4B2085" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
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mature larva head, frontal view. Abbreviations: des - dorsal epicranial s., fs - frontal epicranial s., les - lateral epicranial s., ves - ventral epicranial s., at - antenna, st - stemma. Scale bar 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A2A09292873355241F2C55B2FFB73DCA" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="7A2E3F7427D2FBE5ED8AADC330DB1E6B" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figures 2-3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B3C0F8D592B00C9616BE101C4A01C52" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva, mouth parts. 2 Labrum and clypeus 3 Epipharynx. Abbreviations: ams - anteromedial s., als - anteriolateral s., cls - clypeal s., mes - median s., lms - labral s., lr - labral rods. Scale bar 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF061B2F5AD0F8C43016C9257AE282F5" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="9BC1D9F58CD74066318C3CFEB37F8694" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figures 4-5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56BA641A97C0E6C61236D214B5390973" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva, antenna, and mouth parts. 4 Antenna 5 Right mandible (mds - mandible dorsal s.). Scale bars 0.05 mm (4) and 0.5 mm (5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9D22573BDCB761B9926B4B4CB7481FBE" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="86AC6743C1BD7214D7BE412297CCF8C4" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F03A7917B063FC3F67AD8FCA15E1B4D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
larval mouthparts, maxillolabial complex, ventral view: right maxilla. Abbreviations: dms - dorsal malar s., vms - ventral malar s., mpxs - maxillary palps s., mbs - basioventral s., pfs - palpiferal s., stps - stipital s.), prementum and postmentum, ventral view (prms - premental s., pms - postmental s., ligs - ligular s.). Scale bar 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="075A356383761142D762A2D9BB42CAC0" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="F5575D209B9F567E6973D277679D0F64" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figure 7-9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F495AE8B571F8879F3DA88F569DAB7B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva. 7 Habitus, lateral view. Scale bar: 2 mm. 8 Detail lateral view on dorsum of abdominal segment I with densely spiculate cuticle 9 Detail lateral view on dorsum of abdominal segment
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DDCF913A705D1FD12B2D3C319FC3B583" originalValue="VIII–IX">VIII-IX</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="115D578D7006823DF6EA37C46F77DF6E" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="41B698B152BDAB5D87F19FFA9FE3DB9F" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figures 10-12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DABBC36CF5B3E5926956FD0EAF4AE9C3" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva, habitus. 10 Lateral view of thoracic segments 11 Lateral view of abdominal segment I 12 Lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: prns - pronotal s., prs - prodorsal s., pds - postdorsal s., as - alar s., ss - spiracular s., eps - epipleural s., ps - pleural s., pda - pedal s., lsts - laterosternal s., eus - eusternal s., ds - dorsal s., sts - sternal s., Th1-3 - number of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 - number of abdominal seg. Scale bar 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E6F0A963D753A5FF8A357D1F95B958C6" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="68D3FAE697F5B27C1E2BC5885DFA3DAD" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figures 13-15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79BDA9FA8D314B10DB5B9BA77B471EFC" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa habitus. 13 Dorsal view 14 Lateral view 15 Ventral view. Abbreviations: Ab1-9 - number of abdominal segments, Th1-3 - number of thoracic segments, ur - urogomphi. Scale bar 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9446B60A39836E7D6C425A9D022AA1F7" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<paragraph id="B0D7D4FE7103EBF58189D2B868415400" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Figures 16-20.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62A13B591631F435BB9DF3981D0E87CE" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus vulpes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpes">Larinus vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa chaetotaxy. 16 Dorsal view 17 Head and rostrum 18 Lateral view of abdominal segments 3-7 19 Ventral view of lasts abdominal segments of female 20 Ventral view of lasts abdominal segments of male. Abbreviations: Ab1-9 - number of abdominal segments, Th1-3 - number of thoracic segments, ur - urogomphies. Setae: sas - super apical, l, ls - lateral, sls - super lateral, d - dorsal, ds - discal, pls - posterolateral, v - ventral, vs - vertical, sos - super orbital, os - orbital, pas - postantennal, rs - rostral, es - epistomal, fes - femoral. Scale bars 5 mm (16-18), and 2 mm (19-20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="74D691FAC4068AE8ED750AB013A101D7" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="BE8E3A37788063E3EEAAB749CEF2065F" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Comparison with larvae of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AEC5EBDF6CD7EF88B1C55FF58020C5B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE171DB2FA83580EB97620D4B1B325FB" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
To date, larvae of 16
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35B86DFB7B63BBA307282251A857A64B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have been described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E17176DDDB1C139528BF9420D0359CD" author="Gardner, JCM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forest Records" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 48" title="Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera (14) (Curculionidae)." volume="20" year="1934">Gardner 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46B80418BC6C313F9FB0E2D9A0F1D965" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 335" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." volume="506" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F31745DBB0C051D36AD7833E468E9DBE" author="Lee, CY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" pagination="131 - 152" title="Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera)." volume="33" year="1988">Lee and Morimoto 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7885284709D362A33C4AB76B0BD79490" author="Nikulina, O" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="23 - 26" title="Larval morphology of the capitulum weevil, Larinuslatus (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2004.9518355" volume="31" year="2004">Nikulina et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD89D300C7DA3D25758860BE7AD53A95" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="81 - 90" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="5" year="2009 a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D6D9C68895966C43EE503D2BE24322C0" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" pagination="171 - 178" title="Morphology of preimaginal stages of the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Part I." volume="6" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D4B55A0A546FD1502A905CE36162EF2F" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 25" title="Descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae)." volume="3019" year="2011">Gosik and Skuhrovec 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="21AC83272C38AF432A3B9E8AC7EDB4EC" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1010 - 1018" title="New data on the Larvae of the Weevil Genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Northeastern Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873814070100" volume="94" year="2014">
|
||
Nikulina and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F1C9AEBF581001A35C87E43EF53BE3C4" originalValue="Gültekin">Gueltekin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while detailed descriptions of the pupae are known for only 8
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63BB70CD4F93353113FADAE99B2E0366" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="67F161F5CC8253B74688E49613618B9C" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="81 - 90" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="5" year="2009 a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F1451741DFD6F2D6B345CD5988DB465" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" pagination="171 - 178" title="Morphology of preimaginal stages of the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Part I." volume="6" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="484BE839B421D831135959B2E913DD57" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 25" title="Descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae)." volume="3019" year="2011">Gosik and Skuhrovec 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ADA7559B120A340D5B29DB6A1C67E41C" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1010 - 1018" title="New data on the Larvae of the Weevil Genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Northeastern Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873814070100" volume="94" year="2014">
|
||
Nikulina and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D964E09A40127B346DFC4E1507E55950" originalValue="Gültekin">Gueltekin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The comparison with previously described immatures of some other species, primarily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25BA6A89697FBBA6328CC0726213B4CB" lsidName="L. (Phyllonomeus) saussureae" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="saussureae" subGenus="Phyllonomeus">L. (Phyllonomeus) saussureae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Marshall, 1924 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EED14C6B66A34EFA9A45059706429F8A" author="Gardner, JCM" journalOrPublisher="Indian Forest Records" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 48" title="Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera (14) (Curculionidae)." volume="20" year="1934">Gardner 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A8004B4A72466934CA7B59B1B09E98A" lsidName="L. (Phyllonomeus) carlinae" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="carlinae" subGenus="Phyllonomeus">L. (Phyllonomeus) carlinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Olivier, 1807) (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48E80E52B67658AF6BDDD71E35364BE5" lsidName="L. planus" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="planus">L. planus</taxonomicName>
|
||
F.) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D68C7EE6C5645D0FFC3B00CA23EDD99D" lsidName="L. (Phyllonomeus) iaceae" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="iaceae" subGenus="Phyllonomeus">L. (Phyllonomeus) iaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1775) (both in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C0E23BAB54A400CCB4D7C6C197185F6" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 335" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." volume="506" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), was somewhat problematic because of missing details of chaetotaxy and/or absence of quality drawings; therefore, a comparison of these three species with other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C129258759CDB42FB565EB462676032" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was not possible to the level of detail required to incorporate them in the key (see Key to the immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DB9F5ACF9C2443D6290986C33AC2C56" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E4482F56DC596FC6B92B50845529223" author="Lee, CY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" pagination="131 - 152" title="Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera)." volume="33" year="1988">Lee and Morimoto (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide a general larval description of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3951DD37E9128E694ECCA5F931E2BA4E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on two species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B547947E14FD706B5B56C71935B94B8" lsidName="L. (Phyllonomeus) latissimus" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="latissimus" subGenus="Phyllonomeus">L. (Phyllonomeus) latissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roelofs, 1873 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5A4FD6572BDCB82E7BD514225FF6318" lsidName="L. (Phyllonomeus) meleagris" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="meleagris" subGenus="Phyllonomeus">L. (Phyllonomeus) meleagris</taxonomicName>
|
||
Petri, 1907. However, they did not present any differences between these two species (see aggregation of both species in the key at dichotomy 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D08CDCFA43ECCC7C47F544ABEB69B695" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C0C399FB7917CBC7099CA020A27698D7" author="May, BM" journalOrPublisher="Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" title="Fauna of New Zealand, 28. Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a systematic overview." year="1993">May (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the increased number of pds on the meso- and metathorax and abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F81522890A99181118040A906F28DF01" originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
and of setae on the epipharyngeal lining (als) (i.e., more than the most frequent number of setae in weevils) are diagnostic of the mature larva of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EBC4BF7FB75D6522FC90740B9F395B1" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Lixinae">Lixinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The following descriptions of mature larvae from the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6462EF90EECAEAD5D9D794EF5F512D3E" genus="Lixini" lsidName="Lixini" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="genus">Lixini</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirmed this diagnosis: genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAF35641ACB07C40694B74E06EA6CCE8" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF8B40AC3A3F46EDFEF72F92FAF24C6E" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 335" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." volume="506" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD39AA94EA3F57D4692554D3B83B76B1" author="Lee, CY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" pagination="131 - 152" title="Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera)." volume="33" year="1988">Lee and Morimoto 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="604BF2C6546343A150F4D44FC6D13640" author="Nikulina, O" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="23 - 26" title="Larval morphology of the capitulum weevil, Larinuslatus (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2004.9518355" volume="31" year="2004">Nikulina et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="379C2B61EF9B190A6ED865ED6F6734F9" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="81 - 90" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="5" year="2009 a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="42BF060E9A632AE4BB461F9D7D41A305" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" pagination="171 - 178" title="Morphology of preimaginal stages of the genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Part I." volume="6" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5B1596A3A9D5F32AE2E0765BB7789C64" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 25" title="Descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of the genus Larinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Lixinae)." volume="3019" year="2011">Gosik and Skuhrovec 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="833E3CBD215D094E4979C2B273614637" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1010 - 1018" title="New data on the Larvae of the Weevil Genus Larinus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Northeastern Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873814070100" volume="94" year="2014">
|
||
Nikulina and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16598710C20D6FDCF3B4CBC56EA5C2A6" originalValue="Gültekin">Gueltekin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF47D73841884C41CFF31C5D1181CD8" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Lixus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lixus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lixus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B48D04D798CD6D4DDD47988C29527C4" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 335" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." volume="506" year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4CF6E2FCE803733F764730100F63A632" author="Lee, CY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University" pageId="20" pageNumber="127" pagination="131 - 152" title="Larvae of the family Curculionidae of Japan. Part 2. Hyperinae to Cioninae (Insecta: Coleoptera)." volume="33" year="1988">Lee and Morimoto 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40C0E4C45F58CB98F700AEB12023E734" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">May 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F9461D5E8CBDE1338E6B752BFFFEEF16" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="809 - 823" title="Larval morphology of the weevil genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Middle Asia." volume="81" year="2001">Nikulina 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="758D3C3557A35E5DAC46DCE71D1FE5DF" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Review" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="750 - 756" title="New data on larvae of weevils of the genus Lixus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1134/s0013873807060103" volume="87" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B792BE31428FAACD9FC77D950840F6BF" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="81 - 90" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of three species of weevil of the Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="5" year="2009 a">Zotov 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA448B77ED9634534DAC46616652283F" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="249 - 252" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of weevil Lixusiridis Olivier, 1807 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="5" year="2009 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17E4D63B6B7784CDBF237496E550E63B" author="Nikulina, ON" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="253 - 257" title="Larval morphology of Lixuscardui Olivier and Lixusfiliformis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): biological control agents for Scotch and musk thistles." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00810.x" volume="50" year="2011">
|
||
Nikulina and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0BD7D1C64EBBA14DF774BD3B0FCAE32D" originalValue="Gültekin">Gueltekin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41C1838C5A60FE608AA2D0D84531369B" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="159 - 172" title="Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixuspunctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3754.2.5" volume="3754" year="2014">Gosik and Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A61A729F15456F3579DDBD3C602D1D3" author="Skuhrovec, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="350 - 362" title="Biology and morphology of immature stages of Lixuscanescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.3.2" volume="4033" year="2015">Skuhrovec and Volovnik 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8308DB5773342BF0FE1FD3788C219822" author="Trnka, F" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="87 - 116" title="The morphology of the immature stages of two rare Lixus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixinae) and notes on their biology." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.604.9018" volume="604" year="2016">Trnka et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDA57DC0B86F474B034CB9BBCB9B1C9D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinocyllus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinocyllus conicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conicus">Rhinocyllus conicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BE13A4203CF98FDA65FD4FCE50F66541" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">May 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in addition to descriptions of all known species from the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AE9C4A9C8D8E8D4F4A5708F8CA4C1287" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleonini">Cleonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9158CBA30CBBBA8940758F2DC6EE3BF2" author="Zotov, AA" journalOrPublisher="Kavkazskiy Entomologicheskiy Byulleten - Caucasian Entomological Bulletin" pageId="23" pageNumber="130" pagination="153 - 162" title="Morphology of the preimaginal stages of weevils of the tribe Cleoninisensu lato (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="7" year="2011">Zotov 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="853281B71052382E97B8C2B0836AC674" author="Stejskal, R" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" pagination="337 - 354" title="Biology and morphology of immature stages of Coniocleonusnigrosuturatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)." volume="54" year="2014">Stejskal et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BAAFA33AF377C2B9FF9179B1300F5F4B" author="Trnka, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="129" pagination="433 - 446" title="Biology and morphology of immature stages of Adosomusroridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4021.3.3" volume="4021" year="2015">Trnka et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For a proper comparison of both
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="23E5E1769AD5AE89C346CA9C673DD179" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" start="start">tribes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, including a key and detailed generic studies, further descriptions of immature stages of several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F45AC18A9AAE804D492222A0A9817233" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="tribe" tribe="Cleonini">Cleonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be required.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="59D6D40121C034ED0E62B48E8B109384" pageId="9" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55EDA81368233A8ACDAC7BFD165BC357" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="159 - 172" title="Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixuspunctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3754.2.5" volume="3754" year="2014">Gosik and Wanat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a precise general description of the larvae of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F5C7A6813FFE8BD197F5BFF8A04945E5" genus="Lixini" lsidName="Lixini" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">Lixini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, summarized the tribe by 16 character sets (for details, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B85A0595FF362D0E268971B9F1365B56" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="159 - 172" title="Descriptions of immature stages of the weevil Lixuspunctiventris Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3754.2.5" volume="3754" year="2014">Gosik and Wanat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but some of these characters (primarily chaetotaxy on the body) do not correspond exactly with most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFF9B7042A9124C1935F4E07C89F60BF" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from the nominotypical subgenus, including the recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB940824C119444A8188809F3F540564" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AEC01FA1024B229E68E36A4F9A177782" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" lsidName="(Larinus)" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Larinus">subgenus Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99AFFD0C47449D95D345441905A691A0" lsidName="L. idoneus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="idoneus">L. idoneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhal, 1835 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D15504A801FFBD29F1A2CC6230A4DF3" lsidName="L. latus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="latus">L. latus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Herbst, 1783)) had very high counts of larval body setae; e.g., pronotum with more than 25 setae and postdorsum on meso- and metathorax and also on abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A22FA9AFDBB1E0FADCE62CACE8DC79F3" originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
with more than 12 setae (see details in Key to the immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D48D27415E50069F442BEC3D38D5D564" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Table 1). The pupal number of setae was identical to that of all known pupae of species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="107A1A6A6514F22DF0D0FA1D7903327A" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" lsidName="(Larinus)" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Larinus">subgenus Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB9983D2ACA0204AFAF3D5CDC38653DF" lsidName="L. idoneus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="idoneus">L. idoneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with a pronotum with 25 or even more setae (see details in Key to the immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8481F6465B8543DEDFABDECDEF89BA7B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Table 2). Morphological characters of larvae and pupae distinctly separated the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69F242BA9C8A50B8607EDEA1CA48832F" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" lsidName="(Larinus)" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Larinus">subgenus Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B99DDA41FDD7E42BDF5DECFE257D76F" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phyllonomeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonomeus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonomeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gistel, 1856 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32B841A297FC14A8DEB561BFA6D77284" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinomesius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinomesius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinomesius</taxonomicName>
|
||
Reitter, 1924. Only two species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="108D775E5F94C738DCC599107A157F4A" lsidName="L. idoneus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="idoneus">L. idoneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C15913AE607DFF3416CD82F0201C2B" lsidName="L. latus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="latus">L. latus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the nominotypical subgenus did not correspond with the described chaetotaxy, which could be explained considering three hypotheses: (1) the nominotypical subgenus can be divided into two distinct groups, (2) these two species do not belong in this subgenus, or (3) these species show a peculiar autapomorphy; a change in a setal number can be a mere convergence (or coincidence). To solve this problem further morphological and molecular studies would be necessary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B5DFDB531F4502161FFA0BB90856B8B" pageId="9" pageNumber="116">
|
||
The immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F32032922DA4CD9D230F849FBAEBFF28" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
had the closest affinity to the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="913B94FF9E400CA884E334C46D13F1BA" lsidName="L. (L.) inaequalicollis" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="inaequalicollis" subGenus="L.">L. (L.) inaequalicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Capiomont, 1874 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7301C1D46BAD167DC33D7BCFFF224D30" lsidName="L. (L.) capsulatus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="capsulatus" subGenus="L.">L. (L.) capsulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0E3262A4542D8B6505AC2647ED170BCF" originalValue="Gültekin">Gueltekin</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2008 based on five larval morphological characters: (1) frons with 6 or 7 fs; (2) postlabium with 4 or 5 setae; (3) stipes with 2 long sts; (4) prodorsum on meso- and metathorax with 3 prs; and (5) dorsal part of body distinctly spiculate; and two pupal morphological characters: (6) cuticle around setae dark-pigmented, visible spots formed; and (7) rostrum with 3 pas and only 1 rs. The primary differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A94AB23A8453C7FF5CC0055A17D4010" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF38BF8AB72C33F43FDF8A7E301D45BF" lsidName="L. inaequalicollis" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="inaequalicollis">L. inaequalicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
were as follow (see key to the immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E3B23AD2141B5517884CB4821BBA360" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
): postepicranial setae pes1-pes2 distinct (versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F78F82D1C55015CEB75F9673618205E" lsidName="L. inaequalicollis" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="inaequalicollis">L. inaequalicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
very small, indistinct); frons with 6 fs (versus with 7 fs); endocarina not distinct, its length is as half-length of frons or less (versus distinct, massive, approximately 2/3 the length of frons), and ligula with 2 very thin ligs (versus with 1 micro ligs and two sensillae). The primary differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC018DA9F9BCBDC5DFB89024B8E17A5" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4888194E8B37611120BC7B98F6270F9F" lsidName="L. capsulatus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="capsulatus">L. capsulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
were are as follows (see key to the immature stages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D0B4C8151053DEEA2C888C043253249" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
): postlabium with 4 setae (versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40F7CEB2089F1CD703208234F280D754" lsidName="L. capsulatus" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="capsulatus">L. capsulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with 5 setae); meso- and metathorax with 6-7 as, 6 ss and 6-9 eps (versus with 4 as, 4 ss and 5 eps); abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken id="732951FCD0D80CCC4902FEDA2563943B" originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
with fewer than 14 pds and more than 10 eps (versus more than 15 pds and 8 or fewer eps); and lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 2 setae (versus 3 setae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5277AB5A1ADF6E82AF2E69E6910D2A4B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="9" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Moreover, detailed descriptions of immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79C00D902B332AB75BA778D046858CA3" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are also important for further studies on generic and evidently also subgeneric taxonomic relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5F1187B7E63194EFB6043926D6B7DE8" genus="Lixini" lsidName="Lixini" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">Lixini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to effectively protect endangered species and promote the use of larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="136052A93A4C38AB01F527DCA34FC189" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as potential biological control agents against weeds
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="06C8A672DE84B63B002D6229C690940B" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F671F447B83B75C67912D83F53174C0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carduus" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carduus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="575B46825DC3FFA5EA048608AE9366C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cirsium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E51D6E8EF7F0596C9FD7FEE38C1F47B0" class="Mammalia" family="Tenrecidae" genus="Echinops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinops" order="Afrosoricida" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echinops</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Species identification of larvae with morphological evidence is relatively easy, and it is generally much cheaper than identification by molecular methods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB0A4AE40045196D87F9E7B1FA414D8D" author="Hirsch, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="19" pageNumber="126" pagination="898 - 907" url="https://doi.org/10.1603/EC09381" volume="103" year="2010">Hirsch et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The largest problem in the identification of the immature stages is the relatively low number of available larval descriptions in comparison to the many species only known at the adult stage. However, the problem is not exclusive to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0BB6CF5C8BAEF862B1390A74CD77481" family="Curculionidae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being common to many other beetle groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0212B9D08DEEF038D9F438D6D2E79D37" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F52F61F1CE4A77C5526011BF44CC968" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Table 1. Larval setal index of species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60DAD40441BDFE19E1032CA8934099CC" infraspecific-rank="subgenus" lsidName="(Larinus)" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Larinus">subgenus Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2C238A996FFCA03F175D27DDF5DC8A3" lsidName="L. capsulatus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="capsulatus">L. capsulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9A84615F7CB811261D61FF68EA8E580" lsidName="L. fucatus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="fucatus">L. fucatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CEF97B0DF39FB8BE0C11C4CC48DF3AA" lsidName="L. idoneus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="idoneus">L. idoneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D65E83A624148BB2A8E01B48C28E1E26" lsidName="L. inaequalicollis" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="inaequalicollis">L. inaequalicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (e)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E0A208EC2B11A1944E0CFEF4592EB6B" lsidName="L. latus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="latus">L. latus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (f)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5F8CA71CEC5D39777B2E71287B51344" lsidName="L. pollinis" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="pollinis">L. pollinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (g)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2089CA3A68463BDDD4072CBE219529C8" lsidName="L. sibiricus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="sibiricus">L. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (h)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCA50287CE4AB7B5CE177F9B4633927E" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(italics - micro-setae;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FD21F564D802EEA196E7A30748756B6E" originalValue="Σ">Σ</normalizedToken>
|
||
- uncountable, defined as more than 50;? - no data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="62B2C4DFEAEEE1E452A6152114436EA6" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<table id="C7C7E09ED5EDF095FBC9E00FFE5745B9" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<tr id="3D463248F33B3DAA2E56D1B8F81679A3" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<th id="949D7FDA5AACA5DB0AAB3093576D0739" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Part of body</th>
|
||
<th id="B21BC361D2D173F49B3B15DB662084F6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">a</th>
|
||
<th id="58A4CA4DF61819F2D02EB7C258F40686" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">b</th>
|
||
<th id="64E5ACCBFFA37708A7CD2AD28C131BB2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">c</th>
|
||
<th id="D7BA03D8BCF671609A7650DC1D658F1C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">d</th>
|
||
<th id="83F80B587539B815327AB07C0D0B91C8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">e</th>
|
||
<th id="0097B934772B467D90D95E0CB5020C5C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">f</th>
|
||
<th id="C04612793EB281B1DFE85F2EA8E40F30" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">g</th>
|
||
<th id="6F5C477963140954F4D731CC4ED39A18" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">h</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F9395FF4BECB94ADA11C5FA3C28034FA" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="D5F88046820A74F374C14754D3611221" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="4">Prothorax</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="819C109320DB95E9F29983F12F02B35D" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="3D894EFB4DE515BC77559C12087D4ADC" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="8">Meso- Metathorax</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7D7915D572D8CD225482E176CE1650CF" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="A0BEDEE7577960BDE065AA16BDFE06D1" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="14">Abd. segment I-VIII</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D8FC4CA5E857B4C67BBE4BD06B32E211" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="5F39C2794E1EDBFACE7483878387153F" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="5856D507C693DAC8BC1830CD67D5B343" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="09F19B77F02FD7C6D15C8F13674623AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="409E2ACA7967926D2B615558AECBE1FA" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="3">Abd. segment IX</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0895C42A648B391119EF65633DB5C082" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="19B37F405157F724FD93F3757070284A" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Abd. segment X</td>
|
||
<td id="97EC79937D1AD4BB22994F8EF2620E87" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td id="091CD3E76A8FC05499F3B92927F098E1" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td id="A13A069F624DDBE550FFE68661A8A98B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="45F056243CE6662DE93228726989CC11" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="EA9D705427A0D94610A753913B793BED" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td id="25B27BEE54DD177F5C91D836F9D1FDE7" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td id="20762308C91DBF7AE695B1B46F1D452D" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="42346184B5A700882E001638ADF29D3B" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="37C4208F11DB8854FDEE10299FF3917F" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="387DE81D642362C759436A0794F0CBC3" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="8">Head capsule</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="A98B2F70EB87E534AD9B95D22333E25F" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="80A6159C9AE7FDCCCE1178F2E9E94F25" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="07338B1596DD805276ED45A706B34820" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="DEBF353F273A490F5B39CAF94F5A7307" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">0</td>
|
||
<td id="67EB94FE4D314F16FD39E42CA0A6AC82" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="ECB039546F1BFEBED2C3F0BFD35C5C25" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">0</td>
|
||
<td id="2F0D06F4CAED756A76807DE1285D0E3E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">0</td>
|
||
<td id="3D1BDDE9A0417790E7108A7C3CEB4C5D" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="AB7C263743153A07150E0EB3D80EED9F" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="973D0C81881D579640FFAFF1222557C7" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="100A77B53BC88BCBEA1CCA7117926A0E" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="3">Epipharynx</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CBD400C094DD0C104F0C3956478E0AC4" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="44D6753AD3C4980AC175863B302590A8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="A2FCAE237F6E9A3B4D77694FC84F8110" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="11B2C39FF0E4F1E17611C2F509305BCD" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="6313E6B11E7A3F26075F77DF877C6DD6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="5">Maxilla</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="21826A03D7A5CA853FC1D8BB6E01E3B6" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="709DC2A9E2736083D0EA7E566A5294BF" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="5EA089F4ABA9BA9A79C9C34F5C954002" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="8722C9397A8A4E793A624445DB7C3407" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="283C18AA59369C7E62830F8FDD569A4C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="0B135A2C22B95676FC5D6D731753DF8A" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="E0C1193367B9F7A2540669E5E3DEF1BA" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="F4ABD89F1AC4A7009CDA88CAC1234CDE" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td id="5533D7A535497CD8F5C34DBAB8B80F93" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D3D216B2C635848B4D64804C4168905E" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="7D95A5561B2A13A8E72955E46C232CCB" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="3">Labium</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="6CFD8237F5664F448236EA036D144B40" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="16479605FB4AF89C6345AE1FD1D6C89D" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="6F12926BD77FD9EBC25AB9F7F5D24AA3" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="926DBE14B6C96C995D68257985BE3015" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="C249F6A21577919D30CFD51B234317A6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="E74C71B60D78752D96C661C879C236A6" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="F00D05F89617F6AD4EA605425544F876" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td id="B0AE0521665A2DE42D17B4188C859FBD" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
<td id="23E0F00A6AFFE6737628CE10CF2EE262" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="453D2EA266A3361B8EF7A2ED4C1BDCEE" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E458DC201292A94223E0E22A928B950" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Table 2. Pupal setal index of selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A0D246C10D56AB75CE498B9F00CA772" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Larinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species: (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57AC288F3F0A5DB6A21F6B3F6895E0E6" lsidName="L. idoneus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="idoneus">L. idoneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24676FC69143CD06D87B01314D8208E6" lsidName="L. inaequalicolllis" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="inaequalicolllis">L. inaequalicolllis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="701C422A5C0387F122CA1EF35FE760EC" lsidName="L. obtusus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="obtusus">L. obtusus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4907F59014F9244D5B890642053426EC" lsidName="L. pollinis" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="pollinis">L. pollinis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (e)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1105CF1A53D922E7CF19EABBD7BD213D" lsidName="L. sibiricus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="sibiricus">L. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (f)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB6ABDEAA9657E212C28C82003BDBB23" lsidName="L. sturnus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="sturnus">L. sturnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (g)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="699D9C477D75413D6766A77A07D71A7A" lsidName="L. turbinatus" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="turbinatus">L. turbinatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (h)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D172DA180F0F3B4A5D779622541FA18D" lsidName="L. vulpes" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="vulpes">L. vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Σ - uncountable, defined as more than 50;? - no data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1850B3D0F17720B53E2BD1A982A2900B" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<table id="47DF93BB247ABDA59619AE20C2D80504" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<tr id="0E1758B2A14AAE7E0BF9EBAC2479B61F" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<th id="19B953C6F656CF45B60594715AF5D203" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Part of body</th>
|
||
<th id="19AF0307C869DDB734B562DBAE7148C2" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">a</th>
|
||
<th id="F2C8A3820C9DA210BAC4E8885E596CB5" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">b</th>
|
||
<th id="66AD760012BA3645442459ADFBF9689C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">c</th>
|
||
<th id="075B2CA4E0EBC04EFD0B15A3A0EEA0EA" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">d</th>
|
||
<th id="31F44897291B98BBB8D89BEBCFAB45D7" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">e</th>
|
||
<th id="B20670B188ED768039E816BBCF2BCF3A" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">f</th>
|
||
<th id="EE250A2A056579184B44E41592C75B22" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">g</th>
|
||
<th id="BEF09C4CF32B29DAED3AC6587F2A2834" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">h</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="517FC82EBC73CD9B15D9A5599D73A4CC" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="B62DDD6B358F9F97C64F09060D6ECBE8" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="4">Head capsule</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="FCC854E3711DCE94762DB681C7FFC8CF" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="FF27BA8144E15550158B18CA02A31A7F" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="2">Rostrum</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3B25CEFFF03D073427195DE6C524AFE4" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="5CFBEAB795506A46B307718F8263B5C9" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="6">Prothorax</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5B05EA6A75B5376313DD3E63C54B0F97" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="43E02F1D23EE99BBDE32DE9B42F2B3D2" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Mesothorax</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1FFC79E71A6A86906443A545E2CA6558" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="8783ACD86936C63F967629008E088270" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Metathorax</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CDABB9CC6B4B878241BDB93FD727E28B" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="E26D4859B48A9604ECDAE70FCA8DFBD9" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="3">Abd. segment I-VII</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="4B9DDBB0A9518D2BD58D0A5D795CC99B" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="D666818C70BAA032CEA1ECC90F5D2C35" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="3">Abd. segment VIII</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E22C53203281D07BFFE102F18518BC0E" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="65D3510BD183AB35C8EDDD503F0A482C" colspan="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="2">Abd. segment IX</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1063634F93EFE73147F7B98B2B017997" pageId="10" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<td id="261B864F6A0F7C1245635D5B2C9E547D" colspan="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="117" rowspan="1">Legs-femoral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |