367 lines
38 KiB
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367 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="DCA825D181C84E895B8AF75308851795" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum involucratum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 701. 1826." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France & The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>198</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>270</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DCA825D181C84E895B8AF75308851795" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DCA825D181C84E895B8AF75308851795" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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20.
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<taxonomicName authority="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 701. 1826." authorityName="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 701. 1826." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">Solanum involucratum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 701. 1826.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Vegetative characters for tropical Asian spiny solanums A large and densely hairy repand leaf of S. lasiocarpum (Meeboonya et al. RM 287, Thailand) B small, pubescent, very shallowly lobed leaf of S. miyakojimense (field photograph, unvouchered, Taiwan) C entire, pubescent leaf of S. robinsonii (Nuraliev 3031, Vietnam) D glabrescent and deeply dissected leaf of S. virginianum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126968, India) E conical straight prickles on a pubescent young stem of S. hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) F strongly hooked prickles on a glabrous young stem and on the abaxial leaf surface of S. trilobatum (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G needle-like purple prickles on the adaxial leaf surface of S. cyanocarphium (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H pubescent young stem of S. barbisetum armed with prickles and bristles (Suksathan et al. PS 3832, Thailand). Photograph credits: A, B, D-F X. Aubriot C, G M. Nuraliev H D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689695" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 2G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diversity of inflorescences and flowers in tropical Asian spiny solanums A lax, spreading inflorescences and stellate flowers of Solanum violaceum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126945, India) B condensed, recurved inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. multiflorum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126950, India) C inflorescences and large stellate flowers of S. involucratum (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D inflorescences and stellate flowers of S. pubescens with unequal stamens, one long and recurved (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E large rotate flower of S. insanum with abundant interpetalar corolla tissues (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) F many flowered inflorescence and infructescence of S. pseudosaponaceum (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) G many flowered inflorescences of S. torvum; flowers with well-developed interpetalar corolla tissues (Suksathan et al. PS 3815, Thailand) H small stellate flowers of S. viarum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126944, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, E, H X. Aubriot C M. Nuraliev F D. Tandang G D. Pedersen." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689696" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Diversity of fruits and seeds in tropical Asian spiny solanums A large oval fruit of Solanum insanum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) B condensed infructescence and small rounded fruits of Solanum hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C large rounded hairy fruit of S. involucratum with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D small rounded fruit of Solanum pubescens with elongated calyx lobes (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E rounded fruit of Solanum cyanocarphium with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F small rounded fruit of S. trilobatum in transverse cut (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G rounded fruit and accrescent calyx of S. praetermissum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H oval fruit of Solanum virginianum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, F, H X. Aubriot C, E, G M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="F35" captionText="Figure 35. Solanum involucratum Blume A herbarium specimen collected in Thailand in 1930 (Kerr 19844, BM 000886046) B Habit and leaves (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) C detail of the trichomes and prickles on the adaxial surface of a blade (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D detail view of an inflorescence and a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E detail view of an accrescent fruiting calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London B-E M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689728" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 35</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ferox subsp. var. var. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ferox" subSpecies="var." variety="involucratum">Solanum ferox L. var. involucratum</taxonomicName>
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(Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 647. 1857. Type. Based on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">Solanum involucratum</taxonomicName>
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Blume.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="C. L. Blume" country="Indonesia" location="Java" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<collectingCountry name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
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: Sin. loc.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<collectorName>C.L. Blume</collectorName>
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s.n.
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</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated here: L [L0003633])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shrub to 2 m tall, strongly armed. Stems erect, terete, densely prickly and pubescent; prickles to 8 mm long, to 3 mm at the base, straight, awl-shaped to deltate, pale yellow, glabrous; trichomes porrect-stellate, mixture of subsessile and stalked, the stalks to 0.75 mm long, the rays 4-6, 0.4-1.5 mm long, the midpoints shorter than the rays or up to 2.25 mm long, sometimes purple-tinged on living plants; new growth densely pubescent with mixture of subsessile and long-stalked stellate trichomes; bark of older stems brownish, glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, shallowly to deeply lobed, the blades 12-30 cm long, 9.5-19 cm wide, ca. 1-1.5 times longer than wide, broadly elliptic to ovate, chartaceous, discolorous, armed with ca. 20-80 prickles per leaf side, prickles to 20 mm long, to 6 mm wide at the base, straight, awl-shaped, conical, pale yellow, on dried material, sometimes purple-tinged on living plants, glabrous; adaxial surface moderately pubescent, with sessile porrect-stellate trichomes, the rays 3-6, 0.1-0.25 mm long, the midpoints to 1.75 mm; abaxial surface densely stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the adaxial surface but stalked, the stalks to 0.4 mm; major veins 5-6 pairs drying light green; base attenuate; margins shallowly to deeply lobed, the lobes 5-6 on each side, 1-1.2 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, broadly deltate, apically acute, the sinuses less than halfway to the midrib; apex acute; petiole 3.5-17.5 cm long, 1/3-4/5 of the leaf blade length, prickly with 5-17 prickles like those of the blade, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect trichomes like those of the stem. Inflorescences apparently lateral, 3-8 cm long, unbranched, with 3-10 flowers, 1 to many flowers open at any one time, densely stellate pubescent with stellate-porrect trichomes like those of the stems but often tinted with purple, unarmed; peduncle 1-4 mm long, unarmed; pedicels 3-10 mm long, 1-2 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading, unarmed or sparsely prickly with a few prickles, densely stellate-pubescent with purple porrect-trichomes like the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0.5-1 mm apart. Buds ovoid, included in the calyx lobes until just before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 3.5-4 mm long, cup-shaped and slightly inflated at the base and appearing saccate, the lobes 4-6 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, deltate to broadly deltate, apically acute, armed with numerous prickles and densely stellate pubescent with purple-tinted porrect-trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 1-1.2 cm in diameter, white, stellate, lobed ca. 1/2-2/3 of the way to the base, interpetalar tissue present, the lobes 4-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, deltate, spreading at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially on parts exposed in bud with trichomes like those of the calyx but white. Stamens equal; anthers 5-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, connivent, tapering, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; free portion of the filaments ca. 0.25 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, densely covered with long simple hairs; style ca. 6 mm long, slender, curved at the apex, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 3-10 per infructescence, 1-2 cm in diameter, orange when mature, the pericarp thick, very densely stellate-pubescent with porrect-trichomes like those of the adaxial surface of the leaves; fruiting pedicels 0.8-2 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, 2.5-2.8 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, erect to spreading, armed with 3-25 prickles; fruiting calyx lobes expanding to 2 cm long, completely enclosing the fruit at maturity, armed with ca. 10-20 prickles per lobe, the lobes white with purplish venation and trichomes. Seeds>100 per berry, 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, flattened-reniform, dull yellow, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689728" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 35" startId="F35">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 35.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Blume
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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herbarium specimen collected in Thailand in 1930 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kerr 19844</emphasis>
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, BM000886046)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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Habit and leaves (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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detail of the trichomes and prickles on the adaxial surface of a blade (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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detail view of an inflorescence and a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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detail view of an accrescent fruiting calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-E</emphasis>
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M. Nuraliev.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689729" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 36.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Distribution of S. involucratum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689729" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widely distributed in Indochina and Malay Archipelago (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Christmas Island).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a plant of tropical evergreen or deciduous rainforest, it grows on limestone or on clay soil, also in secondary forests; from 50 to 1,400 m elevation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Laos. hma:k
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sè">se</normalizedToken>
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:n,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="khüa">khuea</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="khünx">khuenx</normalizedToken>
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, hma:k
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<normalizedToken originalValue="khüa">khuea</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="hlè">hle</normalizedToken>
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:z,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="khüa">khuea</normalizedToken>
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hna:m (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). Thailand. Prachinburi: sa-uk [Thai] (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kerr 19844</emphasis>
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); Prachuap Khiri Khan: ma uk muak [Thai] (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kerr 10780</emphasis>
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); Vietnam. ca duoc nui [Vietnamese] (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fleury 29910</emphasis>
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);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="du’o’c">du'o'c</normalizedToken>
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nui,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cây">cay</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
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rai,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
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ung, co chu [Munong] (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Least Concern (LC). EOO (1,868,808 km2, LC); AOO (216 km2, EN).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found over a very broad range in the archipelago, the AOO measurement certainly reflects collecting bias.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a distinctive species, with pubescent berries entirely enclosed within a spiny accrescent calyx. In flower the corolla lobes are shorter than the calyx, so the flowers appear to be entirely within the calyx at anthesis. In flower the calyx tube appears to be somewhat inflated, but it is appressed against the berry in fruit. The bristly, prickly accrescent calyx in fruit is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. barbisetum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="barbisetum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. barbisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. praetermissum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="praetermissum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. praetermissum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but all of those species have glabrous fruits, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are densely pubescent with stiff, stellate trichomes. The inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are few-flowered like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not robust. Inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. barbisetum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="barbisetum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. barbisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. praetermissum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="praetermissum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. praetermissum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are elongate and multi-flowered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
On the island of Sulawesi
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with the very similar
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sulawesi." order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sulawesi.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sulawesi.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
It differs from that species in its accrescent calyx in fruit, larger mature berries and more densely pubescent stems and leaves. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have leaves with petioles that are longer relative to leaf size than
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sulawesi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sulawesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sulawesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these three species can be difficult to distinguish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B176" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633-672." title="Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633 - 672." year="1857">Miquel (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox subsp. var. var. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="ferox" subSpecies="var." variety="involucratum">S. ferox var. involucratum</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The two species are not closely related;
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of a clade comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procumbens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. expedunculatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="expedunculatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. expedunculatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Symon and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. leptacanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leptacanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. leptacanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Merr. & L.M.Perry (the latter two species from New Guinea), itself apparently related, but with poor support, to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. barbisetum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="barbisetum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. barbisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. praetermissum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="praetermissum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. praetermissum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of "spiny solanums" (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of " spiny solanums " (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum lasiocarpum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the other hand has been shown in numerous studies to be a member of the otherwise American
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Lasiocarpa" lsidName="Lasiocarpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" author="Bruneau, A" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B31" refString="Bruneau, A, Dickson, EE, Knapp, S, 1995. Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73(8): 1151-1167. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" title="Congruence of chloroplast DNA restriction site characters with morphological and isozyme data in Solanum sect. Lasiocarpa. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (8): 1151 - 1167." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-125" year="1995">Bruneau et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" author="Bohs, L" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="Bohs, L, 2004. A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29(1): 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" title="A chloroplast phylogeny of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Systematic Botany 29 (1): 177 - 187." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404772974310" year="2004">Bohs 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" author="Stern, SR" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1429 - 1441" refId="B232" refString="Stern, SR, Agra, M de F, Bohs, L, 2011. Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the "spiny solanums" (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum). Taxon 60 (5): 1429 - 1441, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" title="Molecular delimitation of clades within New World species of the " spiny solanums " (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.605018" volume="60" year="2011">Stern et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Heiser (1996, 2001) followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B176" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633-672." title="Ordo CLXIV. Solanaeae Juss. Flora Nederlandsch Indie. Vol. 2. CG van der Post, Amsterdam, 633 - 672." year="1857">Miquel (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in using the name
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., nom utique rej. (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1782 - 1783" refId="B121" refString="Knapp, S, 2011. (2042-2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and S. fuscatum (Solanaceae). Taxon 60 (6): 1782 - 1783, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" title="(2042 - 2043) Proposals to reject the names Solanum ferox and S. fuscatum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.606032" volume="60" year="2011">Knapp 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, recognising it at the varietal level, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whalen, MD" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B270" refString="Whalen, MD, Costich, DE, Heiser Jr, CB, 1981. Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41-129." title="Taxonomy of Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Gentes Herbarum 12: 41 - 129." year="1981">Whalen et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded it as ambiguous. Care should be taken with specimens annotated as
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ferox" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in collections, they could be either
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. lasiocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lasiocarpum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. lasiocarpum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(more common in our experience, see discussion under that species) or
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
incorrectly cited a specimen at L as "holo - L!" for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is not a holotype (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1112 - 1113" refId="B164" refString="McNeill, J, 2014. Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues. Taxon 63 (5): 1112 - 1113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" title="Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" volume="63" year="2014">McNeill 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and we have selected as lectotype a specimen at L (L0003633) that matches the protologue and appears to have been original material; this is probably the same sheet referred to as holotype by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |