378 lines
54 KiB
XML
378 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="C737A8C7D5FCAA973E1563A86DDA29C9" ID-CLB-Dataset="300005" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11512418" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a4ae09f2-c3cd-43ae-bc2c-24e44f3ac261" ID-ISSN="0068-547X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11512418" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1717719545009" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Daniel, Thomas F." docDate="2016" docId="03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5" docLanguage="en" docName="ProcCalifAcadSci.63.5.163-189.pdf" docOrigin="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 63 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B.2:ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E411DA009AF5E7F9A7E023431E2B7D5B" docStyleName="ProcCalifAcadSci.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Avicennia marina subsp. australasica Vierh." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="186" masterDocId="FFCDFFCAFFB7FF88FFDA7619433DBD2B" masterDocTitle="Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica" masterLastPageNumber="189" masterPageNumber="163" pageNumber="184" updateTime="1721327699017" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="32AA06FB7A854D6DDCBB321F844C9949">Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1064F42007ED473A78AC15123D4FD198">Daniel, Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9C887976CF015AAC266BDF104FE87F40">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="19E9F876F371027CEE1C42BB6EADE451">
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<mods:date id="134F54631DAFAD8AB235D19D78E721DF">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5A8F364CD0B0083629EAC50BB3AB4FDA">2016-04-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37914E230BE53F74821D4D468072211C">63</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12768397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235610013" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12768397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">
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<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA2FF9DFFA173FE438ABB34" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA2FF9DFFA173FE438ABB34" blockId="21.[123,1174,1510,1726]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">
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3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA2FF9DFF4373FE4722B8D4" ID-CoL="5FVWL" authority="(Forsk.) Vierh." authorityName="Vierh." baseAuthorityName="Forsk." box="[153,1055,1510,1535]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">
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Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.,
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFC10B5FFA2FF9DFDC173FE438DBB34" author="J. Everett" issue="4" journal="Telopea" page="628" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" score="9.729594737742866" volume="5" year="1994">subsp. australasica (Walp.) J. Everett, Telopea 5(4): 628. 1994</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA2FF9DFF12701E409BBBAB" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA2FF9DFF12701E409BBBAB" blockId="21.[123,1174,1510,1726]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFC10B5FFA2FF9DFF12701E4766BB34" author="Walp." box="[200,1115,1543,1567]" journal="Repert. Bot. Syst." page="133" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" score="1.8726912070635346" volume="4" year="1845">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA2FF9DFF12701E40F5BB34" ID-CoL="5DMBC" authority="Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst." box="[200,968,1543,1567]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="tomentosa" variety="australasica">Avicennia tomentosa Sieber var. australasica Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst.</taxonomicName>
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4: 133. 1845
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA2FF9DFBB0701E42C6BB14" authority="G. Forst., Pl. Esc." authorityName="G. Forst., Pl. Esc." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resinifera">Avicennia resinifera G. Forst., Pl. Esc.</taxonomicName>
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72. 1786.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFC10B5FFA2FF9DFDAA703141B0BB4B" author="Bakh." journal="Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg" page="210" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" score="1158.670670123033" volume="3" year="1921">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA2FF9DFDAA70314299BB4B" ID-CoL="K363" authority="(G. Forst.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg" baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="marina" variety="resinifera">Avicennia marina var. resinifera (G. Forst.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg</taxonomicName>
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, ser. 3, 3: 210. 1921
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, nom illegit. (superfl.).
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||
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA2FF9DFC40705140E9BB75" box="[922,980,1608,1632]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">TYPE</collectionCode>
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</smallCapsWord>
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||
.— Sheet
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA2FF9DFB9B705147ABBB4B" box="[1089,1174,1608,1632]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7084" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" unit="in" value="1460.0">1460 in</quantity>
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Thunberg’s herbarium (
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<typeStatus id="54E68806FFA2FF9DFEA3707142E6BBAB" box="[377,475,1640,1664]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA2FF9DFD5E7070406BBBAB" author="EVERETT, J." box="[644,854,1640,1664]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" pagination="627 - 629" refId="ref23549" refString="EVERETT, J. 1994. New combinations in the genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) Telopea 5: 627 - 629." type="journal article" year="1994">Everett [1994: 628]</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA2FF9DFCBF707140ABBBAB" box="[869,918,1640,1664]" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15542" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15542" name="Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Botany Section (Fytoteket)" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" type="Herbarium">UPS</collectionCode>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA2FF9EFFA1709141B4B972" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA2FF9DFFA170914261BBB5" blockId="21.[123,1174,1510,1726]" box="[123,348,1672,1694]" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">
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||
<figureCitation id="13662A21FFA2FF9DFFA170914239BBB5" box="[123,260,1672,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="4.[155,167,1412,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-68@3.[120,1173,331,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1 (left). Pollen of Avicennia spp. A–C. Avicennia bicolor (Sediles 461). A. Interapertural view. B. Apertural view. C. Polar view. D–G. Avicennia germinans (D, Palmer 484; E–G, Salywon 1188). D. Interapertural view. E. Apertural view. F. Polar view. G. Interapertural view. H–K. Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Moran 28024). H. Interapertural view. I. Apertural view. J. Polar view. K. Apertural view. Scales = 5 µm. Pollen measurements (n = number of grains measured, P = polar diameter, and E = equatorial diameter). Many additional grains from each specimen were examined, but data summarized below were made on a subset of those oriented to permit accurate measurements and photographic documentation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12768381" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12768381/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">Figures 1H–K</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13662A21FFA2FF9DFECB70914220BBB6" box="[273,285,1672,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="6.[155,167,1057,1076]" captionTargetBox="[131,1167,221,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-1578@6.[127,1168,216,1049]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing distribution of Avicennia spp. in North America and Mesoamerica. The generalized distribution of A. germinans is shown. The distribution of A. germinans in Cuba and other West Indian islands is not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512420/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">2</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="13662A21FFA2FF9DFEF370914261BBB5" box="[297,348,1672,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="7.[155,167,1544,1563]" captionTargetBox="[120,1176,216,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-67@7.[120,1176,216,1526]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Avicennia spp. A. Flower of A. germinans in Florida (photo by Bob Peterson, cropped, creative commons license, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/pondapple/7270558948/in/photostream>). B Flower of A. marina subsp. australasica in Australia (photo by M. Fagg, cropped, source: Australian National Botanic Gardens at <http://www.anbg. gov.au/photo>). C. Inflorescence of A. biflora (Sediles 461, CAS). D. Fruits of A. bicolor (top; Barrera 8, CAS), A. germinans showing dehiscence (middle; Ferris 5396, DS), and A. marina subsp. australasica (bottom; Nickerson 6445a from New Zealand, CAS)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512422/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">3B,D</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA2FF9EFF7170BC41B4B972" blockId="21.[123,1174,1510,1726]" lastBlockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="21" pageNumber="184">
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Shrubs to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA2FF9DFECC70BF426EBB96" box="[278,339,1702,1726]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="184" unit="m" value="2.3">2.3 m</quantity>
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tall. Young stems of reproductive shoots covered with dense shiny granules or scalelike projections to
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFEAD76C242FCBDD9" box="[375,449,219,243]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="m" value="0.05">0.05 m</quantity>
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long (scurfy), soon glabrate. Leaves petiolate, blades ovate to elliptic (to obovate),
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFEEA76E24292BC38" box="[304,431,251,275]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="72.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="44.0">44–100 mm</quantity>
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long,
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFE2D76E24154BC38" box="[503,617,251,275]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="19.0">19–41 mm</quantity>
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wide, 1.7–2.8 (–3.6) times longer than wide, acute (to rounded or emarginate) at apex, subattenuate to attenuate at base, surfaces discolorous (abaxial lighter), punctate-pitted (sometimes inconspicuously so abaxially), adaxial surface lacking trichomes, abaxial surface covered with a dense scurfy layer. Inflorescences of axillary and terminal (sessile to) pedunculate ± headlike spikes, peduncles (0–)
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFD3377654073BCBF" box="[745,846,380,404]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="1.0">1–40 mm</quantity>
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long, scurfy or distally pubescent like rachis, rachis not or but barely visible, internodes near midspike
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFC51778540DEBC9F" box="[907,995,412,436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
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long, scurfy and pubescent with ± antrorse eglandular trichomes to
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFD4677A441D0BCFF" box="[668,749,445,469]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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||
long. Bracts opposite, broadly ovate to triangular, concavoconvex,
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<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFE7C77C442C3BCDF" box="[422,510,477,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
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long, abaxial surface scurfy and often pubescent like rachis. Bracteoles similar to bracts except smaller. Flowers mostly 4–16 per spike, sessile. Calyx 3.5–
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFB5377E44399BF1E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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||
long, lobes elliptic to broadly elliptic, concavoconvex, imbricate, abaxially pubescent with antrorsely appressed eglandular trichomes to
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFDB974274189BF7E" box="[611,692,574,598]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
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||
long, margin ciliate with similar but spreading trichomes. Corollas 3.5–6.
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFE18744742C2BF5E" box="[450,511,606,630]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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||
long, internally drying dark or blackish proximally and light brownish distally (those from Australasia are usually described as yellowish or orangish and the color is often darker in the corolla tube), externally glabrous (tube and base of lobes) and densely pubescent with appressed eglandular trichomes to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFD7874A641CEBFFD" box="[674,755,703,727]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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||
long (remainder of lobes), tube 1.5–
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFB5374A64399BFDD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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||
long, limb actinomorphic, 4-lobed, lobes ovate-triangular to ovate-elliptic, 2–4.
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFBC274C74768BFDD" box="[1048,1109,734,758]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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||
long, apically entire (or 1 lobe sometimes slightly bifid apically with division to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFC4774E640D3BE3D" box="[925,1006,767,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
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||
long), internally lacking eglandular trichomes (at least distally) but sometimes punctate-pitted (proximally). Stamens 4, inserted in distal half of corolla tube near base of lobes, exserted from mouth of corolla tube, oriented symmetrically (i.e., equally distant from one another) around corolla with thecae opening toward central gynoecium, 1.5–
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFDF175994155BEBC" box="[555,616,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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||
long, filaments 0.5–
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFC9C759940AABEBC" box="[838,919,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
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||
long, anthers presented at same height, thecae 1–
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||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFE4A75B942DCBE9C" box="[400,481,928,952]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
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||
long; pollen prolate spheroidal to euprolate, polar diameter (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFBA475B947B0BE9C" box="[1150,1165,928,951]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
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||
) 28–41 µm, equatorial diameter (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFE0875D842DFBEF3" box="[466,482,961,984]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
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||
) 24–27 µm,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFDB675D84146BEF3" box="[620,635,961,984]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFD5875D841AFBEF3" box="[642,658,961,984]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||
= 1.04–1.75. Style not evident, stigma lobes
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFBAE75D94399BED3" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Fruit ovoid to subellipsoid, proximally blackish and distally light brownish when dry,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFFA1721943D0B933" box="[123,237,1024,1049]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="15.0">15–24 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFEE872184298B933" box="[306,421,1025,1049]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="10.0">10–19 mm</quantity>
|
||
across at widest expanse, pubescent with erect to flexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA1FF9EFEA5723842EDB913" box="[383,464,1057,1081]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (especially when less mature) and scurfy (especially evident when more mature). 2n = 64, 96 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFE3F725B4144B972" author="DAWSON, M. I." box="[485,633,1089,1113]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="163 - 165" refId="ref23143" refString="DAWSON, M. I. 1989. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora - 30 miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 27: 163 - 165." type="journal article" year="1989">Dawson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9EFF7172784760B952" box="[171,1117,1121,1146]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9EFF7172784760B952" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" box="[171,1117,1121,1146]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF717278420CB953" baselines="1139,1139" box="[171,305,1121,1145]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Phenology" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">PHENOLOGY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— Flowering: February, August–September; fruiting: February, November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9EFF71729B418AB850" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9EFF71729B418AB850" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF71729B427EB9B3" baselines="1172,1171" box="[171,323,1154,1178]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Distribution" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFE91729C424BB9B3" baselines="1171" box="[331,374,1157,1176]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFEA5729C42E5B9B3" baselines="1171" box="[383,472,1157,1176]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="habitat" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">HABITAT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFDDB729B41FDB9B2" box="[513,704,1154,1177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">Avicennia marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the most extensive distribution among species in the genus; it is native to eastern Africa, southern Asia, Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean islands, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A7634FFA1FF9EFEB272DB42F7B9F1" box="[360,458,1218,1242]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Subspecies australasica occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate Australasia (i.e., southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A7634FFA1FF9EFDDE72FB415BB9D1" box="[516,614,1250,1274]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A7634FFA1FF9EFD2772FA40B0B9D1" box="[765,909,1250,1274]" name="New Zealand" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
). It is the southernmost-occurring taxon among species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFE2E731A4160B831" box="[500,605,1283,1306]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Old World (to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE695063FFA1FF9EFC94731A4098B830" box="[846,933,1282,1307]" degrees="38" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" precision="925" value="-38.75">38°45’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFC6F731B4710B831" author="DUKE, N. C." box="[949,1069,1282,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" refId="ref23208" refString="DUKE, N. C. 2006. Australia's Mangroves. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia." type="book" year="2006">Duke 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the southernmost-occurring mangrove in the world. In southern California, where this taxon has been introduced and become naturalized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A21FFA1FF9EFDCE735A416BB870" box="[532,598,1347,1371]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="6.[155,167,1057,1076]" captionTargetBox="[131,1167,221,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-1578@6.[127,1168,216,1049]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing distribution of Avicennia spp. in North America and Mesoamerica. The generalized distribution of A. germinans is shown. The distribution of A. germinans in Cuba and other West Indian islands is not shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512420/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), plants occur in salt marshes with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFC29735D47B2B870" authority=", Juamea" authorityName="Juamea" box="[1011,1167,1347,1371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" genus="Batis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Batis, Juamea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFFA1737A43D7B850" box="[123,234,1379,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Salicornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salicornia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFF22737D4269B850" authorityName="Harris & Burrows" authorityYear="1891" box="[248,340,1380,1403]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Spartina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFE55737A42E3B850" box="[399,478,1379,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Suaeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Suaeda</taxonomicName>
|
||
at or near sea level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9EFF71739A42A4B890" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9EFF71739A42A4B890" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF71739A426DB8B1" baselines="1429,1429" box="[171,336,1411,1435]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Illustrations" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">ILLUSTRATIONS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFEA2739A4179B8B0" author="MUNIR, A. A." box="[376,580,1411,1435]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" refId="ref24084" refString="MUNIR, A. A. 1986. Avicenniaceae. Pages 1178 - 1180 in J. P. Jessop and H. R. Toelken, eds., Flora of South Australia, part III. South Australian Government Printing Division, Adelaide, Australia." type="book" year="1986">Munir (1986: 1179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 546);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFD65739A404BB8B0" author="DUKE, N. C." box="[703,886,1411,1435]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="299 - 324" refId="ref23177" refString="DUKE, N. C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 4: 299 - 324." type="journal article" year="1991">Duke (1991: 314</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 7); Clarke and Myerscough (1991: 285, fig. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9EFF7173DD40FCBB77" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9EFF7173DD40FCBB77" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF7173DD4260B8F1" baselines="1494,1493" box="[171,349,1476,1500]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Nomenclature" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">NOMENCLATURE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— The name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFDD973DD40D1B8F7" authority="(Walp.) Moldenke" authorityName="Moldenke" baseAuthorityName="Walp." box="[515,1004,1476,1500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="marina" variety="australasica">A. marina var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke</taxonomicName>
|
||
” has been used for this taxon, but as discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFE2273FC41A8B8D7" author="EVERETT, J." box="[504,661,1508,1532]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="627 - 629" refId="ref23549" refString="EVERETT, J. 1994. New combinations in the genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) Telopea 5: 627 - 629." type="journal article" year="1994">Everett (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this combination was not validly published at this rank, and other infraspecific taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFDEC701C419FBB37" box="[566,674,1541,1564]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently treated as subspecies.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFBF6701C42A6BB17" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="marina" subSpecies="australasica">Avicennia marina subsp. australasica</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the synonyms noted above are all based on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFC4C703C4727BB16" box="[918,1050,1573,1597]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resinifera">A. resinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFB89703D43C1BB76" author="MOLDENKE, H. N." pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="259 - 293" refId="ref24026" refString="MOLDENKE, H. N. 1960. Materials toward a monograph of the genus Avicennia. I - III. Phytologia 7: 123 - 168, 179 - 232, 259 - 293." type="journal article" year="1960">Moldenke (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFEEB705C4284BB76" author="DUKE, N. C." box="[305,441,1605,1629]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="299 - 324" refId="ref23177" refString="DUKE, N. C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 4: 299 - 324." type="journal article" year="1991">Duke (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a full list of synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFD27705C4087BB77" box="[765,954,1605,1628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">Avicennia marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9EFF71707C412DBB57" box="[171,528,1637,1661]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9EFF71707C412DBB57" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" box="[171,528,1637,1661]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF71707C43CBBB50" baselines="1655,1654" box="[171,246,1637,1661]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Local" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFF71707C43CBBB50" box="[171,246,1637,1661]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">LOCAL</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF2670714204BB50" baselines="1654" box="[252,313,1640,1659]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="name" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFF2670714204BB50" box="[252,313,1640,1659]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">NAME</collectionCode>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— Gray mangrove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA1FF9FFF71709C472DBC7F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA1FF9FFF71709C472DBC7F" blockId="22.[123,1174,219,1726]" lastBlockId="23.[123,1174,219,1247]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA1FF9EFF71709C4273BBB7" baselines="1687,1687" box="[171,334,1669,1693]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Conservation" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">CONSERVATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA1FF9EFEAC709F4109BBB6" box="[374,564,1670,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">Avicennia marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been assessed as a taxon of Least Concern (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA1FF9EFB92709C4757BBB6" box="[1096,1130,1669,1693]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185">LC</collectionCode>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA1FF9EFFA170BC4202BB95" author="DUKE, N. & K. KATHIRESAN & S. G. SALMO III & E. S. FERNANDO & J. R. PERAS & S. SUKARDJO & T. MIYAGI & J. ELLISON & N. E. KOEDAM & Y. WANG & J. PRIMAVERA & O. JIN EONG & J. WAN-HONG YONG & V. NGOC NAM" box="[123,319,1701,1726]" pageId="22" pageNumber="185" pagination="178828" refId="ref23347" refString="DUKE, N., K. KATHIRESAN, S. G. SALMO III, E. S. FERNANDO, J. R. PERAS, S. SUKARDJO, T. MIYAGI, J. ELLISON, N. E. KOEDAM, Y. WANG, J. PRIMAVERA, O. JIN EONG, J. WAN-HONG YONG, AND V. NGOC NAM. 2010. Avicennia marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e. T 178828 A 7619457. <http: // dx. doi. org / 10. 2305 / IUCN. UK. 2010 - 2. RLTS. T 178828 A 7619457. en> [accessed 1 February 2016]." type="book chapter" year="2010">Duke et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This taxon is not native in the New World, but has become naturalized locally and is potentially invasive. On his collection 28024 made in 1979, Moran noted that plants in California had been introduced from Aukland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A7634FFA0FF9FFD8876E541DFBC38" box="[594,738,251,275]" name="New Zealand" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
about 1966–69. He also noted the presence of about 100 or more flowering-size plants plus many seedlings in the wildlife reserve where his observations were made. Initial efforts to eradicate the species were unsuccessful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA0FF9FFF7177444236B917" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA0FF9FFF7177444733BCFE" blockId="23.[123,1174,219,1247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA0FF9FFF7177444217BC58" baselines="367,366" box="[171,298,349,373]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Discussion" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">DISCUSSION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— This species is readily distinguished from those native to the western Hemisphere by its actinomorphic flowers with yellowish to orangish corollas bearing ovate-triangular to ovate-elliptic lobes and its equidistant stamens that are inserted near the base of the corolla lobes, dehisce toward the center of the flower, and vary from 1.5–
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA0FF9FFD2077A7400ABCFE" box="[762,823,446,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A21FFA0FF9FFC7477A740C2BCFE" box="[942,1023,446,470]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="7.[155,167,1544,1563]" captionTargetBox="[120,1176,216,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-67@7.[120,1176,216,1526]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Avicennia spp. A. Flower of A. germinans in Florida (photo by Bob Peterson, cropped, creative commons license, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/pondapple/7270558948/in/photostream>). B Flower of A. marina subsp. australasica in Australia (photo by M. Fagg, cropped, source: Australian National Botanic Gardens at <http://www.anbg. gov.au/photo>). C. Inflorescence of A. biflora (Sediles 461, CAS). D. Fruits of A. bicolor (top; Barrera 8, CAS), A. germinans showing dehiscence (middle; Ferris 5396, DS), and A. marina subsp. australasica (bottom; Nickerson 6445a from New Zealand, CAS)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11512422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11512422/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA0FF9FFF7177C743D0BE90" blockId="23.[123,1174,219,1247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA0FF9FFF7177C74253BCDD" author="DUKE, N. C. & J. A. H. BENZIE & J. A GOODALL & H. E. R. BALLMENT" box="[171,366,478,502]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" pagination="1612 - 1626" refId="ref23290" refString="DUKE, N. C., J. A. H. BENZIE, J. A GOODALL, AND H. E. R. BALLMENT. 1998. Genetic structure and evolution of species in the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in the Indo-west Pacific. Evolution 52: 1612 - 1626." type="journal article" year="1998">Duke et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided genetic evidence that supported the morphological recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFFA177E643DBBF3D" box="[123,230,511,534]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species and that supported recognition of the three infraspecific taxa (treated by him as varieties, but here recognized as subspecies): subsp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFC8374064270BF7C" authority="(Valeton) J. Everett" authorityName="J. Everett" baseAuthorityName="Valeton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="marina" subSpecies="eucalyptifolia">marina, subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J. Everett</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFE5174264166BF7C" box="[395,603,575,599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="marina" subSpecies="australasica">subsp. australasica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter subspecies would appear to consist of or contain polyploids based on the reported chromosome numbers of 2n = 64 and 96 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA0FF9FFC21747947B3BF53" author="DAWSON, M. I." box="[1019,1166,608,632]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" pagination="163 - 165" refId="ref23143" refString="DAWSON, M. I. 1989. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora - 30 miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 27: 163 - 165." type="journal article" year="1989">Dawson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFF4D74994226BFB3" box="[151,283,640,664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="resinifera">A. resinifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These numbers suggest a possible base number of x = 8 or x = 16.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFC2E7499473ABFB3" box="[1012,1031,640,664]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
chromosome number of 2n = 36 was reported for an unspecified subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFCF774B840AABF93" box="[813,919,673,696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA0FF9FFC6774B947B3BF93" author="SUBRAMANIAN, D." box="[957,1166,672,696]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref24791" refString="SUBRAMANIAN, D. 1988. Cytological studies of some mangrove flora of Tamilnadu. Cytologia 53: 87 - 92." type="journal article" year="1988">Subramanian (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; without citation of voucher). These appear to be the only recent chromosome counts for both this species and for the genus. If these numbers are accurate, both polyploidy and dysploidy would appear to have played a role in the evolution of taxa in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFD17751B4005BE32" box="[717,824,770,793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only other known chromosome counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFEF3753B42AFBE12" box="[297,402,802,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 2n = ca. 66 and n = ca. 33 by Raghavan and Arora (1958; with a meiotic figure showing n = 33, but without citation of a voucher) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFCE6755A4761BE71" authority="Bl. Sanders (1997)" authorityName="Bl. Sanders" authorityYear="1997" box="[828,1116,834,858]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
A. alba Bl.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA0FF9FFC63755B4761BE71" author="SANDERS, R. W." box="[953,1116,834,858]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" pagination="81 - 92" refId="ref24532" refString="SANDERS, R. W. 1997. The Avicenniaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 81 - 92." type="journal article" year="1997">Sanders (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicated a base chromosome number for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFDC1757A418BBE50" box="[539,694,867,891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Avicenniaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Avicenniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
of x = 18. Although no rationale was stated for this number, his conclusion was probably based largely on Subramanian’s count of 2n = 36 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFFA175BD43DBBE90" box="[123,230,932,955]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA0FF9FFF7175DD4236B917" blockId="23.[123,1174,219,1247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFF7175DD417FBEF7" box="[171,578,964,988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="marina" subSpecies="australasica">Avicennia marina subsp. australasica</taxonomicName>
|
||
was distinguished by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B55FFA0FF9FFCEC75DD40FDBEF7" author="DUKE, N. C." box="[822,960,964,988]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" pagination="299 - 324" refId="ref23177" refString="DUKE, N. C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Australian Systematic Botany 4: 299 - 324." type="journal article" year="1991">Duke (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the other two varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D27FFA0FF9FFF2775FD4257BED7" box="[253,362,996,1020]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marina">A. marina</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the fully (or nearly so) pubescent calyces (vs. pubescent only near the base), and the gray, fissured (vs. green, chalky smooth, and often flaky in patches) bark of the mature trunk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347652FFFA0FF9FFF71725C42FBB9F5" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236A4FFA0FF9FFF71725C42FBB9F5" blockId="23.[123,1174,219,1247]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA0FF9FFF71725C421EB977" baselines="1111,1111" box="[171,291,1093,1117]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Specimens" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">SPECIMENS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D04A078FFA0FF9FFEF5725C429EB977" baselines="1111,1111" box="[303,419,1093,1117]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Examined" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.—
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B353CF9FFA0FF9FFE11725C40DBB956" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4906819525" collectionCode="W, I" country="United States of America" county="San Diego Co." latitude="32.7949" location="North Mission Bay" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-117.2247" municipality="Northern Wildlife Preserve" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A7634FFA0FF9FFE11725C4129B976" box="[459,532,1093,1117]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4999F846FFA0FF9FFDFA725C41A8B976" box="[544,661,1093,1117]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62834E28FFA0FF9FFD73725C406DB976" box="[681,848,1093,1117]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">San Diego Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86ACDEFFA0FF9FFCB9725C47B2B976" box="[867,1167,1093,1117]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">Northern Wildlife Preserve</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFFA1727F4278B955" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFFA1727F4278B955" box="[123,325,1126,1150]" country="United States of America" county="San Diego Co." latitude="32.7949" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-117.2247" municipality="Northern Wildlife Preserve" name="North Mission Bay" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">North Mission Bay</location>
|
||
, tidal area
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A502F86FFA0FF9FFE61727F4181B955" box="[443,700,1126,1150]" location="Rose Creek" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B41FFA0FF9FFE61727F42C2B956" box="[443,511,1126,1150]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFDDE727F4120B956" box="[516,541,1126,1149]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
|
||
of Rose Creek
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE695063FFA0FF9FFD13727F4003B956" box="[713,830,1126,1150]" degrees="32. 7949" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" precision="5" value="32.7949">32.7949°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE695063FFA0FF9FFC91727F40EDB956" box="[843,976,1126,1150]" degrees="117. 2247" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" precision="5" value="-117.2247">117.2247°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFC07727F40DBB956" box="[989,998,1126,1149]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; University" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B353CF9FFA0FF9FFC29727F43B6B9B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4906819464" collectionCode="UCR, E" country="United States of America" location="Kay" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFC29727F4723B956" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFC29727F4723B956" box="[1011,1054,1126,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Kay" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">Kay</location>
|
||
29 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFB94727F47B8B955" box="[1102,1157,1126,1150]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15736" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15736" name="University of California" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">UCR</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFFA1729F43B6B9B6" box="[123,139,1158,1181]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B353CF9FFA0FF9FFF4F729F426AB995" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4906819523" collectingDate="1979-09-09" collectionCode="R" country="United States of America" county="Kendall" location="Mission Bay" municipality="Frost Marsh" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
edge of
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62834E28FFA0FF9FFF2B729F4278B9B5" box="[241,325,1158,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">Kendall</collectingCounty>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B86ACDEFFA0FF9FFE97729F42EFB9B5" box="[333,466,1158,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">Frost Marsh</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFE38729F4156B9B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFE38729F4156B9B5" box="[482,619,1158,1182]" country="United States of America" county="Kendall" municipality="Frost Marsh" name="Mission Bay" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">Mission Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFDA6729F41D2B9B5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFDA6729F41D2B9B5" box="[636,751,1158,1182]" country="United States of America" county="Kendall" municipality="Frost Marsh" name="San Diego" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">San Diego</location>
|
||
, ca. 32˚47.5ʹN, 117˚13.8ʹW, sea level,
|
||
<date id="FFE31064FFA0FF9FFFA172BF4206B995" box="[123,315,1190,1214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" value="1979-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA7E98CFFA0FF9FFFA172BF4206B995" box="[123,315,1190,1214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" value="1979-09-09">9 September 1979</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFE9D72BE426AB995" box="[327,343,1191,1214]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B353CF9FFA0FF9FFEBE72BE43B6B9F5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4906819507" collectingDate="1990-06-12" collectionCode="CAS, GH, MEXU, NY, UC, US, R" country="United States of America" county="Kendall" location="Moran" municipality="Frost Marsh" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFEBE72BE4290B995" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFEBE72BE4290B995" box="[356,429,1191,1214]" country="United States of America" name="Moran" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">Moran</location>
|
||
28024 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFDDE72BF4105B995" box="[516,568,1190,1214]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Museum">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFD9E72BF4156B995" box="[580,619,1190,1214]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15631" name="Harvard University - Gray Herbarium" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">GH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFDAD72BE41FBB995" box="[631,710,1191,1214]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15658" name="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">MEXU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFD0872BE41C8B995" box="[722,757,1191,1214]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15556" name="William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">NY</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFCDB72BF401BB995" box="[769,806,1190,1214]" country="USA" name="Upjohn Culture Collection" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">UC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFCE972BF4068B995" box="[819,853,1190,1214]" country="South Africa" name="University of Stellenbosch" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">US</collectionCode>
|
||
); same locality,
|
||
<date id="FFE31064FFA0FF9FFBD872BF47B3B995" box="[1026,1166,1190,1214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" value="1990-06-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFA7E98CFFA0FF9FFBD872BF47B3B995" box="[1026,1166,1190,1214]" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" value="1990-06-12">12 June 1990</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFFA172DE43B6B9F5" box="[123,139,1223,1246]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="186">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B353CF9FFA0FF9FFF4372DE4282B9F4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4906819647" box="[153,447,1223,1247]" collectionCode="CAS, JEPS" country="United States of America" location="Moran" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California">
|
||
<location id="8E82607FFFA0FF9FFF4372DE43DFB9F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487B2FFA2FF9FFFA173FE42FBB9F5:8E82607FFFA0FF9FFF4372DE43DFB9F5" box="[153,226,1223,1246]" country="United States of America" name="Moran" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" stateProvince="California">Moran</location>
|
||
31036 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFEE672DE424DB9F4" box="[316,368,1223,1247]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Museum">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE61FFA0FF9FFEA472DE428BB9F4" box="[382,438,1223,1247]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13091" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13091" name="University of California" pageId="23" pageNumber="186" type="Herbarium">JEPS</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |