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<document id="564537A891214B050C57E0712964CED5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3681.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6983f9f1-7d67-45cb-902f-1e7e8cdb614e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="222960" ID-ZooBank="035D976E-D497-4708-B001-9F8DC03816EE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460639015377" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Abramov, Alexei V. &amp; Puzachenko, Andrey Yu." docDate="2013" docId="03E387F0FF91F95692C1341F16504547" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03681p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3681 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Meles canescens Blanford 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" masterDocId="FFDAFF88FF98F95A925631161541477B" masterDocTitle="The taxonomic status of badgers (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Southwest Asia based on cranial morphometrics, with the redescription of Meles canescens" updateTime="1698335469095" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BAD98B8941E9FD47B31AF9073F5D2DA4">The taxonomic status of badgers (Mammalia, Mustelidae) from Southwest Asia based on cranial morphometrics, with the redescription of Meles canescens</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F24424D6AF07B8A20109CDECFFE0CA26">Abramov, Alexei V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3CE78DA2310B185B3EA5007142BA82DE">Puzachenko, Andrey Yu.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7B01F6878F4731EC6E2A9D117E2C77EA">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="41738C3024305545713D1A1181BAB492" type="volume">
<mods:number id="A474B8F092A2BBB04AE7AA504808B424">3681</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E6372B37F5A825822489280123CDEBBF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3681.1.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E387F0FF91F95692C1341F16504547" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5693602" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119571162" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5693602" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E387F0FF91F95692C1341F16504547" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387F0FF91F95692C1341F16504547" lastPageId="12" pageId="9">
<subSubSection id="C350656DFF91F95392C1341F17604259" box="[151,545,1288,1315]" pageId="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C1341F17604259" blockId="9.[151,545,1288,1315]" box="[151,545,1288,1315]" pageId="9">
<heading id="D0BD818AFF91F95392C1341F17604259" bold="true" box="[151,545,1288,1315]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C1341F17604259" ID-CoL="3ZDRM" authority="Blanford, 1875" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,545,1288,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C1341F17604259" bold="true" box="[151,545,1288,1315]" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C1341F14214258" bold="true" box="[151,352,1289,1315]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles canescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F9539331341E17604259" author="Blanford" box="[359,545,1288,1314]" pageId="9" refString="Blanford, W. T. (1875) Descriptions of new Mammalia from Persia and Baluchistan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (16), 309 - 313. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937508681858" type="journal article" year="1875">Blanford, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350656DFF91F95392C134621445411B" pageId="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C13462178142F2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" box="[151,704,1395,1418]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C1346214AD42F2" ID-CoL="5JLPJ" authority="Satunin, 1905" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,492,1395,1418]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="minor">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C13462141742F1" box="[151,342,1396,1418]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles minor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F953930A346514AD42F2" author="Satunin" box="[348,492,1395,1417]" pageId="9" refString="Satunin, K. A. (1905) On geographic races of badger. Priroda i Okhota, 2, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1905">Satunin, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Borzhomi,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F9539031346517FA42F2" box="[615,699,1395,1417]" name="Georgia" pageId="9">Georgia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C13484166642D3" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" box="[151,807,1426,1448]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C1348414AD42D3" ID-CoL="3ZDRK" authority="Miller, 1907" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,492,1426,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="arcalus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C13484142442D3" box="[151,357,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles arcalus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F953933D348414AD42D3" author="Miller" box="[363,492,1426,1448]" pageId="9" refString="Miller, G. S. (1907) Some new European Insectivora and Carnivora. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7 (20), 389 - 398. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487354" type="journal article" year="1907">Miller, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Lassethe Plain, Crete,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F953908E3485166242D3" box="[728,803,1427,1448]" name="Greece" pageId="9">Greece</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C134A717B942BC" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" box="[151,760,1457,1479]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C134A714A442BC" ID-CoL="5JLPL" authority="Festa, 1914" authorityName="Festa" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,485,1457,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="rhodius">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C134A7142642BC" box="[151,359,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles rhodius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F953933B34A414A442BC" author="Festa" box="[365,485,1458,1479]" pageId="9" refString="Festa, E. (1914) Escursioni zoologiche del Dr. Enrico Festa nell'Isola di Rodi. XI. Mammiferi. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino, 29 (686), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1914">Festa, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Koskino, Rhodes,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F95390FF34A417B542BC" box="[681,756,1458,1479]" name="Greece" pageId="9">Greece</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C134C611A7429D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" box="[151,1254,1488,1510]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C134C6174C429D" ID-CoL="5JLPK" authority="Blackler, 1916" authorityName="Blackler" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,525,1488,1510]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="ponticus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C134C61431429D" box="[151,368,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles ponticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F953932034C6174C429D" author="Blackler" box="[374,525,1488,1510]" pageId="9" refString="Blackler, W. F. G. (1916) On two new carnivores from Asia Minor. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8 (18), 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="1916">Blackler, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Scalita,
<quantity id="4CB29B03FF91F953903E34C617FF429D" box="[616,702,1488,1510]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="9" unit="mi" value="30.0">30 miles</quantity>
south of Trebizond, north-east
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F95391AA34C61131429D" box="[1020,1136,1488,1510]" name="Turkey" pageId="9">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
[=
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F95396DD34C6119D429D" box="[1163,1244,1488,1510]" name="Turkey" pageId="9">Turkey</collectingCountry>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C134F914D14158" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C134F9175A417F" ID-CoL="5JLPM" authority="Heptner, 1940" authorityName="Heptner" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,539,1519,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="severzovi">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C134F9143C417E" box="[151,381,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles severzovi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F95393D034F9175A417F" author="Heptner" box="[390,539,1519,1540]" pageId="9" refString="Heptner, V. G. (1940) Eine neue Form des Daches aus Turkestan. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 15 (2), 224." type="journal article" year="1940">Heptner, 1940</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Arkit, Chodscha-Ata River, Sary-Chilek Lake, Chatkal Ridge, Tien Shan Mts. [=Osh Province,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F953937B371B14C44158" box="[301,389,1549,1571]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="9">Kirgizia</collectingCountry>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C1373A1445411B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1395,1632]" pageId="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95392C1373A14C94139" ID-CoL="3ZDRM" box="[151,392,1580,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C1373A14C94139" box="[151,392,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="9">Meles meles canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
natio
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F9539398373A17064139" box="[462,583,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="9">bokharensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F9539007373B1799413A" author="Petrov" box="[593,728,1579,1602]" pageId="9" refString="Petrov, V. V. (1953) The data on the intraspecific variability of badgers (genus Meles). Uchenye Zapiski Leningradskogo Pedagogicheskogo Instituta, 7, 149 - 205." type="book chapter" year="1953">Petrov, 1953</bibRefCitation>
. Eastern Bukhara [=
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F95391F8373D115A413A" box="[942,1051,1579,1601]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="9">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
]. Unavailable name (infrasubspecific rank).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350656DFF91F95392C1379B17AD4196" pageId="9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F95392C1379B17AD4196" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,2034]" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95392C1379B176441DD" bold="true" box="[151,549,1677,1702]" pageId="9">
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF91F95392C1379B159341DE" box="[151,210,1677,1701]" pageId="9">Type</typeStatus>
material and
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF91F95393D6379B14F241DE" box="[384,435,1677,1701]" pageId="9">type</typeStatus>
localities
</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF91F9539063379817E441DD" box="[565,677,1678,1702]" pageId="9" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F95390E0379B16BA41DE" author="Barrett-Hamilton" box="[694,1019,1677,1701]" pageId="9" refString="Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H. (1899) Note on the beech-marten and badger of Crete. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7 (23), 383 - 385." type="journal article" year="1899">Barrett-Hamilton 1899: 383</bibRefCitation>
):
<collectionCode id="ED5BAE23FF91F95396463798112541DE" box="[1040,1124,1678,1701]" pageId="9">BMNH</collectionCode>
74.11.21.1, skull and skin, Abadah,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F953935737A7140441B2" box="[257,325,1713,1737]" name="Iran" pageId="9">Persia</collectingCountry>
[=
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF91F953933C37A414DF41B2" box="[362,414,1714,1737]" name="Iran" pageId="9">Iran</collectingCountry>
].
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F95393E337A7172E41B2" author="Blanford" box="[437,623,1713,1737]" pageId="9" refString="Blanford, W. T. (1875) Descriptions of new Mammalia from Persia and Baluchistan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (16), 309 - 313. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937508681858" type="journal article" year="1875">Blanford (1875)</bibRefCitation>
described this taxon as a full species; later
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F95396D237A710DD41B2" author="Barrett-Hamilton" box="[1156,1436,1713,1737]" pageId="9" refString="Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H. (1899) Note on the beech-marten and badger of Crete. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7 (23), 383 - 385." type="journal article" year="1899">Barrett-Hamilton (1899)</bibRefCitation>
reduced Blanford’s
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F953932237C0174B4196" box="[372,522,1750,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F953932237C0174B4196" box="[372,522,1750,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to subspecific rank.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350656DFF91F950929137EF16BD46B4" lastPageId="10" pageId="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF91F950929137EF16104667" blockId="9.[151,1436,1677,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="10" pageId="9">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F953929137EF14004069" bold="true" box="[199,321,1785,1810]" pageId="9">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This species differs from both
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95390F837EC1657406A" box="[686,790,1785,1809]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95390F837EC1657406A" box="[686,790,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F953910437EC169B406A" box="[850,986,1785,1809]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F953910437EC169B406A" box="[850,986,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="9">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a combination of cranial and dental characters (
<figureCitation id="13712A63FF91F953934E360B141C404E" box="[280,349,1821,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1479,1502]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,518,1457]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[158,1429,518,1458]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male skulls of three taxa of the Eurasian badgers: A. Meles meles taxus (ZIN 35056, Leningrad Province, Russia), B. Meles leucurus leucurus (ZIN 1148, Eastern Kazakhstan), C. Meles canescens (ZIN 23800, Azerbaijan). Scale bar 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222962/files/figure.png" pageId="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The upper molars have the morphotypes of “
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F953913B360B16EC404E" box="[877,941,1821,1845]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F953913B360B16EC404E" box="[877,941,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9">meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF91F95391E3360B16A8404E" box="[949,1001,1821,1845]" pageId="9">type</typeStatus>
” (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF91F953961C360B101A404E" author="Baryshnikov" box="[1098,1371,1821,1845]" pageId="9" refString="Baryshnikov, G. F., Puzachenko, A. Yu. &amp; Abramov, A. V. (2003) New analysis of variability of cheek teeth in Eurasian badgers (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Meles). Russian Journal of Theriology, 1, 133 - 149." type="journal article" year="2003">
Baryshnikov
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95396B736081053404E" box="[1249,1298,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
) with the well-developed external notch between metacone and metaconule. The upper first premolars Pm1 are often absent, whereas the first lower premolars Pm1 are usually present. The second lower premolar is large, usually onerooted or with two fused roots, but sometimes has two roots (as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F95391D7368516A740D1" box="[897,998,1938,1962]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F95391D7368516A740D1" box="[897,998,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="9">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The upper fourth premolar Pm4 lacks a small cusp on the precingulum at the base of the paracone lingual anterior ridge, and a lingual ridge runs from the paracone apex to the tooth inner projection in front of a well developed protocone.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF91F953963936CD104B4089" box="[1135,1290,2011,2034]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF91F953963936CD104B4089" box="[1135,1290,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="9">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is markedly smaller than
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950937E318F14CC47CB" box="[296,397,152,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950937E318F14CC47CB" box="[296,397,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially from the subspecies
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95090AE318F16C347CB" box="[760,898,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95090AE318F163F47CB" box="[760,894,153,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="taxus">M. m. taxus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which is parapatric in SW Asia. From the latter species, it differs in having unflattened auditory bullae, shorter rostrum and mandible, and low crania. From
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950972B31AB15B64783" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950972B31AB15B64783" italics="true" pageId="10">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it differs in having the shape of upper molars “
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950917D31F6162A4783" box="[811,875,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950917D31F6162A4783" box="[811,875,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10">meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF92F950912431C916E9478C" box="[882,936,223,247]" pageId="10">type</typeStatus>
”, presence of first premolars, a large upper canine, narrower zygomatic arches, and wider auditory bullae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF92F9509291303116BD46B4" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="10">
The skin can be distinguished from those both of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95090AB303F1638463B" box="[765,889,296,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucuru">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95090AB303F1638463B" box="[765,889,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. leucuru</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s and of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950918B303F112A463B" box="[989,1131,296,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anakuma">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950918B303F112A463B" box="[989,1131,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. anakuma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<typeStatus id="54F18844FF92F95096ED303E11AA463B" box="[1211,1259,296,320]" pageId="10">type</typeStatus>
of facial mask, which resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95093FA305B179B461F" authority="Abramov 2003" authorityName="Abramov" authorityYear="2003" box="[428,730,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95093FA305B1752461F" box="[428,531,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. meles</emphasis>
(Abramov 2003)
</taxonomicName>
. Wide black or black-brown longitudinal stripes on either side of the head run from the snout’s tip over eye and ear (both covered from above and below) and a pure white facial stripe is in between the two black bands, covering the head’s back and partly the neck. The snout, cheeks and the ears’ tips white. Overall coloration is paler as comparison to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95091C630AF16B446AB" box="[912,1013,440,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95091C630AF16B446AB" box="[912,1013,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF35666EFF92F95092C134D1103B4287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222962/files/figure.png" pageId="10" targetBox="[158,1428,518,1457]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF92F95092C134D1103B4287" blockId="10.[151,1436,1479,1532]" pageId="10">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95092C134D1145342A7" bold="true" box="[151,274,1479,1502]" pageId="10">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Male skulls of three taxa of the Eurasian badgers: A.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950916434D116AB42A6" box="[818,1002,1479,1501]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="meles" subSpecies="taxus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950916434D116AB42A6" box="[818,1002,1479,1501]" italics="true" pageId="10">Meles meles taxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 35056, Leningrad Province, Russia), B.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95092E234F014EA4287" box="[180,427,1510,1532]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucurus" subSpecies="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95092E234F014EA4287" box="[180,427,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="10">Meles leucurus leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 1148, Eastern Kazakhstan), C.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950917234F0168F4287" box="[804,974,1510,1532]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950917234F0168F4287" box="[804,974,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="10">Meles canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZIN 23800, Azerbaijan). Scale bar 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C350656DFF92F9569291373216504547" lastPageId="12" pageId="10" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF92F95092913732140C41B6" blockId="10.[151,1436,1572,2029]" pageId="10">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F9509291373214184146" bold="true" box="[199,345,1572,1597]" pageId="10">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950933C373017454146" box="[362,516,1574,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950933C373017454146" box="[362,516,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Caucasus (
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95091313733168F4146" box="[871,974,1573,1597]" name="Armenia" pageId="10">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F950918D373311794146" box="[987,1080,1573,1597]" name="Georgia" pageId="10">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F950962E373311B44146" box="[1144,1269,1573,1597]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
) including the northern slope of the Great Caucasus Mountain Range,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F950916B375E16CF411B" box="[829,910,1608,1632]" name="Turkey" pageId="10">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95091F6375F1691411B" box="[928,976,1609,1632]" name="Iran" pageId="10">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95091B4375F1153411B" box="[994,1042,1609,1632]" name="Iraq" pageId="10">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F9509672375E1123411B" box="[1060,1122,1608,1632]" name="Syria" pageId="10">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F9509622375E1198411B" box="[1140,1241,1608,1632]" name="Lebanon" pageId="10">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95096BC375E106A411B" box="[1258,1323,1608,1632]" name="Israel" pageId="10">Israel</collectingCountry>
, northern
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95092C1377B146241FE" box="[151,291,1645,1669]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="10">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F9509366377B148A41FE" box="[304,459,1645,1669]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="10">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
(Kopetdagh, Balkhany, and Kugitang Mts.),
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F9509182377B117341FE" box="[980,1074,1645,1669]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="10">Kirgizia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F9509616377B11FF41FE" box="[1088,1214,1645,1669]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="10">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95096AF377B102641FE" box="[1273,1383,1645,1669]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="10">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
(the foothills of Western Tien Shan Mts. and Pamir-Alai Mts.). It is also found in the Mediterranean islands Crete and Rhodes (
<figureCitation id="13712A63FF92F95092AC37A3147E41B6" box="[250,319,1717,1741]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1096,1119]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,304,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,302,1074]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution ranges of the SW Asian badger (Meles canescens), Asian badger (Meles leucurus, a part of its range), and European badger (Meles meles, a part of its range). Locations of the specimens used in this study are shown (for M. canescens see Appendix)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222963/files/figure.png" pageId="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF92F950929137CF11784096" blockId="10.[151,1436,1572,2029]" pageId="10">
To the east of Caspian Sea, the ranges of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95090C937CC1676418A" box="[671,823,1754,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95090C937CC1676418A" box="[671,823,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950912637CC1143418A" box="[880,1026,1753,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucururs">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950912637CC1143418A" box="[880,1026,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. leucururs</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are separated by arid desert regions (Kara Kum and Kyzyl Kum deserts). The contact zone between two badger species in Middle Asia is located in the Western Tien Shan Mts. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF92F95093E9363616624043" author="Abramov" box="[447,803,1824,1848]" pageId="10" refString="Abramov, A. V. &amp; Puzachenko, A. Yu. (2007) Possible hybridization between Meles meles and M. leucurus (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Western Tien Shan. In: Rozhnov, V. V. &amp; Tembotova, F. A. (Eds.), Mammals of Mountain Territories. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, pp. 4 - 7." type="book chapter" year="2007">Abramov &amp; Puzachenko 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950916E363416934042" box="[824,978,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950916E363416934042" box="[824,978,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the foothills of Western Tien Shan (Karzhantau, Ugam, Chatkal, Kuraminsky, and Turkestan ridges). The Asian badger
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F95096D33650104A4026" box="[1157,1291,1861,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F95096D33650104A4026" box="[1157,1291,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies the northern, central and east ridges of Tien Shan Mts. (Talass-Alatau, Kirghiz-Alatau, Kungei-Alatau, Terskei-Alatau, Zailiysky, and Fergana ridges) and plains situated west and north of Western Tien Shan. In the sympatric zone, in the southeast regions of
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF92F95093E236A6177440B3" box="[436,565,1968,1992]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="10">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
, two species substantially differ in their biotope preferences.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950975436A410DD40B2" box="[1282,1436,1970,1993]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950975436A410DD40B2" box="[1282,1436,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies mountain biotopes, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF92F950901636C017844096" box="[576,709,2005,2029]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF92F950901636C017844096" box="[576,709,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="10">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits plains and semi-deserts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF93F9519291318E1050478C" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,247]" pageId="11">
A clear geographic border in the Northern Caucasus between
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95191C3318F116E47CB" box="[917,1071,153,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95191C3318F116E47CB" box="[917,1071,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951963A318F119547CB" box="[1132,1236,152,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951963A318F119547CB" box="[1132,1236,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not yet been clarified. In some areas of the Northern Caucasus they can occur sympatrically, the possible hybrids with mixed characters were found in north-eastern part of the Northern Caucasus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F95191FD31C91044478C" author="Abramov" box="[939,1285,223,247]" pageId="11" refString="Abramov, A. V. &amp; Puzachenko, A. Yu. (2007) Possible hybridization between Meles meles and M. leucurus (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Western Tien Shan. In: Rozhnov, V. V. &amp; Tembotova, F. A. (Eds.), Mammals of Mountain Territories. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, pp. 4 - 7." type="book chapter" year="2007">Abramov &amp; Puzachenko 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF35666EFF93F95192C1355E14DF43E0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222963/files/figure.png" pageId="11" targetBox="[152,1435,304,1071]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF93F95192C1355E14DF43E0" blockId="11.[151,1437,1096,1180]" pageId="11">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95192C1355E14534326" bold="true" box="[151,274,1096,1119]" pageId="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Distribution ranges of the SW Asian badger (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95190B5355E16CD4325" box="[739,908,1096,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95190B5355E16CD4325" box="[739,908,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Asian badger (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519660355E11914325" box="[1078,1232,1096,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519660355E11914325" box="[1078,1232,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a part of its range), and European badger (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95193D1357117464306" box="[391,519,1127,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95193D1357117464306" box="[391,519,1127,1149]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a part of its range). Locations of the specimens used in this study are shown (for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95197D6357E15BF43E7" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95197D6357E15BF43E7" italics="true" pageId="11">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
see Appendix).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF93F951929135DE16094060" blockId="11.[151,1436,1224,2035]" pageId="11">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951929135DE172A439A" bold="true" box="[199,619,1224,1249]" pageId="11">Evolution of the Eurasian badgers</emphasis>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95190E735DE17B5439B" box="[689,756,1224,1248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95190E735DE17B5439B" box="[689,756,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage appears to have evolved in the temperate forest of Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F951928E35FA142B427F" author="Kurten" box="[216,362,1260,1284]" pageId="11" refString="Kurten, B. (1968) Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, London, 317 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2798888" type="book" year="1968">Kurtén 1968</bibRefCitation>
). Badgers may have originated from the Pliocene genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951918835FA11E8427F" authority="Zdansky" authorityName="Zdansky" box="[990,1193,1260,1284]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Melodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951918835FA1103427F" box="[990,1090,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11">Melodon</emphasis>
Zdansky
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F951969D35FA104F427F" box="[1227,1294,1260,1284]" name="China" pageId="11">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F951974A35FA10D6427F" author="Viret" box="[1308,1431,1260,1284]" pageId="11" refString="Viret, J. (1950) Meles thorali n. sp. du loess villafranchien de Saint-Vallier (Drome). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 43, 274 - 287." type="journal article" year="1950">Viret 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F95192C13406146B4253" author="Kurten" box="[151,298,1296,1320]" pageId="11" refString="Kurten, B. (1968) Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, London, 317 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2798888" type="book" year="1968">Kurtén 1968</bibRefCitation>
). Earliest known representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519090340616484253" box="[710,777,1296,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519090340616484253" box="[710,777,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the Late Pliocene
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519659340711944253" authority="Teilhard" authorityName="Teilhard" box="[1039,1237,1296,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiai">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95196593407112F4253" box="[1039,1134,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. chiai</emphasis>
Teilhard
</taxonomicName>
de Chardin from
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F95192C13421159B4234" box="[151,218,1335,1359]" name="China" pageId="11">China</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519345342E14864234" authority="Viret" authorityName="Viret" box="[275,455,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519345342E14C74234" box="[275,390,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. thorali</emphasis>
Viret
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F9519058342E171B4234" box="[526,602,1336,1359]" name="France" pageId="11">France</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F951903C342117BE4234" author="Kurten" box="[618,767,1335,1359]" pageId="11" refString="Kurten, B. (1968) Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, London, 317 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2798888" type="book" year="1968">Kurtén 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519142342116D64234" box="[788,919,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiai">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519142342116D64234" box="[788,919,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles chiai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by the absence Pm1/Pm1 and М1, with the well expressed external notch that is typical for the recent Asian badger
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95196113474118D4202" box="[1095,1228,1377,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95196113474118D4202" box="[1095,1228,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The European
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951972B347415A242E4" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951972B347415A242E4" italics="true" pageId="11">M. thorali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears the mixed set of characters (first premolars Pm1/Pm1 not reduced, Pm2 long, with two roots—as in the recent European badger
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95193FC34A4175042B2" box="[426,529,1457,1481]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95193FC34A4175042B2" box="[426,529,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the morphotypes of Pm4 and М1 are typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951963534A411A842B2" box="[1123,1257,1457,1481]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951963534A411A842B2" box="[1123,1257,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951975434A714264296" authority="Arribas et Garrido" authorityName="Arribas et Garrido" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iberica">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951975434A710DA42B2" box="[1282,1435,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles iberica</emphasis>
Arribas et Garrido
</taxonomicName>
from Plio-Pleistocene of
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F95190DB34C3178C4296" box="[653,717,1493,1517]" name="Spain" pageId="11">Spain</collectingCountry>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951915034C016AC4296" authority="Koufos" authorityName="Koufos" box="[774,1005,1493,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimitrius">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951915034C016D34296" box="[774,914,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. dimitrius</emphasis>
Koufos
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Pleistocene of
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F951971B34C310DD4296" box="[1357,1436,1493,1517]" name="Greece" pageId="11">Greece</collectingCountry>
appear to be similar (probably, conspecific) to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95190F834EB1660416F" box="[686,801,1532,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95190F834EB1660416F" box="[686,801,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. thorali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as Pm1 are present, Pm2 large and М1 with an external notch.
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95192B2373514B94141" authority="Rabeder" authorityName="Rabeder" box="[228,504,1570,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hollitzeri">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95192B2373514D24140" box="[228,403,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles hollitzeri</emphasis>
Rabeder
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Pleistocene deposits of Central Europe (
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F9519638373411844141" box="[1134,1221,1570,1594]" name="Austria" pageId="11">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35D7676FF93F95196873734107A4141" box="[1233,1339,1570,1594]" name="Germany" pageId="11">Germany</collectingCountry>
) already had the characters which are typical for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951900A375D17824119" box="[604,707,1610,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951900A375D17824119" box="[604,707,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the presence of Pm1, large Pm2,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F951966A375C113D4119" box="[1084,1148,1610,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951966A375C113D4119" box="[1084,1148,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="11">meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-morphotypes of Pm4 and М1). Presumably, the badger close to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519063376217D341F0" box="[565,658,1651,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiai">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519063376217D341F0" box="[565,658,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="11">M. chiai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was an ancestor of the recent forms of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F9519612376511C641F0" box="[1092,1159,1651,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F9519612376511C641F0" box="[1092,1159,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This ancestral form had a wide Palearctic distribution during Late Pliocene. Paleontological evidence has confirmed that
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF93F95196843781105441D4" box="[1234,1301,1687,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95196843781105441D4" box="[1234,1301,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11">Meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reached the Iberian Peninsula before the beginning of the glacial-interglacial cycles in the northern Hemisphere (ca. 2.6 Ma) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F95192C837C9175C418C" author="Madurell-Malapeira" box="[158,541,1759,1783]" pageId="11" refString="Madurell-Malapeira, J., Santos-Cubedo, A. &amp; Marmi, J. (2009) Oldest European occurrence of Meles (Mustelidae, Carnivora) from the Middle Pliocene (MN 16) of Almenara-Casablanca- 4 karstic site (Castellon, Spain). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 961 - 965. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0322" type="journal article" year="2009">
Madurell-Malapeira
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95193C737F6148A418C" box="[401,459,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), thus indicating that this genus was widely distributed during the Early Villafranchian, soon after its first appearance in Eastern Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536E6FF93F9569291363E16504547" blockId="11.[151,1436,1224,2035]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="12" pageId="11">
At the end of Pliocene—Early Pleistocene, this ancestral form should have split in to two lineages: the western, or European one, and the eastern, or Asian one (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F95190BA365D11524018" author="Baryshnikov" box="[748,1043,1867,1891]" pageId="11" refString="Baryshnikov, G. F., Puzachenko, A. Yu. &amp; Abramov, A. V. (2003) New analysis of variability of cheek teeth in Eurasian badgers (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Meles). Russian Journal of Theriology, 1, 133 - 149." type="journal article" year="2003">
Baryshnikov
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95191DD365A16824018" box="[907,963,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F9519672365D10D04018" author="Abramov" box="[1060,1425,1867,1891]" pageId="11" refString="Abramov, A. V. &amp; Puzachenko, A. Yu. (2005) Sexual dimorphism of craniological characters in Eurasian badgers, Meles spp. (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 244, 11 - 29. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2004.12.002" type="journal article" year="2005">Abramov &amp; Puzachenko 2005</bibRefCitation>
). According to the analysis of mitochondrial control region sequences in populations throughout Eurasia, the first split separating the
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F951932F3685177540D0" box="[377,564,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11">meles-canescens</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95190393685160140D0" box="[623,832,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11">leucurus-anakuma</emphasis>
clusters occurred between 2.87 and 0.55 Mya, most probably at the end of the Pliocene, and just before the beginning of the glacial ages (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF93F951963136A1107D40B4" author="Marmi" box="[1127,1340,1975,1999]" pageId="11" refString="Marmi, J., Lopez-Giraldez, F., Macdonald, D. W., Calafell, F., Zholnerovskaya, E. &amp; Domingo-Roura, X. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA reveals a strong phylogeographic structure in the badger across Eurasia. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1007 - 1020. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2006.02747. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Marmi
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF93F95196EB36AE11AF40B4" box="[1213,1262,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). On the basis of paleontological data, it has been suggested that the split between the European and Asian badgers took place in the Middle to Late Villafranchian boundary (ca. 1.8 Ma) or slightly before, through a vicariance process prompted by palaeoclimatic changes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF94F956906931AA16F347AF" author="Madurell-Malapeira" box="[575,946,188,212]" pageId="12" refString="Madurell-Malapeira, J., Martinez-Navarro, B., Ros-Montoyac, S., Espigares, M. P., Toro, I. &amp; Palmqvist, P. (2011 b). The earliest European badger (Meles meles), from the Late Villafranchian site of Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Granada, SE Iberian Peninsula). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10, 609 - 615. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">
Madurell-Malapeira
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956917C31AB161A47AF" box="[810,859,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2011b
</bibRefCitation>
). The western lineage then evolved through
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F95692C131F7144D4783" box="[151,268,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thorali">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F95692C131F7144D4783" box="[151,268,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. thorali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F95693C031F7174F4783" box="[406,526,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iberica">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F95693C031F7174F4783" box="[406,526,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. iberica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956901231F717924783" box="[580,723,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hollitzeri">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956901231F717924783" box="[580,723,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. hollitzeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and then to recent
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F95691EB31F711664783" box="[957,1063,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F95691EB31F711664783" box="[957,1063,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956963331F710404783" box="[1125,1281,225,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956963331F710404783" box="[1125,1281,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the Eastern lineage has evolved to the recent
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956903C301317B14667" box="[618,752,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956903C301317B14667" box="[618,752,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956917E301316F44667" box="[808,949,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anakuma">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956917E301316F44667" box="[808,949,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. anakuma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to a recent taxonomical review of the European Plio-Pleistocene badgers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF94F956902B303116B54644" author="Madurell-Malapeira" box="[637,1012,295,320]" pageId="12" refString="Madurell-Malapeira, J., Alba, D. M., Marmi, J., Aurell, J. &amp; Moya-Sola, S. (2011 a) The taxonomic status of European Plio- Pleistocene badgers. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 885 - 894. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2011.589484" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">
Madurell-Malapeira
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956913C303F16DC463B" box="[874,925,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2011a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF94F9569656303111514644" author="Madurell-Malapeira" box="[1024,1040,295,319]" pageId="12" refString="Madurell-Malapeira, J., Martinez-Navarro, B., Ros-Montoyac, S., Espigares, M. P., Toro, I. &amp; Palmqvist, P. (2011 b). The earliest European badger (Meles meles), from the Late Villafranchian site of Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Granada, SE Iberian Peninsula). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10, 609 - 615. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2011.06.001" type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
), all Late Villafranchian European badger remains were assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956905D305B172E461F" box="[523,623,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956905D305B172E461F" box="[523,623,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to mtDNA data (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF94F95691E3305A11C5461F" author="Marmi" box="[949,1156,332,356]" pageId="12" refString="Marmi, J., Abramov, A. V., Chashchin, P. V. &amp; Domingo-Roura, X. (2005) Filogenia, subespeciacion y estructura genetica del tejon (Meles meles) en la Peninsula Iberica y en el mundo. In: Virgos, E., Revilla, E., Mangas, J. G. &amp; Domingo-Roura, X. (Eds.), Ecologia y Conservacion del Tejon en Ecosistemas Mediterraneos. Sociedad Espanola para la Conservacion y Estudio de los Mamiferos (SECEM), Malaga, pp. 13 - 26." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Marmi
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956965C305B117A461F" box="[1034,1083,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B17FF94F95696D9305A118A461F" author="Marmi" box="[1167,1227,332,356]" pageId="12" refString="Marmi, J., Lopez-Giraldez, F., Macdonald, D. W., Calafell, F., Zholnerovskaya, E. &amp; Domingo-Roura, X. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA reveals a strong phylogeographic structure in the badger across Eurasia. Molecular Ecology, 15, 1007 - 1020. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2006.02747. x" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
), badgers from the Middle East (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F95693623067148D46F3" box="[308,460,369,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F95693623067148D46F3" box="[308,460,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) diverged from the European badgers (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F95691C5306716B846F3" box="[915,1017,368,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meles">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F95691C5306716B846F3" box="[915,1017,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. meles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) between 2.37 and 0.45 Ma and the Japanese (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F956935A308314DB46D7" box="[268,410,404,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anakuma">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F956935A308314DB46D7" box="[268,410,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. anakuma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Asian (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D65FF94F9569066308317F646D7" box="[560,695,404,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Meles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAF4FF94F9569066308317F646D7" box="[560,695,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12">M. leucurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) badgers diverged between 1.09 and 0.21 Ma. Such a separation could have resulted from mountain glaciations, the extension of the Caspian Sea, and other landscape changes during the glacial epochs, and also from other paleoclimatic factors. The Middle Eastern badgers were apparently isolated from the European ones by the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, and the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, which prevented a genetic information exchange.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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