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<document id="FE39753D495AE2E4E9A273B5278754DF" ID-CLB-Dataset="37555" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275566" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7595a203-d678-45c7-a4fd-e3a9c5ff5c0c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275566" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1481580068644" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ferris, Clifford D. &amp; Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="03BF6D3AFFFDDF7168C41243FCAAF9D1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02347p036.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2347" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tetracis cachexiata Guenee" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF861542FFF5DF7B68531541FFC6FFC6" masterDocTitle="Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698433713681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="56CE4E410BB5753EF5F7D6CDBD8B4435">Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="076B476EEB331CB16F4493CECBAA4331">Ferris, Clifford D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="38ACD7B9A27F8C776705F68C6E3572BF">Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ADE0B4F95673AF866DE2796C2EB0C4AB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A7FC1EC9AD93A9E4003A6A2B53840AB8">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CF9F051B4E69AB57BF12302AB641F255">2347</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="737950E9D03D58C19131DD4127D26932">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2D2E64B4A781C4F2DEB31399038DA509" type="CLB-Dataset">37555</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A599534EC51C52F0E9E1044551AAFC97" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275566</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="64AEA3D3255131D0381004583335FC40" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF6D3AFFFDDF7168C41243FCAAF9D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209047" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125107149" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209047" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF6D3AFFFDDF7168C41243FCAAF9D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF6D3AFFFDDF7168C41243FCAAF9D1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFDDF7368C41243FDC9F8F9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFDDF7368C41243FE23F8DA" blockId="8.[151,527,1794,1855]" box="[151,485,1794,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0E16B40FFFDDF7368C41243FE23F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,485,1794,1820]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFDDF7368C41243FE23F8DA" ID-CoL="55LLY" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[151,485,1794,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachexiata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFDDF7368C41243FE23F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,485,1794,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFDDF7368C41243FEB9F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,383,1794,1820]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tetracis cachexiata</emphasis>
Guenée
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFDDF7368C41264FDC9F8F9" blockId="8.[151,527,1794,1855]" box="[151,527,1829,1855]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFDDF7368CC1264FEEBF8F9" box="[159,301,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[234,1368,414,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[217,1369,383,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 26. Tetracis adults: 12 – 15. T. crocallata, 12. Penobscot Co., ME, 13 – 14. Lagrange Co., IL, 15. Elkhart Co., IN; 16 – 18. T. cachexiata, Elkhart Co., IN; 19 – 23. T. cervinaria, 19, 23. Franklin Co., ID, 20 – 22. Wallowa Co., OR; 24 – 26. T. australis, Los Angeles Co., CA, paratypes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275570/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 16–18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFDDF73696A1264FE9FF8F9" box="[313,345,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURES 87 – 94" captionStartId="24.[151,270,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[233,1348,174,1660]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 87 – 94. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 87. T. crocallata. 88. T. cachexiata. 89. T. cervinaria. 90. T. australis. 91. T. fuscata. 92. T. pallulata. 93. T. mosesiani. 94. T. j. jubararia. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275575/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">88</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFDDF7369361264FE55F8F9" box="[357,403,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">103</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFDDF7369F31264FE08F8F9" box="[416,462,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURES 118 – 124" captionStartId="27.[151,274,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[234,1338,186,1665]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[217,1369,176,1712]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 118 – 124. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 118. T. crocallata. 119. T. cachexiata. 120. T. cervinaria. 121. T. australis. 122. T. fuscata. 123. T. pallulata. 124. T. mosesiani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275578/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">119</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFDDF73698A1264FDC0F8F9" box="[473,518,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURES 133 – 134" captionStartId="29.[151,270,1713,1737]" captionTargetBox="[306,1290,210,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[282,1305,194,1692]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 133 – 134. Tetracis distribution maps. 133. T. crocallata. 134. T. cachexiata. Louisiana records from Vernon Antoine Brou, Jr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275580/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">134</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFDDF7268C41231FCC5FF29" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFDDF7368C41231FE1FF801" blockId="8.[151,1436,1904,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFDDF7368C41231FDFBF841" authority="Guenee, A." authorityName="Guenee, A." box="[151,573,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachexiata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFDDF7368C41231FEA0F841" box="[151,358,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tetracis cachexiata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFDDF73693D1231FDFBF841" author="Guenee, A." box="[366,573,1904,1927]" editor="Boisduval, J. B. A. de" journalOrPublisher="Species general des lepidopteres, Paris" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="140" part="9" refString="Guenee, A., [1858], in Boisduval, J. B. A. de &amp; Guenee, A., Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species general des lepidopteres, Paris, vol. 9: 140." type="journal article" volumeTitle="Histoire naturelle des insectes" year="1858">Guenée, A., [1858]</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFDDF736A161231FD9CF841" box="[581,602,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">in</emphasis>
Boisduval, J. B. A. de &amp; Guenée, A., Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species général des lépidoptères, Paris, vol. 9:142.
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFDDF736ADD12D1FD37F861" box="[654,753,1936,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFDDF736AA412D1FCCDF861" box="[759,779,1936,1959]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">♀</specimenCount>
, “
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFDDF736B7412D1FC3EF861" box="[807,1016,1936,1959]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nouvelle-Hollande</collectingCountry>
” [
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFDDF736C5D12D1FBBEF861" box="[1038,1144,1936,1959]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australia</collectingCountry>
], incorrect locality, actually North America [MNHU].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFCDF7268C415D9FCC5FF29" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF7268C415D9FE00FF69" authority="Grote, A. R., 1864" authorityName="Grote, A. R." authorityYear="1864" box="[151,454,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lorata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF7268C415D9FF35FF69" box="[151,243,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. lorata</emphasis>
Grote, A. R., 1864
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF72698115D9FB84FF69" box="[466,1090,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia</emphasis>
, 3:91.
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFCDF726CDD15D9FB36FF69" box="[1166,1264,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFCDF726CAB15D9FACAFF69" box="[1272,1292,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFFCDF726D7115D9FAF0FF69" box="[1314,1334,152,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">♀</specimenCount>
, Eastern and Middle States [
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFCDF7269C815F9FE1EFF09" box="[411,472,184,207]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
]. Location of
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFFCDF726A2115F9FD6CFF09" box="[626,682,184,207]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
unknown. Note: After his death, the specimens in Grote’s collection were scattered and many were damaged or destroyed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFCDF7268C41456FE46FE91" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFCDF7268C41456FE46FE91" blockId="9.[151,1436,279,343]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF7268C41456FEDDFEF7" bold="true" box="[151,283,279,305]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Recognized by white or creamy-white wings, DFW transverse pale brown PM line, absent AM line and discal spot.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF698CA4FFFCDF7268C412D5FD0DF82A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275570/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[234,1368,414,1888]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFCDF7268C412D5FD0DF82A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1940,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF7268C412D5FEA6F86A" bold="true" box="[151,352,1940,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 12–26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF72693412D4FE7BF86A" box="[359,445,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF72693412D4FE7BF86A" box="[359,445,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tetracis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults: 12–15.
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF726A3512D4FD2BF86A" box="[614,749,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crocallata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF726A3512D4FD2BF86A" box="[614,749,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. crocallata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 12. Penobscot Co., ME, 13–14. Lagrange Co., IL, 15. Elkhart Co., IN; 16–18.
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF72691712F4FD9BF80A" authority="Elkhart Co." authorityName="Elkhart Co." box="[324,605,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cachexiata">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF72691712F4FE14F80A" box="[324,466,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. cachexiata</emphasis>
, Elkhart Co.
</taxonomicName>
, IN; 19–23.
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF726AB112F4FCADF80A" box="[738,875,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metanema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervinaria">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF726AB112F4FCADF80A" box="[738,875,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. cervinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 19, 23. Franklin Co., ID, 20–22. Wallowa Co., OR; 24–26.
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFCDF7268B41294FDE6F82A" authority="Los Angeles Co." authorityName="Los Angeles Co." box="[231,544,2005,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFCDF7268B41294FE98F82A" box="[231,350,2005,2028]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. australis</emphasis>
, Los Angeles Co.
</taxonomicName>
, CA, paratypes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFFDF71689715D6FB87FD8A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFFDF71689715D6FB87FD8A" blockId="10.[151,1438,151,1559]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF71689715D6FEA3FF77" bold="true" box="[196,357,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF71693D15D9FE7AFF77" box="[366,444,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adults</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFFDF71699D15D9FDA0FF74" box="[462,614,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 26" captionStartId="9.[151,271,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[234,1368,414,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[217,1369,383,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 26. Tetracis adults: 12 – 15. T. crocallata, 12. Penobscot Co., ME, 13 – 14. Lagrange Co., IL, 15. Elkhart Co., IN; 16 – 18. T. cachexiata, Elkhart Co., IN; 19 – 23. T. cervinaria, 19, 23. Franklin Co., ID, 20 – 22. Wallowa Co., OR; 24 – 26. T. australis, Los Angeles Co., CA, paratypes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275570/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 16–18</figureCitation>
): FWL:
<quantity id="4CEE71C9FFFFDF716A9E15D9FC93FF74" box="[717,853,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="19.0">19–26 mm</quantity>
. Antenna (stated as prismatic by some authors) essentially filiform, ventrally minutely setose, thinner in females. Palpi, upcurved, short (about to horizontal midline of eye), tan scales on outer side, paler inward. Head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings concolorous varying across individuals from white to creamy-white; tarsal spines brown.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716C7F1449FBBAFEE7" box="[1068,1148,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Wings:</emphasis>
DFW with thin straight brown transverse PM line from apex to inner margin (sometimes indistinct) discal spot absent; DHW unmarked. Underside unmaculated.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716A001413FCC1FEAD" box="[595,775,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFFDF716B4A1413FC46FEAA" box="[793,896,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURES 87 – 94" captionStartId="24.[151,270,1683,1707]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,187,1641]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[233,1348,174,1660]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 87 – 94. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 87. T. crocallata. 88. T. cachexiata. 89. T. cervinaria. 90. T. australis. 91. T. fuscata. 92. T. pallulata. 93. T. mosesiani. 94. T. j. jubararia. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275575/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 88</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFFDF716BDD1413FC7BFEAA" box="[910,957,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">103</figureCitation>
): Uncus decurved, slender, tapering to pointed apex. Gnathos with pair of robust upcuved spines projecting from dorso-caudal margin. Stubby furca from middle of anellus tapers to rounded apex. Valve broad, tapering slightly to rounded apex lacking an apical projection. Aedeagus with incomplete ring of widely-spaced spinules at posterior end at base of vesica; everted vesica elongate with expanded midsection on which is situated an oblong sclerotized plate containing short spinules.
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716914174CFDC8FDE0" box="[327,526,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFFDF716A4D174CFD43FDE1" box="[542,645,525,551]" captionStart="FIGURES 118 – 124" captionStartId="27.[151,274,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[234,1338,186,1665]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[217,1369,176,1712]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 118 – 124. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 118. T. crocallata. 119. T. cachexiata. 120. T. cervinaria. 121. T. australis. 122. T. fuscata. 123. T. pallulata. 124. T. mosesiani." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275578/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 119</figureCitation>
): A/P = 0.55. Very short, linearly sclerotized ductus bursae expands to join unsclerotized sack-like corpus bursae. Signum oval and strongly dentate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFFDF7168971716FCCEFD51" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFFDF7168971716FCCEFD51" blockId="10.[151,1438,151,1559]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF7168971716FE14FDB7" bold="true" box="[196,466,599,625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined:</emphasis>
Numerous specimens, number not recorded; two dissections in addition to examination of genitalic illustrations in the literature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFFDF71689717E3FAD2FCC1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFFDF71689717E3FAD2FCC1" blockId="10.[151,1438,151,1559]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF71689717E3FEE8FD7A" bold="true" box="[196,302,674,700]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Biology:</emphasis>
Life history by
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFFDF7169A717E3FD59FD7A" author="Forbes, W. T. M." bookContentInfo="263 pp." box="[500,671,674,700]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, 274" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Forbes, W. T. M. (1948) Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. 2. Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, 274, 263 pp." title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. 2" type="book" year="1948">Forbes (1948)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFFDF716A8917E3FC12FD7A" author="McGuffin, W. C." box="[730,980,674,700]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 138" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 182" part="4" refString="McGuffin, W. C. (1987) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae 4. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 138, 1 - 182." title="Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae" type="journal article" year="1987">McGuffin (1987:84)</bibRefCitation>
. Many recorded larval hosts, some of which are
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF7169431789FE95FD27" box="[272,339,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF7169431789FE95FD27" box="[272,339,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF7169321789FE6BFD27" box="[353,429,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF7169321789FE6BFD27" box="[353,429,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Betula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF7169EF1789FDD7FD27" box="[444,529,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF7169EF1789FDD7FD27" box="[444,529,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716A4C1789FD9CFD27" box="[543,602,712,737]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716A4C1789FD9CFD27" box="[543,602,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716A3B1789FD5AFD27" box="[616,668,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716A3B1789FD5AFD27" box="[616,668,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716AFF1789FD3EFD27" box="[684,760,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716AFF1789FD3EFD27" box="[684,760,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ulmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716B541789FCBCFD27" box="[775,890,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716B541789FCBCFD27" box="[775,890,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Viburnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716BDB1789FC0FFD27" box="[904,969,712,737]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716BDB1789FC0FFD27" box="[904,969,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Abies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716B841789FBD0FD27" box="[983,1046,712,737]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716B841789FBD0FD27" box="[983,1046,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Larix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716C761789FBAEFD27" box="[1061,1128,712,737]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716C761789FBAEFD27" box="[1061,1128,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFFFDF716C251789FB7DFD27" box="[1142,1211,712,737]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF716C251789FB7DFD27" box="[1142,1211,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tsuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See also
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFFDF716D621789FF12FCC1" author="Heppner, J. B." bookContentInfo="670 pp." journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture &amp; Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2003) Lepidoptera of Florida. Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture &amp; Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, 670 pp." title="Lepidoptera of Florida" type="book" year="2003">Heppner, 2003</bibRefCitation>
, p. 348. Adults May—early July, depending upon locality. A montane and piedmont species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFFFDF7168971653FCAAF9D1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFFFDF7168971653FCAAF9D1" blockId="10.[151,1438,151,1559]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B962003EFFFFDF7168971653FE98FCEA" bold="true" box="[196,350,786,812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFFFDF71693C1653FE12FCEA" box="[367,468,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURES 133 – 134" captionStartId="29.[151,270,1713,1737]" captionTargetBox="[306,1290,210,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[282,1305,194,1692]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 133 – 134. Tetracis distribution maps. 133. T. crocallata. 134. T. cachexiata. Louisiana records from Vernon Antoine Brou, Jr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275580/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 134</figureCitation>
):
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7169BC1653FD47FCEA" box="[495,641,786,812]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
to central
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716B531653FC16FCEA" box="[768,976,786,812]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
, south to northern
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CFC1653FAC1FCEA" box="[1199,1287,786,812]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Florida</collectingRegion>
, and west to
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C41679FF39FC94" box="[151,255,824,850]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Montana</collectingRegion>
and northern
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7169F11679FDD5FC94" box="[418,531,824,850]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colorado</collectingRegion>
. Specific province/state/county records are:
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFFDF716C4A1679FB5DFC94" box="[1049,1179,824,850]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CANADA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CF51679FAEBFC94" box="[1190,1325,824,850]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ALBERTA</collectingRegion>
. East and south of Calgary and Red Deer to
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716A61161CFD1CFCB1" box="[562,730,861,887]" country="Canada" name="Saskatchewan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saskatchewan</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716B47161CFCBBFCB1" box="[788,893,861,887]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Montana</collectingRegion>
border.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716BB2161CFB42FCB1" box="[993,1156,861,887]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MANITOBA</collectingRegion>
. Duck Mtn. Prov. Park.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C416C3FED7FC5A" box="[151,273,898,924]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">QUEBEC</collectingRegion>
. Numerous localities across southern
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716A8216C3FCEDFC5A" box="[721,811,898,924]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Quebec</collectingRegion>
were cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFFDF716B8816C3FB6AFC5A" author="Handfield, L." bookContentInfo="982 pp." box="[987,1196,898,924]" journalOrPublisher="Boucherville, Quebec" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Handfield, L. (1999) Le guide des Papillons du Quebec, Volume 1, Broquet Inc., Boucherville, Quebec, 982 pp. + 122 pl." title="Le guide des Papillons du Quebec, Volume 1, Broquet Inc" type="book" year="1999">Handfield (1999)</bibRefCitation>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFFDF716CE416C3FA5EFC5A" box="[1207,1432,898,924]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C416E9FEF3FC04" box="[151,309,936,962]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ALABAMA</collectingRegion>
. Clay, Cleburne, Dekalb, Jackson, Madison.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716B3616E9FBCBFC04" box="[869,1037,936,962]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ARKANSAS</collectingRegion>
. Logan.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716C2A16E9FAE0FC04" box="[1145,1318,936,962]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">COLORADO</collectingRegion>
. Larimer.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C4168CFEACFC21" box="[151,362,973,999]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CONNECTICUT</collectingRegion>
. New Haven.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716A40168CFD51FC21" box="[531,663,973,999]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FLORIDA</collectingRegion>
. Panhandle region (
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFFFDF716BD0168CFBFCFC21" author="Heppner, J. B." bookContentInfo="670 pp." box="[899,1082,973,999]" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture &amp; Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Heppner, J. B. (2003) Lepidoptera of Florida. Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture &amp; Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, 670 pp." title="Lepidoptera of Florida" type="book" year="2003">Heppner, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFFFDF716C1C168CFB1EFC21" box="[1103,1240,973,999]" name="Georgia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716C1C168CFB1EFC21" box="[1103,1240,973,999]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">GEORGIA</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
. Gilmer. Towns, Whitfield.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF71697716B3FE68FBCA" box="[292,430,1010,1036]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">ILLINOIS</collectingRegion>
. Cook, McHenry, Putnam.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716B5816B3FC50FBCA" box="[779,918,1010,1036]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">INDIANA</collectingRegion>
. Elkhart, Lagrange.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CCE16B3FAD8FBCA" box="[1181,1310,1010,1036]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KANSAS</collectingRegion>
. Douglas, Pottawatomie.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7169141159FE2EFBF4" box="[327,488,1048,1074]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KENTUCKY</collectingRegion>
. Grayson.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716A341159FD0DFBF4" box="[615,715,1048,1074]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MAINE</collectingRegion>
. Hancock, Kennebec, Penobscot, Piscataquis.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CBE1159FA5FFBF4" box="[1261,1433,1048,1074]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MARYLAND</collectingRegion>
. Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Garrett, Harford, Kent, Prince George's.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CC8117CFA5EFB91" box="[1179,1432,1085,1111]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MASSACHUSETTS</collectingRegion>
. Hampden, Norfolk.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7169CB1123FDFAFBBA" box="[408,572,1122,1148]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MICHIGAN</collectingRegion>
. Baraga, Chippewa, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Keweenaw, Montcalm, Muskegon.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF71697111C9FE17FB64" box="[290,465,1160,1186]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MINNESOTA</collectingRegion>
. Carver, Hennepin, Houston, Hubbard, Lake, St. Louis.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716C3B11C9FAC9FB64" box="[1128,1295,1160,1186]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MISSISSIPPI</collectingRegion>
. Oktibbeha, Tishomingo.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF71696A11ECFE08FB01" box="[313,462,1197,1223]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MISSOURI</collectingRegion>
. Clay.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716A7111ECFD7BFB01" box="[546,701,1197,1223]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MONTANA</collectingRegion>
. Lewis &amp; Clark.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716BC311ECFBF0FB01" box="[912,1078,1197,1223]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">NEBRASKA</collectingRegion>
. Sioux.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CC911ECFA5FFB01" box="[1178,1433,1197,1223]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">NEW HAMPSHIRE</collectingRegion>
. Coos, Grafton, Sullivan.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7169EF1193FD9BFB2A" box="[444,605,1234,1260]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">NEW YORK</collectingRegion>
. Bronx, Kings, Nassau, Orleans, Rockland, Tompkins, Ulster.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716D6B1193FEF3FAD4" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">NORTH CAROLINA</collectingRegion>
. Allegheny, Ashe, Avery, Carteret, Craven, Durham, Jones, Haywood, Macon, New Hanover, Swain.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168A7105CFE20FAF1" box="[244,486,1309,1335]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">NORTH DAKOTA</collectingRegion>
. Bottineau, Cass, Ransom, Rolette.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716BF4105CFC31FAF1" box="[935,1015,1309,1335]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">OHIO</collectingRegion>
. Adams, Athens, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Hamilton, Hocking, Lucas, Mahoning, Pickaway, Portage, Seneca, Vinton, Wayne.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C41029FEB1FA44" box="[151,375,1384,1410]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PENNSYLVANIA</collectingRegion>
. Beaver, Bucks, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Mifflin, York.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716C591029FAC9FA44" box="[1034,1295,1384,1410]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">SOUTH CAROLINA</collectingRegion>
. Greenville.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C410CCFEBAFA61" box="[151,380,1421,1447]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">SOUTH DAKOTA</collectingRegion>
. Day.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF71699710CCFDABFA61" box="[452,621,1421,1447]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">TENNESSEE</collectingRegion>
. Blount, Cocke, Sevier, Sullivan.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716BA510CCFB4FFA61" box="[1014,1161,1421,1447]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">VERMONT</collectingRegion>
. Chittenden, Windham.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF7168C410F3FEE7FA0A" box="[151,289,1458,1484]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">VIRGINIA</collectingRegion>
. Arlington, Grayson, Rockingham, Smyth.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716B4C10F3FBC6FA0A" box="[799,1024,1458,1484]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">WEST VIRGINIA</collectingRegion>
. Pendleton.
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF716CC310F3FAF1FA0A" box="[1168,1335,1458,1484]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">WISCONSIN</collectingRegion>
. Adams, Brown, Florence,
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFFFDF71693F1099FE6CFA34" box="[364,426,1496,1522]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Iowa</collectingRegion>
, Juneau, La Crosse, Manitowoc, Marquette, Menomonee, Milwaukee, Monroe, Sauk, Shawano, Sheboygan, Rock, Washburn, Waukesha, Waupaca.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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