231 lines
32 KiB
XML
231 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="D378E863368C15A10A167ADEC30EDF61" ID-CLB-Dataset="37555" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275566" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7595a203-d678-45c7-a4fd-e3a9c5ff5c0c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275566" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1481580068644" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ferris, Clifford D. & Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="03BF6D3AFFE3DF6C68C41773FAF2FEAA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02347p036.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2347" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tetracis hirsutaria Barnes & McDunnough" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FF861542FFF5DF7B68531541FFC6FFC6" masterDocTitle="Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698433713681" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="EDBF8BFA229E1B7048B152FBC1364B50" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="EE5882A5B0F029F29288B1E6A31DFBE6">
|
||
<mods:title id="2DF9D039A75D88024B68A8375FF70D0A">Revision of the North American Genera Tetracis Guenée and Synonymization of Synaxis Hulst with Descriptions of Three New Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="5A6142DA3DB9D11D2101869795A1F9AC" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C9E00623A51D7FE1867926A0A9B5EABD">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C579931E3C102F3E07620F89F732B4B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="273BCDE8D19E1938B8D94A2148E95DE0">Ferris, Clifford D.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="EED4B107D7929B4557F1FAB503061DA1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FA7F1DBA6A59B1B2B4AA42C8886840FC">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E6D047CCA35B6C9DE1187FD49A8C4741">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3403BAB8C0B55A673C7CB776AD55D5F9">Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="33CA25254BB3C4ADDA6AE4AB69EAD8E4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="EEC1EF018D6C662BF650E513E66F4006" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="25051DD44F61F1231BE7F8566A6152FB">
|
||
<mods:title id="C99631FB1C0B571F6D671F28F1C87E0A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="DC8576F0F1A14420F88F2A7F0394D2B5">
|
||
<mods:date id="5409B7D69F9EA8AA5BD0F6F7D9DA32B7">2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D90168DCD5BD7F2A153023894CB341B8" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="77911D3E417A32B2B4B98DFB6B09C725">2347</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="08C490F0F54E2DFDD47A02B52E8A1EE9" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0668A43DBB2E233C2885D8EA4283B508">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="AEA366DDE2188E2A3158A73667734D4A">36</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="D8D9B75B8C95CB501BA9D82297810578">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A1F00AC08497E08C208AA939B22F95E9" type="CLB-Dataset">37555</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2215A7E71F11BC3A49480A8D1FF6514B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275566</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B27000E9C8264192D28CE7E490A2C9ED" type="GBIF-Dataset">7595a203-d678-45c7-a4fd-e3a9c5ff5c0c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E58FDC7E66E3F21F8A9A9FF4B199D006" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3957B059E5CB655C6EB5D1487B6CB1A7" type="Zenodo-Dep">275566</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03BF6D3AFFE3DF6C68C41773FAF2FEAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209069" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125107161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209069" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF6D3AFFE3DF6C68C41773FAF2FEAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF6D3AFFE3DF6C68C41773FAF2FEAA" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6D68C41773FDA1FDA9" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68C41773FD7AFD8A" blockId="22.[151,700,562,623]" box="[151,700,562,588]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<heading id="D0E16B40FFE3DF6D68C41773FD7AFD8A" bold="true" box="[151,700,562,588]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D68C41773FD7AFD8A" authority="Barnes & McDunnough" authorityName="Barnes & McDunnough" box="[151,700,562,588]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C41773FD7AFD8A" bold="true" box="[151,700,562,588]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C41773FEB3FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,373,562,588]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tetracis hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Barnes & McDunnough)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68C41714FDA1FDA9" blockId="22.[151,700,562,623]" box="[151,615,597,623]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D68CC1714FF35FDA9" box="[159,243,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D68AC1714FE8DFDA9" box="[255,331,597,623]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 57 – 71" captionStart-1="FIGURES 72 – 86" captionStartId-0="19.[151,269,1916,1940]" captionStartId-1="23.[151,270,1946,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[217,1369,381,1893]" captionTargetBox-1="[222,1369,419,1904]" captionTargetId-0="figure@19.[217,1369,367,1903]" captionTargetId-1="figure@23.[217,1369,399,1935]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionText-0="FIGURES 57 – 71. Tetracis adults: 57 – 58. T. montanaria, Apache Co., AZ; 59 – 62. T. barnesii, 59, 62. Mesa Co., CO; 60. Emery Co., UT, 61. Yavapai Co., AZ; 63 – 69. T. formosa, 63, 65. Albany Co., WY, 64. Grand Co., CO, 66, 68. Los Angeles Co., CA, 67. Washakie Co., WY. 69 – 71. T. hirsutaria, 69. Los Angeles Co., CA (reared), 70 – 71. Riverside Co., CA." captionText-1="FIGURES 72 – 86. Tetracis adults: 72 – 83. T. hirsutaria, 72, 76, 81 – 82. Riverside Co., CA (reared, ex-ova), 73 – 74, 79 – 80, 83. Los Angeles Co., CA (reared, ex-ova), 75, 78. Mono Co., CA, 77. Nevada Co., CA; 84 – 86. T. pallidata, 84. Oliver, BC, 85. Owyhee Co., ID, 86. Kittitas Co., WA, paratypes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/275573/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/275574/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">69–83</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D69041714FEB1FDA9" box="[343,375,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 95 – 101" captionStartId="25.[151,269,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[232,1338,203,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[217,1369,194,1730]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 95 – 101. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 95. T. j. sericeata. 96. T. montanaria. 97. T. barnesii. 98. T. formosa. 99. T. hirsutaria (arrow points to deciduous setae). 100 – 101. T. pallidata. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275576/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">99</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D69D01714FE2CFDA9" box="[387,490,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">114–115</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D69A51714FDE2FDA9" box="[502,548,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 125 – 132" captionStartId="28.[151,273,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[227,1365,399,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[217,1369,391,1927]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 125 – 132. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 125. T. j. jubararia. 126. T. j. sericeata. 127. T. montanaria. 128.? T. montanaria, Apache Co., AZ. 129. T. barnesii. 130. T. formosa. 131. T. hirsutaria (2 preparations) 132. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275579/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">131</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6A631714FD9BFDA9" box="[560,605,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 143 – 145" captionStartId="33.[151,269,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,210,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[169,1417,194,1730]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 143 – 145. Tetracis distribution maps. 143. T. formosa. 144. T. hirsutaria. 145. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275584/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">144</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6D68C417E1FC81FC0C" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68C417E1FF2FFCD1" blockId="22.[151,1436,672,823]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D68C417E1FD01FD71" authority="Barnes & McDunnough, 1913" authorityName="Barnes & McDunnough" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,711,672,695]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Metanema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C417E1FEBEFD71" box="[151,376,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Metanema hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
Barnes & McDunnough, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6A8117E1FAE0FD71" box="[722,1318,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Contributions to the Natural History of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6CF717E1FAE0FD71" box="[1188,1318,672,695]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
II(3): 131.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFE3DF6D68941781FEEFFD11" box="[199,297,704,727]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFE3DF6D697C1781FE91FD11" box="[303,343,704,727]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D69361781FE60FD11" box="[357,422,704,727]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), San Diego,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE3DF6D6A641781FD65FD11" box="[567,675,704,727]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
[USNM]. Prior to the formal description, two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AD628EFFE3DF6D6CC01781FB37FD11" box="[1171,1265,704,727]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were illustrated by Barnes & McDunnough, 1913.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6A6E17A1FB51FD31" box="[573,1175,736,759]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Contributions to the Natural History of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6C4617A1FB51FD31" box="[1045,1175,736,759]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
II(1), Plate III, figs. 14, 16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68C41661FCEBFCF1" blockId="22.[151,1436,672,823]" box="[151,813,800,823]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D68C41661FDFCFCF1" authority="McDunnough, 1938" authorityName="McDunnough" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,570,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Synaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C41661FE9CFCF1" box="[151,346,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Synaxis hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF87A1DDFFE3DF6D69331661FDFCFCF1" author="McDunnough, J." bookContentInfo="272 pp." box="[352,570,800,823]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="McDunnough, J. (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. part 1, Macrolepidoptera, Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, 272 pp." title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. part 1, Macrolepidoptera" type="book" year="1938">McDunnough, 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, page 173, entry 5195.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68C41624FC81FC0C" blockId="22.[151,1436,869,2016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Adult color of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D691E1624FDF6FCB8" box="[333,560,869,894]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D691E1624FDF6FCB8" box="[333,560,869,894]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tetracis hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and maculation, to some degree, are extremely variable. Several reared series were examined. The species is sexually dimorphic. Reared series of specimens, genitalic dissections, and DNA barcoding, however, all suggest a single species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6D68951694FD29FB99" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68951694FD29FB99" blockId="22.[151,1436,869,2016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68951694FE8EFC29" bold="true" box="[198,328,981,1007]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D69051694FDF0FC28" box="[342,566,981,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D69051694FDF0FC28" box="[342,566,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tetracis hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with similarly-colored specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6DD51694FF38FBD5" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6DD51694FF38FBD5" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. barnesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as males of both species have bipectinate antennae. The AM and PM lines are diagnostic. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D68C41161FECAFBFF" box="[151,268,1056,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C41161FECAFBFF" box="[151,268,1056,1081]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">hirsutaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are dark dots (magnification may be necessary) where these lines cross the veins (often faint on the AM line); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D69D31104FE26FB98" box="[384,480,1093,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D69D31104FE26FB98" box="[384,480,1093,1118]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">barnesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there are no such dots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6D6897112BFB76F88D" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D6897112BFB76F88D" blockId="22.[151,1436,869,2016]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6897112BFEA5FB42" bold="true" box="[196,355,1130,1156]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D693F112AFE7FFB42" box="[364,441,1131,1156]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Adults</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6998112BFDE7FB42" box="[459,545,1130,1156]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,197,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,197,1733]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Type specimens: 3, Tetracis j. jubararia [CM photo]; 4. Synaxis jubararia sericeata [AMNH photo]; 5. Synaxis pallulata [AMNH photo]; 6. Synaxis hirsutaria (syntype) [author photo]; 7. Metanema cervinaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 8 Metanema aurantiacaria dorsal (D) & ventral (V) [composite of MCZ photos, used by permission]; 9. Tetracis australis; 10. Tetracis montanaria; 11. Tetracis pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275569/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6A7C112BFD47FB42" box="[559,641,1130,1156]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 57 – 71" captionStart-1="FIGURES 72 – 86" captionStartId-0="19.[151,269,1916,1940]" captionStartId-1="23.[151,270,1946,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[217,1369,381,1893]" captionTargetBox-1="[222,1369,419,1904]" captionTargetId-0="figure@19.[217,1369,367,1903]" captionTargetId-1="figure@23.[217,1369,399,1935]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionText-0="FIGURES 57 – 71. Tetracis adults: 57 – 58. T. montanaria, Apache Co., AZ; 59 – 62. T. barnesii, 59, 62. Mesa Co., CO; 60. Emery Co., UT, 61. Yavapai Co., AZ; 63 – 69. T. formosa, 63, 65. Albany Co., WY, 64. Grand Co., CO, 66, 68. Los Angeles Co., CA, 67. Washakie Co., WY. 69 – 71. T. hirsutaria, 69. Los Angeles Co., CA (reared), 70 – 71. Riverside Co., CA." captionText-1="FIGURES 72 – 86. Tetracis adults: 72 – 83. T. hirsutaria, 72, 76, 81 – 82. Riverside Co., CA (reared, ex-ova), 73 – 74, 79 – 80, 83. Los Angeles Co., CA (reared, ex-ova), 75, 78. Mono Co., CA, 77. Nevada Co., CA; 84 – 86. T. pallidata, 84. Oliver, BC, 85. Owyhee Co., ID, 86. Kittitas Co., WA, paratypes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/275573/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/275574/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">69–83</figureCitation>
|
||
): FWL:
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE71C9FFE3DF6D6AB5112BFCABFB42" box="[742,877,1130,1156]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="17.0">17–23 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Antenna nearly white dorsally, bipectinate in male, nearly filiform in female and densely setose ventrally. Palpi medium width about
|
||
<date id="FFA8FAECFFE3DF6D6CFD11D1FB0AFB6C" box="[1198,1228,1168,1194]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2x</date>
|
||
eye width, tan to brown, porrect, tips slightly decurved. Head, thorax,, abdomen, legs concolorous with base color of wings. Thorax dorsally and ventrally hirsute [the basis for the name, but no more so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6CDD119AFB36FB32" box="[1166,1264,1243,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6CDD119AFB36FB32" box="[1166,1264,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">barnesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6D79119AFA4DFB32" box="[1322,1419,1243,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6D79119AFA4DFB32" box="[1322,1419,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">formosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68C41041FF19FADF" box="[151,223,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
: Base color variable in males, gray, pale ochreous, orange-ochreous, cinnamon, to chocolate brown; females gray or grayish-brown, irrorated with brown scales D and V. FW apex falcate, more so in females than males. DFW: AM line convex; PM line thin, sinuate, and only slightly bent basad at M3. PM line may appear brown with pale thin border distad, or pale with thin dark border line basad. Brown spots appear where the AM and PM lines cross the veins (magnification may be required to see these spots). Small brown discal spot present. DHW slightly paler than DFW with incomplete median line; brown discal spot small to obsolete. Wings much paler ventrally with dorsal maculation repeated lightly, or obsolete; wings lightly irrorated with brown scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D69161347FE31F9D9" box="[325,503,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6A5A1347FDA9F9E6" box="[521,623,1542,1568]" captionStart="FIGURES 95 – 101" captionStartId="25.[151,269,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[232,1338,203,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[217,1369,194,1730]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 95 – 101. Tetracis male genitalia with aedeagus removed and aedeagus with vesica everted. 95. T. j. sericeata. 96. T. montanaria. 97. T. barnesii. 98. T. formosa. 99. T. hirsutaria (arrow points to deciduous setae). 100 – 101. T. pallidata. Aedeagus enlarged relative to remaining structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275576/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 99</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6A2E1347FD2FF9E6" box="[637,745,1542,1568]" captionStart="FIGURES 102 – 117" captionStartId="26.[151,272,1939,1963]" captionTargetBox="[223,1361,399,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[217,1369,381,1917]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 102 – 117. Tetracis male genitalia, domes of everted vesica. 102. T. crocallata. 103. T. cachexiata. 104. T. cervinaria. 105. T. australis. 106. T. fuscata. 107. T. pallulata. 108. T. mosesiani. 109. T. j. jubararia. 110. T. j. sericeata. 111. T. montanaria. 112. T. barnesii. 113. T. formosa. 114 – 115. T. hirsutaria. 116 – 117. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275577/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">114–115</figureCitation>
|
||
): Uncus of medium width, slightly decurved, tapering to bluntly pointed tip. Dorso-caudal margin of gnathos evenly concave, with a broad-based, tapering upcurved spine at either side. Furca short (ca. 0.45x width of valve base) from middle of anellus, cylindrical, then tapers to pointed apex. Valve broad with even margins, tapering to rounded apex with a small sharply-pointed apical projection at the dorsal margin. Aedeagus with a partial ring of slender spinules and setose patch at posterior end at base of vesica including a group of 3 long setae; everted vesica with small unsclerotized dome except for occasional small dark patch of apparently deciduous setae on crown.
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6BAF13A7FB03F939" box="[1020,1221,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE3DF6D6C8413A7FAF9F8C6" box="[1239,1343,1766,1792]" captionStart="FIGURES 125 – 132" captionStartId="28.[151,273,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[227,1365,399,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[217,1369,391,1927]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 125 – 132. Female genitalia with enlarged view of signa. 125. T. j. jubararia. 126. T. j. sericeata. 127. T. montanaria. 128.? T. montanaria, Apache Co., AZ. 129. T. barnesii. 130. T. formosa. 131. T. hirsutaria (2 preparations) 132. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275579/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
|
||
): A/P = 0.65. Length of lightly sclerotized short ductus bursae is ca. 0.1x length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae elongated and ovoid with centrally-located oval dentate signum. Ductus seminalis robust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6D68971217FBDEF8B6" box="[196,1048,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6D68971217FBDEF8B6" blockId="22.[151,1436,869,2016]" box="[196,1048,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D68971217FE7CF8B6" bold="true" box="[196,442,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1017A5FFE3DF6D69911217FDA9F8B6" box="[450,623,1878,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic">176 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were examined with 12 dissections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE3DF6C6897123AFDDBFF11" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE3DF6C6897123AFDDBFF11" blockId="22.[151,1436,869,2016]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6897123AFEE9F853" bold="true" box="[196,303,1915,1941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Biology:</emphasis>
|
||
Incompletely known. Based on label data from museum specimens reared from wild-caught larvae, host plants are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D69CF12E0FDDFF87C" box="[412,537,1953,1978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Ceanothus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D69CF12E0FDDFF87C" box="[412,537,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceanothus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Monterey Co., CA),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6B1612E0FB11F87D" authority="(Hook.) Nutt." authorityName="(Hook.) Nutt." box="[837,1239,1953,1979]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Ceanothus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuneatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6B1612E0FBF7F87C" box="[837,1073,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ceanothus cuneatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hook.) Nutt.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(buckbrush, Los Angeles Co., CA),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D692E1287FDD0F819" box="[381,534,1990,2015]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cercocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D692E1287FDD0F819" box="[381,534,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cercocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Los Angeles Co., CA),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE3DF6D6B3D1287FB09F826" authority="Nutt." authorityName="Nutt." box="[878,1231,1990,2016]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cercocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="betuloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE3DF6D6B3D1287FB4CF819" box="[878,1162,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Cercocarpus betuloides</emphasis>
|
||
Nutt.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(San Bernardino Co., CA),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE2DF6C694615D9FD8BFF74" authority="Walp." authorityName="Walp." box="[277,589,152,178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE2DF6C694615D9FE38FF77" box="[277,510,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Prunus emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
Walp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Modoc Co., CA) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C16A7AFFFE2DF6C6B3415D9FBB2FF74" authority="Sm." authorityName="Sm." box="[871,1140,152,178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Grossulariaceae" genus="Ribes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malvaceum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE2DF6C6B3415D9FBFDFF77" box="[871,1083,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ribes malvaceum</emphasis>
|
||
Sm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Los Angeles Co., CA). Adults early October–November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30C8FA7FFE2DF6C689715A3FAF2FEAA" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA9DC2CFFE2DF6C689715A3FAF2FEAA" blockId="23.[151,1436,152,364]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962003EFFE2DF6C689715A3FE98FF3A" bold="true" box="[196,350,226,252]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132DC0A9FFE2DF6C693C15A3FE12FF3A" box="[367,468,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURES 143 – 145" captionStartId="33.[151,269,1751,1775]" captionTargetBox="[185,1400,210,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[169,1417,194,1730]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 143 – 145. Tetracis distribution maps. 143. T. formosa. 144. T. hirsutaria. 145. T. pallidata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275584/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 144</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3019CBCFFE2DF6C69A315A3FD17FF3A" box="[496,721,226,252]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE2DF6C6A8E15A3FC93FF3A" box="[733,853,226,252]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and extreme southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE2DF6C6C3615A3FB05FF3A" box="[1125,1219,226,252]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Records by state/ county are:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE2DF6C69731449FE10FEE4" box="[288,470,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">CALIFORNIA</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Contra Costa, Kern, Lake, Los Angeles, Mono, Monterey, Napa,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE2DF6C6C841449FAF2FEE4" box="[1239,1332,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Orange, Placer, Plumas, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Shasta, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Tulare, Ventura, Modoc;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D212CEFFE2DF6C6A111413FD78FEAA" box="[578,702,338,364]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">NEVADA</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Clark. Elevations range from 68–5100’ (
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE71C9FFE2DF6C6CF71413FAE1FEAA" box="[1188,1319,338,364]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.88" metricValueMax="15.55" metricValueMin="0.21" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="788.0" valueMax="1555.0" valueMin="21.0">21–1555m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |