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<document id="B4085D8F40EC3012F59C554E9A4731E7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5016.4.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5222467" ID-ZooBank="AB86B403-953C-48E4-9A03-BF9DCE7DAC9A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629382334462" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Huang, Mian, Shi, Benze, Wang, Chunguang &amp; Xu, Kuidong" docDate="2021" docId="03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5016.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5016 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gomphionema setiforme Huang &amp; Shi &amp; Wang &amp; Xu 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="492" masterDocId="FF82F01BE6780977030DFF8BFF927672" masterDocTitle="Two new species of nematodes from shallow and deep-water sediments in the South China Sea" masterLastPageNumber="502" masterPageNumber="490" pageNumber="492" updateTime="1699070595502" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="E7D7B7147C527451ACF82A2F7ACBDA03" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C4B14BCE691B9F06AABF4722DA15201B">
<mods:title id="76EC1512E7CA47B099690DF29F57AD90">Two new species of nematodes from shallow and deep-water sediments in the South China Sea</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="770155FE2DEF5FA3193C81BCD323903B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2EAF583F29B99173BA7F38B2E1986194">
<mods:roleTerm id="8708A4E1F364EA4B61583609671F080E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="71DB99EE4B2790DD849196EA95DF3D58">Huang, Mian</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="884AD3DA9B746D98F3AFB7890F67E880">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ED1D11942C4A971AA318C0F1EE3E9DB2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="35B33D6EC5AE16E118F0679F07CBA945">Shi, Benze</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="236DDC636619161634BA992019C1FDB8">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China &amp; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E4C0E6729EE770A811728D4F6AC0488B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="8F965BB4AE7BE928B6D64ABA6D3D1B2B">
<mods:roleTerm id="FFC3C69165CC534EAEBE63BD5E1DCBED">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="410AD1FDA11A458D63B9DF382B10389E">Wang, Chunguang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FEF0816D60466FE6DDDDF084D8A3DC29">Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="B3EC0623FC596E9C65EE347DE552A4EE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="38C123E651156FA1B24543D7D4013DE1">
<mods:roleTerm id="E4029562F2AA49BE842E8D0A1DA50874">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A11DE6B3B0F0B4D007949289470FD9EF">Xu, Kuidong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="455DCAD9BAB32AB3DA37DC1BBD19AABD">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China &amp; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="C97D36FBF063D0235DA9D2413ACDDBDC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AEB2E4413839572419513E36CF780799">
<mods:date id="DFA2E015657259C644D79ADE3C8C149D">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1708FAD6E328A5EC73C2E88614C34708">2021-08-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="74B3843E2C9FAF1567A40DDA90E81CA7">5016</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="02C579C9317D77F2890FE43B2D284A7A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E1986C5EAFD95B1FCA64E207F116E4A3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5016.4.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3FB9B771357AF4EE1D89427010FD7831" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="23A89DD739A26940B92CDE403FDDC8CE" type="Zenodo-Dep">5222467</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C74353627CAB610869A74EAEE30D4B10" type="ZooBank">AB86B403-953C-48E4-9A03-BF9DCE7DAC9A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF" lastPageNumber="492" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A0975039AFF1CFDB576C3" box="[151,551,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A0975039AFF1CFDB576C3" blockId="2.[151,551,151,213]" box="[151,551,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<heading id="D0E58E19E67A0975039AFF1CFDB576C3" bold="true" box="[151,551,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975039AFF1CFDB576C3" bold="true" box="[151,551,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A0975039AFF1CFE5076C3" authority="Huang &amp; Shi &amp; Wang &amp; Xu, 2021" authorityName="Huang &amp; Shi &amp; Wang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,450,151,178]" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="setiforme" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975039AFF1CFE5076C3" bold="true" box="[151,450,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Gomphionema setiforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255581CE67A097502C7FF1CFDB576C3" box="[458,551,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A0975039AFF30FEFE76A7" box="[151,364,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A0975039AFF30FEFE76A7" blockId="2.[151,551,151,213]" box="[151,364,187,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
(
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750392FF30FE9676A7" box="[159,260,187,213]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1135,1159]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetBox-1="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,181,1112]" captionTargetId-0="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetId-1="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId-2="figure-29@5.[151,1435,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. female paratype.A. overall view, showing the two opposed and reflexed ovaries (arrow); B. reproductive system, showing vulva (arrow) and two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Scale bars:A = 100 µm. B = 20 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222475" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5222475/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6900CCEE67A0975021DFF30FEF376A7" box="[272,353,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1279,1303]" captionText="TABLE 1. Individual measurements (in µm except a, b, c, c′ and V%) of Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov." pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A0975039AFE88FE3777DF" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A0975039AFE88FE3777DF" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975039AFE88FE80776F" bold="true" box="[151,274,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body small, 716–902 μm long, a=18.7–22.6; cuticle punctated without lateral differentiation and cu- ticular pores; cephalic sensilla about 2 μm long; spiral amphid in 4 turns; cuticularized buccal cavity about 20 μm long, with a large and cuticularized dorsal tooth; pharynx with posterior bulb, 130-141 μm long; tail conical, 55-66 µm long; spicules curved, about 28 μm long; gubernaculum knife-like without dorsal apophysis; and 11 cup-shaped precloacal supplements.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A097503CAFE3CFB57744F" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFE3CFC4C7784" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFE3CFEE577A3" bold="true" box="[199,375,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B7A3328E67A0975028DFE3CFCF977A3" box="[384,875,439,466]" collectionCode="MBM" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" specimenCode="MBM286822" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A987D7E67A0975028DFE3CFE7F77A3" box="[384,493,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D14F2FCE67A097502F7FE33FDF377A3" box="[506,609,439,466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
on slide
<specimenCode id="DBB4910EE67A097501C3FE3CFCF977A3" box="[718,875,439,465]" collectionCode="MBM" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fc7c-p25f" name="San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">MBM286822</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B7A3328E67A0975007AFE33FAAF77A3" box="[887,1341,439,466]" collectionCode="MBM" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" specimenCode="MBM286823" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54A987D7E67A0975007AFE33FC7A77A0" box="[887,1000,440,466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D14F2FCE67A097500F8FE33FBE177A3" box="[1013,1139,439,466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
on
<specimenCode id="DBB4910EE67A097507ACFE3CFAAF77A3" box="[1185,1341,439,465]" collectionCode="MBM" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fc7c-p25f" name="San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">MBM286823</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B7A3328E67A09750647FE33FDCC7787" collectionCode="MBM" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" specimenCode="MBM286824" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-juvenile="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D14F2FCE67A09750647FE33FF4A7787" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="9D14F2FCE67A09750202FE57FE0A7787" box="[271,408,475,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
on
<specimenCode id="DBB4910EE67A097502CEFE50FDCC7787" box="[451,606,475,501]" collectionCode="MBM" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fc7c-p25f" name="San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">MBM286824</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, and
<materialsCitation id="3B7A3328E67A09750195FE57FC487784" box="[664,986,475,502]" collectionCode="MBM" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" specimenCode="MBM286825" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D14F2FCE67A09750195FE57FC867787" box="[664,788,475,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
on
<specimenCode id="DBB4910EE67A09750033FE50FC487784" box="[830,986,475,502]" collectionCode="MBM" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fc7c-p25f" name="San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammals" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">MBM286825</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFE74FB57744F" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<materialsCitation id="3B7A3328E67A097503CAFE74FB53744F" country="China" county="Intertidal" latitude="23.426111" location="Sea" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="116.854164" municipality="South" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guangdong" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFE74FE68746B" bold="true" box="[199,506,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<typeStatus id="54A987D7E67A097503CAFE74FE90746B" box="[199,258,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Type</typeStatus>
locality and habitat.
</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="62CC41F9E67A0975010FFE74FDFB746B" box="[514,617,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Intertidal</collectingCounty>
zone in the
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC9A30FE67A097501F9FE74FCA7746B" box="[756,821,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">South</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="F30579E5E67A09750030FE74FC12746B" box="[829,896,511,537]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">China</collectingCountry>
<location id="8ECD6FAEE67A09750085FE74FC22746B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF:8ECD6FAEE67A09750085FE74FC22746B" box="[904,944,511,537]" country="China" county="Intertidal" latitude="23.426111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="116.854164" municipality="South" name="Sea" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" stateProvince="Guangdong">Sea</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE265FB2E67A097500CCFE74FBD57468" box="[961,1095,511,538]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" precision="15" seconds="34" value="23.426111">23°25'34''N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE265FB2E67A0975075EFE74FB717468" box="[1107,1251,511,538]" degrees="116" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" precision="15" seconds="15" value="116.854164">116°51'15''E</geoCoordinate>
), where the species was found from muddy sediment in
<location id="8ECD6FAEE67A0975016DFDA8FC57744F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8863E67A0975039AFF1CFEE570CF:8ECD6FAEE67A0975016DFDA8FC57744F" box="[608,965,547,574]" country="China" county="Intertidal" latitude="23.426111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="116.854164" municipality="South" name="Laichang Ferry of Shantou City" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" stateProvince="Guangdong">Laichang Ferry of Shantou City</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49D6F797E67A097500DDFDA8FB53744F" box="[976,1217,547,573]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Guangdong Province</collectingRegion>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A097503CAFDCCFF5874F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFDCCFF5874F7" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFDCCFEDC7413" bold="true" box="[199,334,583,609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Etymology.</emphasis>
The Latin adjective
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A09750135FDCCFD347413" box="[568,678,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">setiformis</emphasis>
(bristle-like) refers to the cephalic setae, a main feature of the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A097503CAFD04FEAD7308" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFD04FCB4759F" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFD04FECB74DB" bold="true" box="[199,345,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Description.</emphasis>
Body cylindrical over most of its length, tapering on tail end, 716–902 μm long. Cuticle with regular transverse rows of small punctations from the level of buccal cavity to tail end, lateral differentiations absent (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750392FD5CFF6C7483" box="[159,254,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750206FD5CFEBC7483" box="[267,302,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">2B</figureCitation>
). Somatic setae and cuticular pores not seen. Lip region more or less rounded, confluent with body. Outer and inner labial sensilla papilliform (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A0975018DFD70FD4C7567" box="[640,734,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A097501E6FD70FC837567" box="[747,785,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">2A</figureCitation>
). Four cephalic sensilla setiform, about 2 µm long. Spiral amphideal fovea in four turns, located close to anterior end of body (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750083FC94FC74754B" box="[910,998,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Buccal cavity about 20 µm long, with a large and heavily cuticularized dorsal tooth; composed of a spacious anterior cyathiform chamber with 12 rugae (ribs) and an elongate posterior chamber with cuticularized walls. Pharynx asymmetrical and muscular, 130–140 µm long, posterior portion with a distinct bulb and a hollow muscle cavity (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A097500F3FC00FBCC75D7" box="[1022,1118,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750766FC00FB0375D7" box="[1131,1169,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">2A</figureCitation>
). Cardia small, broadly conoid. Ventral gland sac-like, just behind the base of pharynx. Tail curved ventrally, 55-66 µm long, conoid with rounded end. Caudal glands and spinneret well developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFC7CFCBE72D3" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFC7CFE997263" bold="true" box="[199,267,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<collectingRegion id="49D6F797E67A097503CAFC7CFE947263" box="[199,262,1015,1041]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Male</collectingRegion>
.
</emphasis>
Reproductive system diorchic, with two opposed, outstretched testes. Anterior and posterior testes on the left and right sides of intestine, respectively. Spicules curved, slightly S-shaped, about 28 µm long, gubernaculum knife-like, without dorsal apophysis (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750132FBB4FD09722B" box="[575,667,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A097501A4FBB4FD637228" box="[681,753,1087,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">2C, D</figureCitation>
). One small seta and 11 cup-shaped supplements situated in front of cloaca. Precloacal supplements extending for 27 µm to 225 µm from cloaca towards anterior end, spacing of supplements slightly increased anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A0975019DFB0CFD7E72D3" box="[656,748,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A097501F4FB0CFC8D72D3" box="[761,799,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-19@4.[266,1321,181,1852]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. male holotype. A. anterior end, showing the spacious buccal cavity (arrow), the large cuticularized dorsal tooth and the developed pharyngeal bulb (arrow); B. anterior end, showing the spiral amphid (arrow) and the transverse rows of cuticle dots; C, D. tail end, showing the curved spicules (arrow), the knife-like gubernaculum and the cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow). Scale bars = 20 µm (in the same scale)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222473/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">2D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFB20FE0D7343" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFB20FEA272B7" bold="true" box="[199,304,1195,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Females.</emphasis>
Reproductive system didelphic, two ovaries opposed, reflexed (
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A09750709FB20FBF772B7" box="[1028,1125,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1682,1706]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,192,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-29@3.[151,1436,181,1658]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov., male holotype (C, D, F) and female paratype (A, B, E). A, C. anterior portion, showing the spacious buccal cavity, large and cuticularized dorsal tooth, short cephalic setae (arrow), spiral amphideal fovea (arrow), posterior pharyngeal bulb (arrow) and ventral gland; B. reproductive system of female, showing vulva (arrow), two opposed and reflexed ovaries; D. posterior region, showing the slightly curved spicule, knife-like gubernaculum and cup-shaped precloacal supplements (arrow); E. posterior region, showing the anus and caudal glands; F. high magnification drawing of spicules and gubernaculum (arrow). Scale bars: A, D, C, D = 50 µm, E, F = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222469" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222469/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Figs. 1E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132925F0E67A0975077FFB20FB0772B7" box="[1138,1173,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1135,1159]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1112]" captionTargetId="figure-29@5.[151,1435,181,1112]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Gomphionema setiforme sp. nov. female paratype.A. overall view, showing the two opposed and reflexed ovaries (arrow); B. reproductive system, showing vulva (arrow) and two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Scale bars:A = 100 µm. B = 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222475/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">3B</figureCitation>
). Anterior ovary on the right side of intestine, and posterior one on the left side. Vulva in posterior body portion near mid-body. Lips of vulva slightly protruded. Vagina cuticularized, about 0.3 times vulval body diameters long. Uterus spacious. Spermathecae not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFAB0FEAD7308" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFAB0FEA07327" bold="true" box="[199,306,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Juvenile.</emphasis>
Similar to male and females in most morphological characters except for smaller morphological measurements.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3086AFEE67A097503CAFA08FEE570CF" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAD3975E67A097503CAFA08FEE570CF" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097503CAFA08FDEC73EF" bold="true" box="[199,638,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Differential diagnosis and discussion.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A097501F6FA08FC3273EF" authorityName="Wieser and Hopper" authorityYear="1966" box="[763,928,1411,1437]" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A097501F6FA08FC3273EF" box="[763,928,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Gomphionema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains only four species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834484E67A097507DCFA08FF4073B3" author="Gagarin, V. G. &amp; Thanh, N. V." pageId="2" pageNumber="492" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref7583" refString="Gagarin, V. G. &amp; Thanh, N. V. (2009) Three new species of free-living nematodes from mangrove of Mekong River, Vietnam. International Journal of Nematology, 19 (1), 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Gagarin &amp; Thanh, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Bezerra
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A09750231FA23FEFC73B3" box="[316,366,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">et al</emphasis>
., 2018), among which
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A0975017CFA2CFBD673B0" authority="Gerlach, 1957" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1957" box="[625,1092,1447,1474]" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="compactum">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975017CFA2CFC0C73B3" box="[625,926,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Gomphionema compactum</emphasis>
Gerlach, 1957
</taxonomicName>
was described from a juvenile and thus is not recognized as valid.
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A09750110FA40FCA27397" authority="Huang &amp; Shi &amp; Wang &amp; Xu, 2021" authorityName="Huang &amp; Shi &amp; Wang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2021" box="[541,816,1483,1509]" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="setiforme" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A09750110FA40FCA27397" box="[541,816,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Gomphionema setiforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975003BFA40FC1C7397" bold="true" box="[822,910,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A255581CE67A0975003BFA40FC1C7397" box="[822,910,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A0975075AFA47FF40707B" authority="Gagarin &amp; Thanh, 2009" authorityName="Gagarin &amp; Thanh" authorityYear="2009" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="parvum">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A0975075AFA47FB5C7397" box="[1111,1230,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">G. parvum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF834484E67A097507DEFA40FF40707B" author="Gagarin, V. G. &amp; Thanh, N. V." pageId="2" pageNumber="492" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref7583" refString="Gagarin, V. G. &amp; Thanh, N. V. (2009) Three new species of free-living nematodes from mangrove of Mekong River, Vietnam. International Journal of Nematology, 19 (1), 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">Gagarin &amp; Thanh, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in particular in the absence of lateral differentiation of cuticle and cuticular pores. However, the new species differs distinctly from the latter by its setiform cephalic sensilla (vs. papilliform), S-shaped spicules (vs slightly arched) and the lower number of precloacal supplements (11 vs. 18–21). Both
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A09750728F9BCFEBD7007" authority="Wieser &amp; Hopper, 1966" authorityName="Wieser &amp; Hopper" authorityYear="1966" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="fellator">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A09750728F9BCFAB77023" box="[1061,1317,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">Gomphionema fellator</emphasis>
Wieser &amp; Hopper, 1966
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1242F6E67A09750269F9D7FD7F7007" authority="Wieser &amp; Hopper, 1966" authorityName="Wieser &amp; Hopper" authorityYear="1966" box="[356,749,1627,1654]" class="Adenophorea" family="Cyatholaimidae" genus="Gomphionema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Desmodorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="492" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="typicum">
<emphasis id="B966E567E67A09750269F9D7FE4D7007" box="[356,479,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="492">G. typicum</emphasis>
Wieser &amp; Hopper, 1966
</taxonomicName>
have lateral differentiation and cuticle pores (vs. present) and have longer spicules (36–38 µm and 41 µm, respectively vs. 28 µm) and more precloacal supplements (15 and 22, respectively vs. 11).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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