403 lines
43 KiB
XML
403 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9830" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ec90e386-be75-4380-98c5-77c34ead5e37" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-51-55" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFD2E867C415FFDAFFCBF073FFCEF62C" ID-ZBK="062BE13779334E23AA76061FB0949E9F" ID-Zenodo-Dep="147924" ID-ZooBank="062BE13779334E23AA76061FB0949E9F" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2607-51-55" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51" ModsDocTitle="Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae) from southern Ecuador, with a new record for the country and some ecological data" checkinTime="1472501814535" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Boeve, Jean-Luc, Marin-Armijos, Diego S., Dominguez, Diego F. & Smith, David R." docDate="2016" docId="6477481F37D4CC1D112752A3386E8E66" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 51: 55-89" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51" docPubDate="2016-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9830" docTitle="Lagideus podocarpus Smith 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="A9FD9A79-348D-42A2-8176-AAF8A2C0DA07" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" id="FFD2E867C415FFDAFFCBF073FFCEF62C" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="FFD2E867C415FFDAFFCBF073FFCEF62C" masterDocTitle="Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae) from southern Ecuador, with a new record for the country and some ecological data" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1678749252446" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae) from southern Ecuador, with a new record for the country and some ecological data</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Boeve, Jean-Luc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>O. D. Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jean-luc.boeve@naturalsciences.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Marin-Armijos, Diego S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Museo de Colecciones Biologicas, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s / n, Loja, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dominguez, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Museo de Colecciones Biologicas, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano alto s / n, Loja, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, David R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-08-29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>51</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>55</mods:start>
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<mods:end>89</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9830</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9830</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-51-55</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFD2E867C415FFDAFFCBF073FFCEF62C</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">147924</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127871933" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A9FD9A79-348D-42A2-8176-AAF8A2C0DA07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6477481F37D4CC1D112752A3386E8E66" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A9FD9A79-348D-42A2-8176-AAF8A2C0DA07" authority="Smith" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus podocarpus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podocarpus" status="sp. n.">Lagideus podocarpus Smith</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="59">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Lagideus podocarpus, male (P 3898. etc> 13), body length 6.0 mm. a Dorsal view b ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100913" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figs 9</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Male genitalia of Lagideus podocarpus. At left, genital capsule, ventral view; at right, penis valve, lateral view with dorsal margin to right." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100914" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">, 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">, 11</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Female. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Male. Length 7.0 mm. Antenna and head black; labrum and mouthparts white; mandible dark red brown. Thorax black with posterior corners of pronotum orange. Fore and midlegs light orange; fore coxa black with white stripe on outer surface and extreme apex white; mid coxa black with extreme apex white. Hind legs black with extreme apex of coxa, trochanters, and extreme base of femur white and about basal half of tibia light orange. Wings hyaline; veins and stigma black.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Head with vertex and frons shiny, very few widely scattered punctures; area adjacent to inner orbits slightly dull, micropunctured; with long golden hairs, as long as or longer than second antennomere. Antenna 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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head width; antennomeres 4-8 bipectinate, antennomere 3 unipectinate with inner ramus absent to very slightly indicated (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 25); apical antennomere with rami less than half length of stem. Malar space linear. Thorax shiny; mesonotum with distinct punctures, separated by flat shiny interspaces more than puncture diameters; with long golden hair on dorsum and grey to white hair on pleurae and sterna. Hindbasitarsomere slightly longer than length of remaining tarsomeres combined; inner hind tibial spur about 0.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of basitarsomere. Genitalia in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Male genitalia of Lagideus podocarpus. At left, genital capsule, ventral view; at right, penis valve, lateral view with dorsal margin to right." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100914" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">10</figureCitation>
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; parapenis uniformly broad, not distinctly indented on posterior margin; valviceps of penis valve with dorsal margin concave.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="984365" doi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100913" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 9.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus podocarpus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Lagideus podocarpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, male (P3898.etc>13), body length 6.0 mm.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">a</emphasis>
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Dorsal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">b</emphasis>
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ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="984297" doi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100914" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Figure 10.</emphasis>
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Male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus podocarpus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Lagideus podocarpus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. At left, genital capsule, ventral view; at right, penis valve, lateral view with dorsal margin to right.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Holotype labelled "Ad.M, ex-larva," "ECUADOR: Cajanuma, Podocarpus NP,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.116667">04°07'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="079" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.166664">079°10'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 2810 m, X.2014, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">Fuchsia vulcanica</taxonomicName>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="JLBoevé">JLBoeve</normalizedToken>
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leg. RBINS, EtOH100%, P3898.etc>10" (RBINS). Paratypes: Same data as for holotype except P3898.etc>01 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>02 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>03 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>04 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>05 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>06 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>07 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>08 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>09 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>11 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>12 (1 ♂), P3898.etc>14 (1 ♂); these specimens are in RBINS, USNM and MUTPL.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Other material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Cajanuma, Podocarpus NP,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="04" direction="south" minutes="07" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.116667">04°07'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="079" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.166664">079°10'W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" unit="m" value="2810.0">2810m</quantity>
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,
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<date value="2014-10-11">11.10.2014</date>
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, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fuchsia vulcanica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
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), P3898 (
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<specimenCount type="larva">6 larvae</specimenCount>
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),
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<date value="2014-10-14">14.10.2014</date>
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, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="F. vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">F. vulcanica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, P3917 (
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<specimenCount type="larva">4 larvae</specimenCount>
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), P3919 (20-
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<specimenCount type="larva">30 larvae</specimenCount>
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),
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<date value="2014-10-23">23.10.2014</date>
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, on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="F. vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">F. vulcanica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, P3968 (>
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<specimenCount type="larva">30 larvae</specimenCount>
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), P3969 (
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<specimenCount type="larva">6 larvae</specimenCount>
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), P3970 (
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<specimenCount type="larva">6 larvae</specimenCount>
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), P3976 (
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<specimenCount type="larva">4 larvae</specimenCount>
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), leg. J.-L.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Boevé">Boeve</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Named for Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador, where the collections were made; a noun in apposition.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Although only the male is known, it differs from described species, and we prefer to have a name since it was reared and the life history and host plant are known. Only females are known for most species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Lagideus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and this could be the opposite sex of one of those. However, this
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<normalizedToken originalValue="won’t">won't</normalizedToken>
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be known until the sexes are associated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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The bipectinate antennomeres 4-8 and unipectinate antennomere 3 will take this species to couplet 17c in
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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which includes
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. longicus" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="longicus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">L. longicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Smith and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tapanti" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="tapanti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">L. tapanti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Smith, both known from Costa Rica. The black antenna and similarity of genitalia will put it closest to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. longicus" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="longicus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">L. longicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus tapanti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapanti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Lagideus tapanti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has white hairs on the head and body, antennomeres 1-3 or 4 yellowish, thorax black, and legs black with the base of the femora white; the antenna (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 25) has the rami of the apical antennomere much longer than the stem;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="60" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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the parapenis of the male genitalia are lobed posteriorly with a central, shallow posterior emargination (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 28).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus longicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Lagideus longicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is entirely black and the apical antennomere has long rami as in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. tapanti" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" rank="species" species="tapanti">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">L. tapanti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the parapenis of the genitalia is distinctly indented posteriorly for at least a third of its medial length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 29); and the valviceps of the penis valve have a straight dorsal margin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 33).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus podocarpus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="61" start="start">Lagideus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
podocarpus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from both these species by light orange posterior corners of the pronotum; the light orange fore and mid legs (except the partly black coxae); basal half of the hind tibia light orange; the antennae, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. longicus" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="longicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">L. longicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B16" refString="Smith, DR, 2012. The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement. Zootaxa 3413: 1 - 18" title="The South American genus Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Syzygoniinae), a supplement." volume="3413" year="2012">Smith 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 25) except the rami of the apical antennomere are short, less than half the length of the stem; and the male genitalia (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Male genitalia of Lagideus podocarpus. At left, genital capsule, ventral view; at right, penis valve, lateral view with dorsal margin to right." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100914" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) which has the parapenis nearly uniformly broad, without a central posterior emargination and the valviceps of the penis valve distinctly concave dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">The length varies slightly 6.0-7.5 mm. The tegulae may be black to brown or partly light orange as are posterior corners of the pronotum.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="life history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Life history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The population of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. podocarpus" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">L. podocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Cajanuma (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) consisted of larvae found within a circumference of ca. 100 m, on several patches of the host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="F. vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">F. vulcanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The larvae were attached to the underside of a leaf and they were generally aggregated in that one or a few individuals occurred per leaf. Younger larvae skeletonised the leaves and made holes in the leaf, whereas larvae of later instars attacked the leaf up to its edge. Larvae fed on both younger and older leaves. One large patch of flowering plants clearly harboured fewer larvae than the smaller and more numerous spots of non-flowering plants. The larvae being kept in rearing still appeared as healthy, despite the fact that the offered leaves (during November 2014) were less fresh and rather decaying. A couple of plant species and varieties were also offered to them to roughly establish their diet breadth.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fuchsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Koralle’">'Koralle'</normalizedToken>
|
||
was rather accepted, whereas only very few small holes were made on leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fuchsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
'Gartenmeister
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bonstedt’">Bonstedt'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. These two varieties are cultivars of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia triphylla" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triphylla">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fuchsia triphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="F. vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">F. vulcanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Marc Reynders, personal communication). A leaf of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Oenothera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oenothera" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Oenothera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Onagraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was also tested, but not accepted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="984299" doi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Life history traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus podocarpus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Lagideus podocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">a</emphasis>
|
||
A patch of the host plant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Fuchsia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fuchsia vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fuchsia vulcanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">b</emphasis>
|
||
a plant with feeding damage, seen from above
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">c-e</emphasis>
|
||
larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">f</emphasis>
|
||
a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">g, h</emphasis>
|
||
prepupal stage
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">i</emphasis>
|
||
cocoon
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">j</emphasis>
|
||
screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">k, l</emphasis>
|
||
two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Larvae of nearly all instars were found in the field, but no adults were collected by sweeping. Among the larvae kept in rearing, several individuals reached the eonymph stage (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">11g-h</figureCitation>
|
||
), during the first ten days of October 2014. They formed a cocoon between fresh or rather decaying leaves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">11i</figureCitation>
|
||
), or in an offered layer of moistened sand. At the end of October, prepupae and cocoons occurred in the rearing. A total of 14 adults, all males, emerged from 20.11 to 12.12.2014.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Once disturbed, a larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. podocarpus" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" rank="species" species="podocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">L. podocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reacted immediately by raising its abdomen (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">11j</figureCitation>
|
||
), then slowly lowering it. This reaction could be repeated several times, under successive disturbances. After several such behaviours, the larva tended to slightly walk backwards. The prepupa reacted under disturbance by curling its body and making some slow movements. To further investigate the larval defensive behaviour, a dozen workers of the ant species
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton burchellii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Eciton burchellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westwood (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were collected in the field (Pueblo Viela, 15.10.2016), held without feeding, and used ca. 36 h later. The bioassay consisted of placing seven ant workers and one larva settled on a host plant leaf in an open box, the interactions being then filmed. As far as no ant contacted the larva, the latter remained merely immobile. But once contacted, the larva instantly raised its abdomen and directed the apical filaments towards the aggressor (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">11k-l</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, these filaments seem to play a major role in defence. Their size is impressive, with a length of 13 mm for a remaining body size of 16 mm. The
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="62" start="start">filaments</pageBreakToken>
|
||
resemble those of the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Philomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philomastix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Philomastix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the two genera are sister-groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, S" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="28" pageNumber="83" pagination="111 - 121" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.002" refId="B9" refString="Schmidt, S, Walter, GH, 2014. Young clades in an old family: Major evolutionary transitions and diversification of the eucalypt-feeding pergid sawflies in Australia (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Pergidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 74: 111 - 121, DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.002" title="Young clades in an old family: Major evolutionary transitions and diversification of the eucalypt-feeding pergid sawflies in Australia (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Pergidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.002" volume="74" year="2014">Schmidt and Walter 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the filaments protrude from the apical segment in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Lagideus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the ninth one in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Froggatt" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Philomastix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philomastix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Philomastix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="120 - 124" refId="B17" refString="Smith, DR, Bado, SG, 2004. First food plant record for Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), a new species feeding on Fuchsia and Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in Argentina. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 13 (1): 120 - 124" title="First food plant record for Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), a new species feeding on Fuchsia and Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in Argentina." volume="13" year="2004">Smith and Bado 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, it
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="63" start="start">seems</pageBreakToken>
|
||
that they are clearly covered with spines in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Lagideus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Life history traits of Lagideus podocarpus. a A patch of the host plant Fuchsia vulcanica b a plant with feeding damage, seen from above c-e larvae attached to the underside of leaves, seen from below f a larva that just moulted with exuvia visible g, h prepupal stage i cocoon j screenshot of a video clip, the thorax of the larva was touched with flexible forceps a second before k, l two screenshots of a video clip performed during a bioassay, both being spaced by 1 sec: an ant is approaching the larva (first screenshot), then touching it, which immediately provokes the defensive behaviour of the larva that directs its caudal filaments towards its aggressor (second screenshot)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.51.9830.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/100915" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, DR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="84" pagination="120 - 124" refId="B17" refString="Smith, DR, Bado, SG, 2004. First food plant record for Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), a new species feeding on Fuchsia and Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in Argentina. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 13 (1): 120 - 124" title="First food plant record for Lagideus Konow (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), a new species feeding on Fuchsia and Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in Argentina." volume="13" year="2004">Smith and Bado 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is unclear whether the defence is only physical, or includes chemical compounds. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pergidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
contain toxic peptides which are active against vertebrates and invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boeve, J-L" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="28" pageNumber="83" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0105301" refId="B1" refString="Boeve, J-L, Rozenberg, R, Shinohara, A, Schmidt, S, 2014. Toxic peptides occur frequently in pergid and argid sawfly larvae. PLoS ONE 9 (8), DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105301" title="Toxic peptides occur frequently in pergid and argid sawfly larvae." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0105301" volume="9" year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boevé">Boeve</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but whether
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Lagideus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. contains such compounds remains unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Note that another sawfly species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tenthredinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was found among the collected leaves (and stems) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="F. vulcanica" order="Myrtales" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulcanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">F. vulcanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in much lower numbers (2 individuals: 11.10.2014, P3899, and 14.10.2014, P3919.C1) than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Lagideus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lagideus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Lagideus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (>90 in total). This plant constitutes a host plant, since a larva of the tenthredinid was placed on an intact leaf and the larva ingested significant parts of it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |