451 lines
67 KiB
XML
451 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document id="619D1B1D32F837E18260BA95125833A5" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a25" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5d65c809-e2ef-4928-9134-3fbdd2a8d0e7" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699898" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4EF01B8A-BA1D-4F14-9432-CA8754D765D2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583514600347" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Muizon, Christian de, Billet, Guillaume & Ladevèze, Sandrine" docDate="2019" docId="291A87B5FFEB1E15FF75F4791EEDFEF8" docLanguage="en" docName="GEODIVERSITAS.41.25.841-874.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 41 (25)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simoclaenus sylvaticus Muizon & Cifelli 2000" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="855" masterDocId="D523FFCDFFE71E04FFB2F16C1F44FFCC" masterDocTitle="New remains of kollpaniine “ condylarths ” (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals" masterLastPageNumber="874" masterPageNumber="841" pageNumber="851" updateTime="1698725867800" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8BD97F95D212A6CA343CC24250F88E51">
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<mods:title id="194E5B63E83786F636E5526B36E31927">New remains of kollpaniine “ condylarths ” (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="988503CD1FF80E83131DC273A21FEA10">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AFFC7B16448BD78887A7D250223E0ACB">Muizon, Christian de</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1FD90FEEC3E0A5580618C2D0DDE458B5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="578072AB1D0DA413401C5FC8BC3D62E7">Billet, Guillaume</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="01CDD762E82A5E41DD654E4A23026CEA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FB547FB1243DC15BEF6FF1EA84C8D5A9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="85117147BAD6FE2771B05EB949699664">Ladevèze, Sandrine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="479183A5FC9BAD2C87FA0311BBEA614C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="547C0380136D64F9BB893FB112518398">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C18A878E0FA41D0C945C40F0F7931FD7">
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<mods:date id="DC2AA3B33DD6EA594095154D2C236424">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="290DD306ECC1B2DDD01457AF8D2A84D1">2019-12-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3C457C27CE54E208D28019A6EE3412FE">41</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0B7BDF448624ABAE8790C0E05C6233EA">25</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="93275F75E0BC7032B5822C6D05C2F97D">841</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="44CEAEFE4645AC4BFF96C465A23F5EDC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4DFCE8B81F6BEE3074402C98FFD2CB11" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a25</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="291A87B5FFEB1E15FF75F4791EEDFEF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3704860" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162463434" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3704860" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:291A87B5FFEB1E15FF75F4791EEDFEF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/291A87B5FFEB1E15FF75F4791EEDFEF8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="855" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">
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<subSubSection id="E9A96528FFEB1E08FF75F4791E56F934" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FF75F4791D80FAFC" blockId="12.[199,708,1301,1328]" box="[199,708,1301,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">
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<heading id="FA4481CFFFEB1E08FF75F4791D80FAFC" box="[199,708,1301,1328]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FF75F4791D80FAFC" authority="Muizon & Cifelli, 2000" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[199,708,1301,1328]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FF75F4791EFEFAFC" bold="true" box="[199,442,1301,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFEB1E08FE72F4791D80FAFC" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[448,708,1301,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FF36F43F1E56F934" blockId="12.[132,775,1363,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">
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EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Dental formula: I?/?, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 3/3; relatively large short-snouted kollpaniine characterized by the strong mesiodistal compression of its lower molars and premolars, which is correlatively observed on the M2; upper canine transversely compressed; P1 vertically implanted; P2 with a small protoconal bulge on lingual side of paracone; P3-4 with well-developed protocone (slightly larger on P4); M1 much smaller than M2; M2 almost square in occlusal outline but distinctly asymmetrical as in
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FF36F74B1FA3F9F3" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[132,231,1575,1599]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FF36F74B1FA3F9F3" box="[132,231,1575,1599]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Molinodus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; p4 with a well-developed metaconid medial to protoconid; molars with a large metaconid, posterior to the protoconid and with a posterior projection that partially fills the talonid basin; protoconid distinctly smaller than in
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FE47F71A1D1EF942" box="[501,602,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Andinodus</emphasis>
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; posterior wall of trigonid sigmoid in occlusal view; paraconid and paracristid smaller than in
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FF63F7C71E72F90F" box="[209,310,1707,1731]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Andinodus</emphasis>
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; large hypoconid with a labial slope less vertical than in
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FF61F7AA1E7CF912" box="[211,312,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Andinodus</emphasis>
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; cristid obliqua meets trigonid on lingual edge of protoconid.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E9A96528FFEB1E15FF36F7971EEDFEF8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="856" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FF36F7971DB1F85B" blockId="12.[132,775,1363,1943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Ascending process of the maxilla short, high, and erected, premaxilla-maxilla suture subvertical in lateral view; frontal-maxilla suture present (therefore absence of nasal-lacrimal suture) anterior opening of infraorbital canal at level of P3. Rostrum, blunt and short as indicated by cheek teeth mesiodistal compression, implantation of anterior premolars, and subvertical premaxilla-maxilla suture.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FF36F6D61B25FA95" blockId="12.[132,775,1978,2029]" lastBlockId="12.[813,1456,1186,1369]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">
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HYPODIGM. — The
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<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FEF1F6D71E28F81F" box="[323,364,1979,2003]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">type</typeStatus>
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specimen, MHNC 8332, a fairly complete right dentary with the alveoli of c, p1, the roots of p2, the alveolus of p3, and p4-m3. The dentary is lacking the anterior region with the incisor alveoli and most of the coronoid process;
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<materialsCitation id="11DB3CFEFFEB1E08FA93F5D01B08FAC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574964401" collectionCode="MHNC" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" specimenCode="MHNC 8348" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="F1159ED8FFEB1E08FA93F5D01AEFFB18" box="[1313,1451,1212,1236]" collectionCode="MHNC" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/25c9-tsqt" name="Museo de Historia Natural de Concepcion (Chile)" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">MHNC 8348</specimenCode>
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, a right maxilla with M1 lacking the parastylar region and part of the paracone and M2-3 complete
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="11DB3CFEFFEB1E08FBE6F59D1B09FAE8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574964402" collectionCode="MHNC" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" specimenCode="MHNC 13868" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="F1159ED8FFEB1E08FBE6F59D1BA8FAC5" box="[1108,1260,1265,1289]" collectionCode="MHNC" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/25c9-tsqt" name="Museo de Historia Natural de Concepcion (Chile)" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">MHNC 13868</specimenCode>
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, a right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-P4
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="11DB3CFEFFEB1E08FBEAF4601B95FAF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574964403" collectionCode="MNHC" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" specimenCode="MNHC 13872" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="F1159ED8FFEB1E08FBEAF4601BB6FAE8" box="[1112,1266,1292,1316]" collectionCode="MNHC" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">MNHC 13872</specimenCode>
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, a partial mandible with alveolus of p1, roots of p2-3and p4-m1
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="11DB3CFEFFEB1E08FB68F44A1B19FA95" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574964404" collectionCode="MHNC" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" specimenCode="MHNC 13876" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="F1159ED8FFEB1E08FB68F44A1A2AFAF2" box="[1242,1390,1318,1342]" collectionCode="MHNC" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/25c9-tsqt" name="Museo de Historia Natural de Concepcion (Chile)" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">MHNC 13876</specimenCode>
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a right maxilla fragment with M1-M2
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FC9FF4F81CF9FA61" blockId="12.[813,1456,1428,2030]" box="[813,957,1428,1454]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEB1E08FC9FF4D91A09F821" blockId="12.[813,1456,1428,2030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">
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Three new specimens are referred to this species. MHNC 13872 is a mandible fragment with the alveolus of p1, the roots of p2-3 and p4-m1 (
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<figureCitation id="39882A26FFEB1E08FB8EF4991B33F9C3" box="[1084,1143,1525,1551]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1075,1093]" captionTargetBox="[130,1457,215,1030]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[698,1269,213,758]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 7. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right mandible with alveolus of p1, root of p2-3,p4 and m1 (MHNC 13872):A, stereophotographs of occlusal view;B, the same in lateral view; C, the same in medial view. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699912/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). The alveolus of p1 is vertical as in the
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<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FC23F7781CB4F9E2" box="[913,1008,1556,1582]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FBA4F7781BBFF9E2" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1046,1275,1556,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FBA4F7781BBFF9E2" box="[1046,1275,1556,1582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(MHNC 8332) (
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFEB1E08FC84F7581B76F983" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[822,1074,1588,1615]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), indicating that the tooth was not procumbent in contrast to the condition observed in
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FAF7F7381AEBF9A2" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1349,1455,1620,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FAF7F7381AEBF9A2" box="[1349,1455,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Molinodus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see above). This feature, shared by the
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<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FB0BF7181A51F942" box="[1209,1301,1652,1678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FA86F7181CCEF962" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FA86F7181CCEF962" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the new specimen clearly supports the referral of the latter rather than to
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FB98F7D81BA1F902" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1066,1253,1716,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FB98F7D81BA1F902" box="[1066,1253,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the p1 of which is procumbent (
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<figureCitation id="39882A26FFEB1E08FC73F7B81B76F922" box="[961,1074,1748,1774]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1312,1330]" captionTargetBox="[148,1439,215,1267]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[700,1256,213,789]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Molinodus suarezi: anterior portion of a right mandible (MHNC 13883) bearing the alveoli of I1-3, the canine, the p1, the roots of p2, partial alveoli of p3 and the lateral wall of the anterior alveolus of p4 in: A, labial view; B, lingual view; C, anterodorsal view; D, dorsal view; E, medial view of the lateral wall of the incisors showing the V-shaped morphology of the alveolus of i2, which indicates that the tooth was staggered. Scale bar A-D: 5 mm; E, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699900/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
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). However, the major characteristic of this specimen lies in its p4, which is markedly compressed mesiodistally as is observed on the
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<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FB02F6781A57F8E2" box="[1200,1299,1812,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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. As in the latter, the metaconid is placed lingually to the protoconid and is not shifted posteriorly as is observed in
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEB1E08FB40F63F1AEBF8A1" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1266,1455,1875,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEB1E08FB40F63F1AEBF8A1" box="[1266,1455,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="39882A26FFEB1E08FC84F61F1CCBF842" box="[822,911,1907,1934]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1312,1330]" captionTargetBox="[148,1439,215,1267]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[700,1256,213,789]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Molinodus suarezi: anterior portion of a right mandible (MHNC 13883) bearing the alveoli of I1-3, the canine, the p1, the roots of p2, partial alveoli of p3 and the lateral wall of the anterior alveolus of p4 in: A, labial view; B, lingual view; C, anterodorsal view; D, dorsal view; E, medial view of the lateral wall of the incisors showing the V-shaped morphology of the alveolus of i2, which indicates that the tooth was staggered. Scale bar A-D: 5 mm; E, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699900" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699900/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="851">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
|
). Furthermore, the p4 of MHNC 13872 has the same strongly bulbous morphology as that of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FAFBF6FF1AEFF861" box="[1353,1451,1939,1965]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
. The m1 is relatively worn but does not depart significantly from that of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEB1E08FC52F6BF1B7BF821" box="[992,1087,2003,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="851" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
in terms of morphology.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="F5CC662BFFEA1E09FF36F55F1DEFFB90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699912/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" startId="13.[132,143,1075,1093]" targetBox="[130,1457,215,1030]" targetPageId="13">
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEA1E09FF36F55F1DEFFB90" blockId="13.[132,1455,1075,1116]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">
|
|
FIG. 7. —
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FF60F55F1ED5FB89" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[210,401,1075,1093]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FF60F55F1ED5FB89" box="[210,401,1075,1093]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: partial right mandible with alveolus of p1, root of p2-3,p4 and m1 (MHNC 13872):
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FB8BF55F1B02FB89" bold="true" box="[1081,1094,1075,1093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">A</emphasis>
|
|
, stereophotographs of occlusal view;
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FACCF55F1ACFFB89" bold="true" box="[1406,1419,1075,1093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">B</emphasis>
|
|
, the same in lateral view;
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FE80F5261E04FB90" bold="true" box="[306,320,1098,1116]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">C</emphasis>
|
|
, the same in medial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEA1E09FF29F5FA1D1CF9E3" blockId="13.[132,776,1174,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">
|
|
However, the two specimens differ in their size and the new specimen described here is distinctly smaller than the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEA1E09FD19F5DA1C4CFB1C" box="[683,776,1206,1232]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
(
|
|
<tableCitation id="EC310318FFEA1E09FF3FF5BA1F9FFB3C" box="[141,219,1238,1264]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,221,239]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Proportions of p4 and m1 in the holotype and in the new specimen of Simoclaenus sylvaticus (in mm)." pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
|
). As a matter of fact, the p4 and m1 of the new specimen are in average 10% smaller than those of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEA1E09FD1AF5991C43FAC3" box="[680,775,1269,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
(mean of the four ratios of
|
|
<tableCitation id="EC310318FFEA1E09FE2BF4791EA3FAFC" box="[409,487,1301,1328]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,221,239]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Proportions of p4 and m1 in the holotype and in the new specimen of Simoclaenus sylvaticus (in mm)." pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
|
). Although significant, this difference could be interpreted as related to individual size variation. The other large “condylarth” to which this specimen could be related is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FECAF4191D74FA43" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[376,560,1397,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FECAF4191D74FA43" box="[376,560,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, although this taxon is clearly smaller than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FECEF4F91D20FA63" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[380,612,1429,1455]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FECEF4F91D20FA63" box="[380,612,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, the p4 observed on the mandible of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FE54F4DA1D10FA03" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[486,596,1462,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FE54F4DA1D10FA03" box="[486,596,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">M. suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
described above (
|
|
<figureCitation id="39882A26FFEA1E09FF3FF4B91F9AFA23" box="[141,222,1493,1519]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1987,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,215,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[745,1318,763,1314]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Partial left mandible of Molinodus suarezi (MHNC 13867) bearing p3-m3: A, stereophotographs of the occlusal view; B, lingual view; C, labial view. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699902/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
|
) is so different from that of MHNC 13872 that we rather favor a strong individual size variation in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FD3EF4991C43F9C3" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[652,775,1525,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FD3EF4991C43F9C3" box="[652,775,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">S. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
than morphological variation in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FE51F7791D15F9E2" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[483,593,1557,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FE51F7791D15F9E2" box="[483,593,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">M. suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEA1E09FF29F7591BD2FAA3" blockId="13.[132,776,1174,2030]" lastBlockId="13.[813,1456,1174,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">
|
|
A well-preserved lateral ascending process of a right maxilla (MHNC 13868) is referred to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FE6DF7381D8CF9A2" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[479,712,1620,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FE6DF7381D8CF9A2" box="[479,712,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This specimen bears the root of the canine and the four premolars, which were unknown for this taxon (
|
|
<figureCitation id="39882A26FFEA1E09FDF6F7F81DC6F962" box="[580,642,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1987,2005]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,215,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[697,1268,780,1348]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-4. (MHNC 13868): A, stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, the same in medial view; C, the same in lateral view, with tentative interpretations of bony sutures (see text). Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699914/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
|
). The upper premolars of MHNC 13868 are only slightly larger than those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FF54F7B81EECF922" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[230,424,1748,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FF54F7B81EECF922" box="[230,424,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFEA1E09FDF6F7B81FBDF8C3" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." pageId="13" pageNumber="852" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli (2000: 59)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, but this difference could be interpreted as related to individual variation in size. The major criterion that convinced us to relate this specimen to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FDB6F6581D3AF881" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[516,638,1843,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FDB6F6581D3AF881" box="[516,638,1843,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">S. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the size of the canine. Although the crown of that tooth is not preserved the section of the root at the level of the alveolar border is relevant to its size. It is noteworthy that no upper canine is known for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FF49F6D81E2CF801" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[251,360,1972,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FF49F6D81E2CF801" box="[251,360,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">M. suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. We therefore compared the section of the upper canine of MHNC 13868 to that of the lower canine of MHNC 13883. Because the Tiupampa kollpaniines are relatively unspecialized, it is hypothesized that the width and length (at the level of the alveolar plane) of the upper and lower canines did not differ significantly even if generally the upper canines are slightly larger than the lowers. This remains an assumption, as no kollpaniine has ever been documented by both upper and lower canines.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEA1E09FCF1F41A1A28F902" blockId="13.[813,1456,1174,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">
|
|
Here, the upper canine of MHNC 13868 (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FAA3F4191ACBFA43" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1297,1423,1397,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FAA3F4191ACBFA43" box="[1297,1423,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) is 87% longer and 55% wider than the lower canine of MHNC 13883 (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FC31F4D91CB5FA03" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[899,1009,1461,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FC31F4D91CB5FA03" box="[899,1009,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Molinodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) (
|
|
<tableCitation id="EC310318FFEA1E09FBB9F4D91B18FA03" box="[1035,1116,1461,1487]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,520,538]" captionText="TABLE 3. — Proportions (in mm) at alveolar border of the upper canine of S. sylvaticus as compared to the lower canine of M. suarezi." pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
|
). Even taking into account the approximation in comparing upper and lower canines, such a size difference is highly significant and we regard as unlikely that the two canines could belong to the same taxon of kollpaniine. We therefore, tentatively refer MHNC 13868 to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FC9FF7391CE3F9A2" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[813,935,1620,1647]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FC9FF7391CE3F9A2" box="[813,935,1620,1647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">S. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
rather than to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FBFEF7391BFDF9A2" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1100,1209,1621,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FBFEF7391BFDF9A2" box="[1100,1209,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">M. suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Furthermore, the size difference between the P4 and M1 of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFEA1E09FB5DF7181A0AF942" box="[1263,1358,1652,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FAC0F7191C30F962" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FAC0F7191C30F962" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">S. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and referred specimen described here could be related to sexual dimorphism in this species as evoked above.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFEA1E0BFCF1F7B81C43FB5C" blockId="13.[813,1456,1174,2030]" lastBlockId="15.[132,776,982,2030]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="854" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">
|
|
The premolars are well preserved and bear very reduced dental wear. The size of P3 and P4 is slightly larger than the equivalent teeth in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FBB2F6781B87F8E1" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1024,1219,1812,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FBB2F6781B87F8E1" box="[1024,1219,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which are known on one specimen only (MHNC 1247) (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFEA1E09FB5EF65F1CCBF8A2" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." pageId="13" pageNumber="852" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli 2000: 58</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) (
|
|
<tableCitation id="EC310318FFEA1E09FC15F63F1CB2F8A2" box="[935,1014,1875,1902]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,903,921]" captionText="TABLE 4. — Proportions (in mm) of the P3 and P4 of S. sylvaticus and M. suarezi." pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
|
). P1 and P2 are unknown for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FA88F6381AECF8A1" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1338,1448,1876,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FA88F6381AECF8A1" box="[1338,1448,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">M. suarezi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although this size difference is moderate (
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FB4AF6181A4EF841" box="[1272,1290,1908,1933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">c.</emphasis>
|
|
10%), because of the large size of the canine, we rather refer this specimen to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFEA1E09FCFBF6DF1B70F801" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[841,1076,1971,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFEA1E09FCFBF6DF1B70F801" box="[841,1076,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="852">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Furthermore, the anteroposterior length of the upper premolar row of MHNC 13868 (
|
|
<quantity id="664B9B46FFEA1E0BFADFF6BF1FF7FC3D" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="854" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.131" pageId="13" pageNumber="852" unit="mm" value="11.31">11.31 mm</quantity>
|
|
) is only slightly smaller than the lower premolar row of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFE81E0BFF7FF29A1E74FBDC" box="[205,304,1014,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE81E0BFEE7F29B1E91FBDC" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[341,469,1014,1041]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE81E0BFEE7F29B1E91FBDC" box="[341,469,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">S. sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<quantity id="664B9B46FFE81E0BFE57F29B1D24FBDD" box="[485,608,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.197" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" unit="mm" value="11.97">11.97 mm</quantity>
|
|
), on which the alveoli of p1-3 and the p4 are preserved. Therefore, the mesiodistal length of the upper premolar row of the new specimen (MHNC 13868) correctly matches the length of the lower premolars row of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFE81E0BFE54F51A1D0DFB5C" box="[486,585,1142,1168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
(MHNC 8348).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="F5CC662BFFE91E0AFF36F6AF1B77F827" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699914" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699914/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="853" startId="14.[132,143,1987,2005]" targetBox="[131,1456,215,1915]" targetPageId="14">
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFE91E0AFF36F6AF1B77F827" blockId="14.[132,1456,1987,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="853">
|
|
FIG. 8. —
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE91E0AFF64F6AF1ED3F819" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[214,407,1987,2005]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="14" pageNumber="853" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE91E0AFF64F6AF1ED3F819" box="[214,407,1987,2005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="853">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: partial right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-4. (MHNC 13868):
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE91E0AFC5CF6AF1CBFF819" bold="true" box="[1006,1019,1987,2005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="853">A</emphasis>
|
|
, stereophotograph of occlusal view;
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE91E0AFA86F6AF1A05F819" bold="true" box="[1332,1345,1987,2005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="853">B</emphasis>
|
|
, the same in medial view;
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE91E0AFF43F6B61FBBF820" bold="true" box="[241,255,2010,2028]" pageId="14" pageNumber="853">C</emphasis>
|
|
, the same in lateral view, with tentative interpretations of bony sutures (see text). Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="F5CC662BFFE81E0BFF43F2E31A00FC6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699916" box="[241,1348,911,929]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699916/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" startId="15.[241,252,911,929]" targetBox="[311,1277,215,875]" targetPageId="15">
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFE81E0BFF43F2E31A00FC6D" blockId="15.[241,1348,911,929]" box="[241,1348,911,929]" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">
|
|
FIG. 9. —
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE81E0BFEF3F2E31D44FC6D" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[321,512,911,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE81E0BFEF3F2E31D44FC6D" box="[321,512,911,929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: partial right maxilla with M1-2 (MHNC 13876), stereophotograph of occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFE81E0BFF29F5FA1AEBF821" blockId="15.[132,776,982,2030]" lastBlockId="15.[813,1456,982,2029]" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">
|
|
P1 is peg-like, single-rooted, and compressed transversely. It is implanted vertically in the maxilla as is observed on the alveolus of the p1 of the
|
|
<typeStatus id="7E088801FFE81E0BFE05F5BA1D5DFB3C" box="[439,537,1238,1264]" pageId="15" pageNumber="854" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
(MHNC 8348). This condition suggests a relative shortness of the rostrum and is congruent with the anteroposterior compression of the lower cheek teeth observed on the mandible. It is noteworthy that the p1 of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE81E0BFE92F4391ED5FAA3" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[288,401,1365,1391]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="15" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE81E0BFE92F4391ED5FAA3" box="[288,401,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">Molinodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
described above (MHNC 13883) differs from the condition observed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE81E0BFD95F4191DEDFA43" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[551,681,1397,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="15" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE81E0BFD95F4191DEDFA43" box="[551,681,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in being slightly procumbent, thus suggesting a more elongated rostrum. As preserved, the P1 of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFE81E0BFE4EF4D91D3AFA03" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[508,638,1461,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="15" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFE81E0BFE4EF4D91D3AFA03" box="[508,638,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="854">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
on MHNC 13868 is longer than high and no significant wear facet can be observed at the apex of its crown. In lateral view the tooth is roughly symmetrical anteroposteriorly. A small diastema separates P1 from the canine anteriorly and from P2 posteriorly. P2 is triangular in occlusal view and bears three roots. It is longer than wide. It presents a conspicuous inflation on its distolingual edge, which can be regarded as an incipiently developed protocone (protoconal bulge). The paracone forms most of the tooth and is as high as long. Its mesial edge is wide and blunt whereas its distal edge is thin and forms a sharp crest. The tooth bears no cingulum but a small cusp at the distolabial edge of the paracone could be regarded as a metastyle. This style contacts the anterior edge of P3 and no diastema separates the two teeth. P3 is slightly wider than long, triangular in occlusal view, and bears three roots. The mesial and distal edges are markedly concave, a condition which individualizes a well-developed protocone lingually. This cusp is approximately two thirds the height of the paracone. It is as long as wide. It has a very convex lingual edge and a flat labial aspect. These two edges of the tooth are separated by sharp pre- and postprotocristae, which join the base of the crown at the level of the greatest concavity of the mesial and distal edges of the tooth. Labially the paracone is approximately twice as long as wide. Its mesial edge bears a smooth crest and its distal crest is slightly obliterated by an elongated wear facet, which extends from the apex of the tooth to the posterior base of the paracone. At the mesial angle of the paracone is a marked parastyle. From this cusp, a conspicuous cingulum extends on labial edge of the paracone. At the distal end of the cingulum is a small metastyle. P4 has a pattern similar to that of P3 but it is mesiodistally shorter and transversely wider. Its mesial and distal edges are slightly concave but to a much lesser extent than the condition observed on P3. The paracone is smaller (in height and volume) and the protocone is more voluminous than on the preceding tooth. The pre- and postprotocristae are more developed than on P3 and extend on the anterior and posterior edges of the paracone. The postprotocrista even joins the distolabial angle of the tooth and contacts the postparacrista. The latter bears a narrow wear facet on its mesial two thirds only. The distal end of the postparacrista bears, on its lingual aspect, a hint of inflation, which can be interpreted as an incipient metacone. A tiny inflation on the postprotocrista may also be regarded as an incipient metaconule. On the distal edge of the protocone, is a distinct postcingulum. On its mesial edge the precingulum is weakly developed. On the mesiolabial angle of the tooth the parastyle is more developed than on P3. From this style, a well-developed labial cingulum extends distally until the metastylar angle of P4.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFF71E14FF29F1B51E84FA83" blockId="16.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">
|
|
Little is preserved of the palatal process of the maxilla, but the lateral wall of the rostrum from the anterior edge of the canine to the anterior root of the zygomatic arch is relatively complete and all its edges likely correspond to sutures with adjacent bones except for a small U-shaped-break in the posterodorsal angle (
|
|
<figureCitation id="39882A26FFF71E14FE1CF0151D47FE5F" box="[430,515,377,403]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1987,2005]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,215,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[697,1268,780,1348]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-4. (MHNC 13868): A, stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, the same in medial view; C, the same in lateral view, with tentative interpretations of bony sutures (see text). Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699914/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
|
). The anterodorsal edge of the specimen probably corresponds to the nasal-maxilla suture. Approximately above the P1-P2 embrasure, the edge of the maxilla distinctly protrudes medially. Anterior to this indentation, the suture is apparently anteroposteriorly oriented or slightly oriented anterolaterally. Posterior to it, the suture diverges posterolaterally, thus indicating a widening of the nasals posteriorly, as generally observed in early diverging metatherians and eutherians (e.g., deltatheroidans, pucadelphydans,
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FE50F3F41DC2FD7E" box="[482,646,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Zalambdalestes</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FD27F3F41C44FD7E" box="[661,768,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Kulbeckia</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FF36F3DB1E75FD1D" box="[132,305,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Alcidedorbignya</emphasis>
|
|
). On the posterior limit of the maxilla, as preserved, is a deep groove probably for the articulation of the anterior process of the jugal. This groove (maxillajugal suture) approximately corresponds to the level of the anterior edge of the orbit and the posterior limit of the rostrum, which corresponds to the posterior edge of P4. On the posterodorsal angle of the specimen, in lateral view, is a distinct small notch (dorsal to the breakage notch mentioned above), which was receiving the anterolateral angle of the frontal. If this interpretation is correct, the nasal and lacrimal of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FED9F29A1EA9FBDC" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[363,493,1014,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FED9F29A1EA9FBDC" box="[363,493,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were distinctly separated, which likely represents a crown Placentalia condition (frontal-maxilla suture present) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FE40F55A1D82FB9D" author="MUIZON C. DE & BILLET G. & ARGOT C. & LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F." box="[498,710,1078,1105]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="397 - 634" refId="ref25117" refString="MUIZON C. DE, BILLET G., ARGOT C., LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F. 2015. - Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Eutheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeobiology. Geodiversitas 37 (4): 397 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2015 n 4 a 1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Muizon
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FDE2F55B1DC2FB9C" box="[592,646,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The posterior edge of the maxilla, between this notch and the dorsal end of the jugal groove, likely corresponds to the lacrimal-maxilla suture. Anteriorly, several grooves mark the edge of the maxilla immediately anterior to the canine, which we interpret as the premaxilla-maxilla suture. This suture is almost straight, slightly concave anteriorly, and sub-vertical, forming an angle of approximately 95° with the alveolar plane (
|
|
<figureCitation id="39882A26FFF71E14FEE9F4591EF7FA83" box="[347,435,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1987,2005]" captionTargetBox="[131,1456,215,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[697,1268,780,1348]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-4. (MHNC 13868): A, stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, the same in medial view; C, the same in lateral view, with tentative interpretations of bony sutures (see text). Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699914/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFF71E14FF29F4391FBFF9E2" blockId="16.[132,776,217,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">
|
|
The lateral aspect of the maxilla is markedly elevated and erected, to a greater extent than the condition observed in the pantodont
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FE81F4F91D1CFA63" box="[307,600,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Alcidedorbignya inopinata</emphasis>
|
|
from the same locality (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FF5BF4D91E82FA1C" author="MUIZON C. DE & BILLET G. & ARGOT C. & LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F." box="[233,454,1461,1488]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="397 - 634" refId="ref25117" refString="MUIZON C. DE, BILLET G., ARGOT C., LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F. 2015. - Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Eutheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeobiology. Geodiversitas 37 (4): 397 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2015 n 4 a 1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Muizon
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FEF9F4DA1EC7FA03" box="[331,387,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). This condition apparently resembles that of
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FEF1F4B91D7CFA23" box="[323,568,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Baioconodon nordicum</emphasis>
|
|
(YPM-PU 14234) from the earliest Palaeocene (Puercan) of Mantua lentil of
|
|
<collectingRegion id="6377F841FFF71E14FF36F7781FB3F9E2" box="[132,247,1556,1582]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFF71E14FF29F7581ADBFED8" blockId="16.[132,776,217,2030]" lastBlockId="16.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">
|
|
The anterior opening of the infraorbital canal is
|
|
<quantity id="664B9B46FFF71E14FD11F7591C43F983" box="[675,775,1589,1615]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" unit="mm" value="2.08">2.08 mm</quantity>
|
|
high and located above the mesiolabial root of P3. In this respect
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FF65F7181E1DF942" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[215,345,1652,1678]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FF65F7181E1DF942" box="[215,345,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from the condition in
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FD2FF7191C4CF942" box="[669,776,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Maiorana</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FF0BF7F81E0DF962" box="[185,329,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Baioconodon</emphasis>
|
|
, in which the infraorbital foramen is located more posteriorly, above the mesiolabial root of P4. A condition similar to that of
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FE7BF7B91D77F922" box="[457,563,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Maiorana</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FDDAF7B81DB4F922" box="[616,752,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Baioconodon</emphasis>
|
|
is observed in
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FEB6F7981EA3F8C2" box="[260,487,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Didolodus multicuspis</emphasis>
|
|
(MACN 10690), in which the infraorbital foramen is located above the distal edge of P3 and most of the P4 (Gelfo, personal communication). Anterior to this foramen is a tiny opening located above the anterior root of P2, and which probably represents a nutrient foramen. In its anterior region, the maxilla is not inflated laterally by the canine as is observed in
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FDE0F6DF1C44F801" box="[594,768,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Alcidedorbignya</emphasis>
|
|
, due to the fact that the canine was compressed transversely. This condition particularly resembles the “condylarths” of Mantua lentil of
|
|
<collectingRegion id="6377F841FFF71E14FC5EF1951B1AFEDF" box="[1004,1118,249,275]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FBD8F1951BB0FEDF" box="[1130,1268,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Baioconodon</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FA9FF1961ADDFEDF" box="[1325,1433,250,275]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Maiorana</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFF71E14FCF1F0751B27FA03" blockId="16.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">
|
|
The third specimen referred to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FB2BF0751AC3FEFF" authorityName="Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1177,1415,281,307]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FB2BF0751AC3FEFF" box="[1177,1415,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus sylvaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a partial maxilla with M1-2 (MHNC 13876), (
|
|
<figureCitation id="39882A26FFF71E14FA9FF0551A2AFE9F" box="[1325,1390,313,339]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[241,252,911,929]" captionTargetBox="[311,1277,215,875]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[311,1277,215,875]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with M1-2 (MHNC 13876), stereophotograph of occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699916/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
|
). The M2 perfectly matches the size and morphology of that of MHNC 8348 described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FBD3F0151A3EFE5F" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[1121,1402,377,403]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. The small differences between the two teeth are the presence, in MHNC 13876, of a slightly larger parastyle, a cuspule on the preparaconular crista located between the paraconule and the parastyle and a slight inflation of the lingual end of the precingulum (cuspule?). The M2 of MHNC 13876 has the characteristic asymmetrical morphology observed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FCFDF3341C83FDBE" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[847,967,600,626]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FCFDF3341C83FDBE" box="[847,967,600,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Molinodus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FBB4F3341BD5FDBE" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1030,1169,600,626]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FBB4F3341BD5FDBE" box="[1030,1169,600,626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which the paracone is distinctly more labial than the metacone (
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FA87F3141CFCFD7E" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 2A-C, fig. 14C). This condition is not observed on the M1 of
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FB86F3DB1BECFD1D" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1076,1192,695,721]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FB86F3DB1BECFD1D" box="[1076,1192,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Molinodus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the paracone of which is not shifted labially. The most interesting characteristic of this specimen is in the relative wear stage of the M2 and M1. The M2 has a wear stage approximately similar to that of the M2 of MHNC 8348. In contrast the M1 is totally excavated in its lingual two thirds: the protocone, the protocristae and the conules, the pre-and postcingula, and the trigon basin have disappeared; the only preserved elements of the tooth are the para- and metacones, the styles and the labial cingulum. This wear stage is clearly more advanced than that observed on the M1 of MHNC 8348, in which the protocone and conules are coalescent but still identifiable, the protocristae and the pre-and postcingula are distinctly observable. This stage of wear of M2-1 of MHNC 8348 is comparable to that observed on the maxilla of
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FC7BF5FA1BC8FB7C" authorityName="Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[969,1164,1174,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suarezi">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FC7BF5FA1BC8FB7C" box="[969,1164,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Molinodus suarezi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(MHNC 1247) described by
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FCFCF5DA1B23FB1C" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[846,1127,1206,1232]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. In fact, the extensive wear of the M1 of MHNC 13876 is comparable to the condition that could be observed on a DP4, an interpretation impossible given the fact that the posterior tooth is undoubtedly an M2, which presents the characteristic asymmetrical morphology of that tooth (
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FBEDF4391A22FAA3" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[1119,1382,1365,1391]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Furthermore, the roots of the M1 are long and the lingual root perforates the floor of the orbit, which suggests that it is not a deciduous molar.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A10C36A3FFF71E15FCF1F4B91EEDFEF8" blockId="16.[813,1456,217,2030]" lastBlockId="17.[132,775,217,308]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="856" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">
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In ventral view, laterally to M2, the maxillar process of the zygoma and the anterior border of the orbitotemporal fossa are preserved. The latter is at the level of the apex of the metacone of M2, while it is at the level of the paracone of M3 on the maxilla (MHNC 8348) referred to
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FA83F7381AEBF9A2" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1329,1455,1620,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FA83F7381AEBF9A2" box="[1329,1455,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FCFFF7181B1FF943" author="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L." box="[845,1115,1652,1679]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="47 - 150" refId="ref24838" refString="MUIZON C. DE & CIFELLI R. L. 2000. - The " condylarths " (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22 (1): 47 - 150." type="journal article" year="2000">Muizon & Cifelli (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. In
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<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FB36F7181BB0F942" authorityName="de Muizon & Marshall" authorityYear="1987" box="[1156,1268,1652,1678]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Molinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="859" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FB36F7181BB0F942" box="[1156,1268,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Molinodus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
the anterior edge of the orbitotemporal fossa is at the level of the paracone of M3 and in
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|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FC62F7D81B1EF902" box="[976,1114,1716,1742]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Baioconodon</emphasis>
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(YPM-PU 14234) and
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|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FADEF7D91C1BF922" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Maiorana</emphasis>
|
|
(YPM-PU 16667 and 14171) it is at the level of the metacone of M3. However, this condition is likely to be individually variable since in
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<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FBDEF6781AC1F8E1" box="[1132,1413,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Alcidedorbignya inopinata</emphasis>
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|
out of
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<specimenCount id="B7B5FD2AFFF71E14FCFBF6581C9BF881" box="[841,991,1843,1870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
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|
, in which it can be observed, three of them (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C5224B52FFF71E14FCEFF63F1B74F8A2" author="MUIZON C. DE & BILLET G. & ARGOT C. & LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F." box="[861,1072,1875,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="855" pagination="397 - 634" refId="ref25117" refString="MUIZON C. DE, BILLET G., ARGOT C., LADEVEZE S. & GOUSSARD F. 2015. - Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Eutheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeobiology. Geodiversitas 37 (4): 397 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2015 n 4 a 1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
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Muizon
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FC09F6381CB4F8A1" box="[955,1008,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2015
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
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|
: fig. 10B) have an anterior edge of the orbitotemporal fossa at the level of the metacone of M2, as observed in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66B34D20FFF71E14FC47F6FF1B3CF861" authorityName="de Muizon & Cifelli" authorityYear="2000" box="[1013,1144,1939,1965]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyopsodontidae" genus="Simoclaenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="16" pageNumber="851" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FC47F6FF1B3CF861" box="[1013,1144,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Simoclaenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimen described here. In the other ten specimens, the anterior edge of the fossa is at the level of the paracone of M3. In the
|
|
<emphasis id="93C7EAB1FFF71E14FAB0F6BF1AEBF821" box="[1282,1455,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="855">Alcidedorbignya</emphasis>
|
|
sample the anterior position of M2 is observed in young adults and may be related to the ontogenetic increase of the length of the rostrum.
|
|
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |