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<document id="68D9C5A3A75C6FE6D6DCE7E2222AE63D" ID-CLB-Dataset="33559" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.7537" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e53fb8f2-2a76-4856-b154-1faef6ee81fd" ID-PMC="PMC4205731" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-444-1" ID-PubMed="25349499" ID-ZooBank="FB83BDD3958A456DBFEA9C6C28D3E4D5" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-444-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 444" ModsDocTitle="Shallow-water zoantharians (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Central Indo-Pacific" checkinTime="1451245266514" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reimer, James D., Poliseno, Angelo &amp; Hoeksema, Bert W." docDate="2014" docId="1F3020C22BB86519BDF9BD28FB5065B0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 444: 1-57" docOrigin="ZooKeys 444" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.7537" docTitle="Palythoa heliodiscus Ryland &amp; Lancaster 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFCCA07FFFC4625F1C6AFFB4EC3BFFB7" masterDocTitle="Shallow-water zoantharians (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Central Indo-Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1701385215740" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E928916ABB9188E53A71276936A35345">Shallow-water zoantharians (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Central Indo-Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D11B72F0C1E73ECCE8CD34DB87A6095">Reimer, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="982B94956985E03CABBB3D654FD4F3D5">Poliseno, Angelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59567601A53D34AFA426E43CB62C6726">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="ADEF31D014C40E43998EF3B60518F327">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="2619F333467AF9F1DF59A8C960E47620" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.444.7537</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="429245DA65BAACE4555F46F5C7D3BE00" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-444-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1F3020C22BB86519BDF9BD28FB5065B0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F3020C22BB86519BDF9BD28FB5065B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F3020C22BB86519BDF9BD28FB5065B0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="8F9BEB7150C4F470BAC58B65361DEBB6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="2FBBAE92094568014A5FA5E0EA939864" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Taxon classification Animalia Zoantharia Sphenopidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26ECC4CDF17C24EF6B153A48FBCF6E9E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F4A9C03A4F24216C35EB2C0ACF6F2E9D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
8.
<taxonomicName id="9CCFCD096961C3C367FFA6402CF7087C" ID-CoL="4C87J" authority="Ryland &amp; Lancaster, 2003" authorityName="Ryland &amp; Lancaster" authorityYear="2003" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus (Ryland &amp; Lancaster, 2003)</taxonomicName>
Figures 7, 8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE296C8E0D3CC18CCA1D902DBC88BC88" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph id="DE8C0DC6FD6CCC095FA5F844F153D910" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<pageBreakToken id="B08B61CE87F971D3CF3798971048CF99" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Specimens</pageBreakToken>
examined
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B838E3F4F1255D9BF53CEA87CF855D66" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(n=2). RMNH Coel 40504, Fauna Malesiana Maluku Expedition station MAL.12, north coast near Morela, Ambon, Moluccas (
<geoCoordinate id="217480E24D2D5C19E746E935D3239725" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.55">03°33'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="52F50709ED4CA8D9D0C4BEB03C648C70" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="128.2">128°12'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth = 35 m, collected on November 13, 1996; RMNH Coel. 40513, Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition station 24, south Seri Bay, Ambon, Moluccas (
<geoCoordinate id="654AB3981CFADF3976313B0D5C2C5817" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-3.5805554">03°34'50&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="805A4A36E0C3FA031C23F60EAC0AEBF6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="128.16249">128°09'45&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), depth = 12 m, November 22, 1990.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9CF5D2269C949F45F8F0B18093B1B8EF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="photographic records">
<paragraph id="3B4D830AC52F7AC0CCB772294A699DFD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Photographic records</paragraph>
<paragraph id="108E5A3B4F8F1A9F0AED39B38BD3EBE8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(n=13). Pulau Ular, off Padang, West Sumatra (
<geoCoordinate id="3FE25D91D917F603E7D8FF62AC70208F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-1.1180556">01°07'05&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2A268D875926D7EE449A4B1EDBEB43D5" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.33389">100°20'02&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), December 16, 1996; Pemuteran, West Bali (
<geoCoordinate id="6149E11F2FB0375BA656607F2ACC3B90" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.188889">08°11'20&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A45FD95E86CBBBCF5E648806F04B4857" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="114.84167">114°50'30&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), May 23, 1998; Tulamben, eastern Bali (
<geoCoordinate id="F52F19E97F9F38E07785F5E7A615B61D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-8.273889">08°16'26&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="77AEC4806F10566FCE19ADCBEF59074A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="115.59111">115°35'28&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), July 12, 1997; Nusa Lembongan, Lombok Strait (
<geoCoordinate id="602CE448E060F1EAD9821CEAB03F6777" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-8.666667">08°40'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="052F85F1C2C6A5B0DBBEA7723ADA72B2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="115.433334">115°26'E</geoCoordinate>
), May 29, 1998; west side Pulau Samalona, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi (
<geoCoordinate id="6A0D59A366F423806C39A646D6899E58" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.1236115">05°07'25&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D733FBCE319A4F0092CA921426D1D08A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="119.33611">119°20'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), November, 1984; northwest side Pulau Samalona, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi (
<geoCoordinate id="552041C327D04555E7EF58BA36A5F32B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.1236115">05°07'25&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="1F132726BA81BED36F321A002D298F7B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="119.33611">119°20'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), November 23, 1997; northwest Kudingareng Keke, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi (
<geoCoordinate id="6277393275C277BF20CBC8A6F0E4BF44" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.1041665">05°06'15&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="DFF39CD579208D2257736CCA3E640096" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="119.28611">119°17'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), August 6, 1997; west side Pulau Badi, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi (
<geoCoordinate id="433B0C96DDE0FAB59765049EF75FB91F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-4.9683332">04°58'06&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="468E6B5D7037A6E0639D4070AF3E760E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="119.2825">119°16'57&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), November 1, 1994; REA Wakatobi National Park station WAK.18, southwest Pulau Binongko, Southeast Sulawesi, Wakatobi, Tukang Besi Islands (
<geoCoordinate id="F6EEC905606FA9C71646970CBA223595" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.996667">05°59'48&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AE02F5C2D109BC76F15B6F6C435B46F3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="124.04861">124°02'55&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), May 10, 2003; REA Wakatobi National Park station WAK.22, north channel pass of Karang Koromaha, Southeast Sulawesi, Wakatobi, Tukang Besi Is. (
<geoCoordinate id="96BA016366CCFD15DC7C5CC430538E1B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.7149997">05°42'54&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D19843613FCB753C84FEA9D4D4F037EB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="124.18139">124°10'53&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), May 12, 2003; Fauna Malesiana Maluku Expedition station MAL.12, north coast near Morela, Ambon (
<geoCoordinate id="8DBAC8BFF65C0F4FD520B0A0BE622BF7" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.55">03°33'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="AB8E44CC9508E7F7F787BB6E196FC8EC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="128.2">128°12'E</geoCoordinate>
), November 13-14, 1996; East
<normalizedToken id="3A6BB9BB13089FF1004702F990724D4C" originalValue="Kalimantan–Berau">Kalimantan-Berau</normalizedToken>
Expedition station BER.03, south side of Pulau Derawan, East Kalimantan (
<geoCoordinate id="BE41E1A6A06C28AA5BDD6C1C792BB87E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="2.2841666">02°17'03&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="80E08DA49C0ED84C71B1E6CE032CE7F7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="118.24694">118°14'49&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), October 16, 2003; Christensen Research Institute, Madang, Papua New Guinea (
<geoCoordinate id="142AA282AF254EDC0E813CEC4628F24B" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-5.1583333">05°09'30&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9A1803724E59393FB3FCD571400E88D0" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="145.80278">145°48'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), June 1992.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5F12EEC57ECACE30C278B2D2B6FD801" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="CFDDE7ACB4DA6CB81C6275238E225E91" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C41C4FBC424A2D97428CBFAF77258718" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
This zooxanthellate species was described in detail recently by
<bibRefCitation id="CB74FE198FBDB2ED28F42DEC6BBE60B3" author="Ryland, JS" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="407 - 428" title="Revision for methods separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical west Pacific." url="10.1071/IS02008" volume="17" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. Superficially similar in appearance to
<taxonomicName id="A9989A064B9C9DB5B6A992D16C5B598D" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mutuki" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mutuki">Palythoa mutuki</taxonomicName>
, externally the species can be distinguished by its short tentacles (length &lt;20% of oral disk) and subtidal distribution, compared to primarily intertidal
<taxonomicName id="288034EBE9C55DD3F7E86BF744854F2F" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mutuki" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mutuki">Palythoa mutuki</taxonomicName>
, which also has longer tentacles (~45% of oral disk) (
<bibRefCitation id="6BD62C0B617364A9DA22D1FA790D7C98" author="Ryland, JS" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="407 - 428" title="Revision for methods separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical west Pacific." url="10.1071/IS02008" volume="17" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5383FDB31D59D964C83F1EDFA9EAAD0A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Sizes of specimens agree well with specimens seen in other localities (average polyp heights 11.3 mm and 17.0 mm for each specimen, range 7-20 mm; average width 3.9 mm and 4.4 mm for each specimen, range 3.5-5.5 mm; n=2 specimens of 8 and 5 polyps, respectively). Depth of collected specimens (12 and 35 m) also fits well with the description of this species as primarily subtidal in the original description, and from data in Okinawa, Japan (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="3F23DE9240E112AC9355113E690486BE" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="23 - 29" title="Key to field identification of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids (Order Zoantharia: Suborder Brachycnemina) present in Okinawa." url="10.3755/galaxea.12.23" volume="12" year="2010">Reimer 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0495374EC63556C28CAF056E01C5F4F4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BC30EE837B4071C257A612AF059F19EC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DF44801C8165D97678A2AAD54D1B1C8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Regions recorded in this study (Figure 7). West Bali (4), eastern Bali (5), Spermonde Archipelago (9), Tukang Besi Islands (12), Moluccas (14).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D7C43D62B5C13021ED25F5A27A22CFE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Previous records.
<taxonomicName id="C9981A2BD198F0BA446D8C141D168F5E" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
has been reported from Australia (
<bibRefCitation id="F9C6DC4C14459BEDB5FAD373C93AC9F6" author="Ryland, JS" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="407 - 428" title="Revision for methods separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical west Pacific." url="10.1071/IS02008" volume="17" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and is likely widespread in the Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="132172D4D35776B17EB80DF35D1434E0" author="Ryland, JS" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="407 - 428" title="Revision for methods separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical west Pacific." url="10.1071/IS02008" volume="17" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
and references within), as well as Japan (
<bibRefCitation id="879FDE3429AA954DAF5526A7A91F6102" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="87 - 94" title="Molecular evidence suggesting species in the zoanthid genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) are congeneric." url="10.2108/zsj.23.87" volume="23" year="2006 b">Reimer et al. 2006b</bibRefCitation>
), Palau (
<bibRefCitation id="F6EC651F5C74AA0EFB7552679075785A" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="37 - 44" title="Zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) species of coral reefs in Palau." url="10.1007/s12526-013-0180-5" volume="44" year="2014 a">Reimer et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
), while
<taxonomicName id="64FE14BC18D34D36025E90D6806395AB" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa toxica" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toxica">Palythoa toxica</taxonomicName>
Walsh &amp; Bowers, 1971 has been reported from
<normalizedToken id="6C0DE383B147DDF535F18EF93120AEDE" originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="84133E7DFC056A5111300560147CC951" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="98495A869199AF967B5C3D51133C6974" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DCDFB670AFD845B614AC0D2D39D81CF8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
We have identified all specimens here as
<normalizedToken id="B1FCFFA547720FF1119E025495E84739" originalValue="“cf.”">&quot;cf.&quot;</normalizedToken>
as in situ images (Figure 8) there are two different morphotypes. One morphotype matches with
<taxonomicName id="6171D5AA16CC0A0977E8E374D4347A32" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
, with a brown oral disk with no patterns (Figures 8A, B), while the other
<normalizedToken id="83F580A94A8D34BC6F587F6ACE5FEB88" originalValue="morphotype’s">morphotype's</normalizedToken>
polyps have either green or purple oral disks with various semi-irregular patterns, as well as blue/gray or light orange tentacles (Figures 8C, D). Based on data from Okinawa and Australia, both of these morphotypes are almost identical asides from the oral disk coloration and small but consistent differences in
<normalizedToken id="65CEDE61029446EEDAB45246ED6ADFCE" originalValue="ITS–rDNA">ITS-rDNA</normalizedToken>
(T. Nishimura and J.D. Reimer, unpubl. data) that may be either intraspecific or interspecific. Thus, it is still uncertain if the green/purple morphotype is an undescribed species or not (
<bibRefCitation id="DC0B449E387BAA6ABEBFBFFAA6517792" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="37 - 44" title="Zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) species of coral reefs in Palau." url="10.1007/s12526-013-0180-5" volume="44" year="2014 a">Reimer et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D3B2992F146CD4B292A920B0AD4324BF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="1098BB22DB9C0BC192B19A619A27695D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Figure 8. Images of
<taxonomicName id="5BE62A293A5F529A1D30DACE057EC0CC" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
from photographic records in this study. A
<taxonomicName id="0A840702DB8EBA8F0511813211F18EF4" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
at the northwest side of Pulau Samalona, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, November 23, 1997 B
<taxonomicName id="304C8DB2EDD000BDDA22C7F33EA628E3" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
at the south side of Pulau Derawan, East Kalimantan, October 16, 2003 C
<taxonomicName id="69E6875AD9425F3FAB8E9225320B8B5C" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
at REA Wakatobi National Park station WAK.22, north channel pass of Karang Koromaha, Southeast Sulawesi, Wakatobi, Tukang Besi Is., May 12, 2003; and D
<taxonomicName id="D3A0A13190D8949B1DCF18DEE590DFF6" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa cf. heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
at REA Wakatobi National Park station WAK.18, Southwest Pulau Binongko, Southeast Sulawesi, Wakatobi, Tukang Besi Islands, May 10, 2003.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="22B147C7FFA633066BF0EE757AE8745D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Furthermore, the overall morphology of the green/purple morphotype closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="CBCD8DC8725C7CC8EF92B1434BB9849C" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa toxica" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toxica">Palythoa toxica</taxonomicName>
from
<normalizedToken id="5F2202282AB18B4291D30B4E0F76B916" originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
, and whether these Indonesian specimens are
<taxonomicName id="FE77C249B6172FA0A8CA41C0514AF193" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa toxica" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="toxica">Palythoa toxica</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="AAAA62FEE8CF45FABC28D74BB4386F40" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa heliodiscus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="heliodiscus">Palythoa heliodiscus</taxonomicName>
, and if these two species are synonyms needs to be ascertained before any formal description occurs. In situ images and further DNA sequences are therefore needed from future specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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