175 lines
22 KiB
XML
175 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="829E242E42CFB2D2EA0A93CEB7124670" ID-CLB-Dataset="30125" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7392eb62-5d84-4f6a-8c8a-9f4e351a84a7" ID-PMC="PMC5953965" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-755-1" ID-PubMed="29769836" ID-ZooBank="AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-755-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 755" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1525801749154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Onuferko, Thomas M." docDate="2018" docId="176AAD57416F50EC9FD9E8025521C6CA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 755: 1-185" docOrigin="ZooKeys 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" docTitle="Epeolus howardi Mitchell 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="D91DD51C1718C109FF8EFFA6FFF3FF9F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1701379395747" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D916D65D7797930AFCBF93D2C383E496">A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E1F651999AC057633373323B62972D68">Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A2BA399699BA1AC32AF0F925E1FADFB3">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CAC9B22D65AABD65E9CF483828EBED1A">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:url id="67CA7C27F3B5E5AA6D244C450865BFCE">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="F07D232C4CA66A9E94BA36CEA075A7B3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0C2D9E8B7D987762010C342D2C7E2DBC" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="176AAD57416F50EC9FD9E8025521C6CA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:176AAD57416F50EC9FD9E8025521C6CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/176AAD57416F50EC9FD9E8025521C6CA" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="5F344B826628492ED82F5E71F325FCAF" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6A7DF1CCED8D02AA60D9531A8CC4D286" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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26.
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<taxonomicName id="7B9D36C62C20738146C33F05571EE11A" ID-CoL="6FNQW" authority="Mitchell, 1962" authorityName="Mitchell" authorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi Mitchell, 1962</taxonomicName>
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Figs 55, 56
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D033D6118E9F42481235D45A0E1CF1A2" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2398D07ED177F8693D539985AA2D2440" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="8FAD848FCE9C27B8150FF4ECBEB8293C" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi</taxonomicName>
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Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 152: 447 (♀).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="334F33FDDA46DB005B9B9335E93213EE" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F77C46D97EE59716B108F44892300E7B" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3DF44B7C36A9BBF72DBB6AC95EA25D90" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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The following morphological features in combination (excluding any that are specific to the opposite sex of the one being diagnosed) can be used to tell
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<taxonomicName id="39B96F278765550AE1C9F4D2DB121827" lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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apart from all other North American
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<taxonomicName id="74FB106B4436543F0680E85B31993ADB" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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: the axilla is large, with the tip extending as far back as or beyond the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum, dilated laterally, and like the mesoscutellum ferruginous; the mesopleuron is closely (i≤1d) and evenly punctate; the metasomal terga are black; T1 has a distinct, although sometimes medially-interrupted, basal fascia; the mesoscutum and metasomal terga have bands of bright or pale yellow short appressed setae; at least the T1-T3 apical fasciae are distinctly interrupted medially; and the pseudopygidial area of the female is lunate with the apex <2
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<normalizedToken id="8B2B7884F08C72893815B7DEF8C7ED84" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the medial length.
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<taxonomicName id="8B36812CCD888AA368C375074D6FFD41" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi</taxonomicName>
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most closely resembles
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<taxonomicName id="4FC06441640FAE5F4B03A58B2CAF4213" lsidName="E. andriyi" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="andriyi">E. andriyi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="B027166FC2EDDBDBC4DAE13E82160809" lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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, but in
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<taxonomicName id="301108A47E18F3A3E4BB4D02DF7B38C4" lsidName="E. andriyi" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="andriyi">E. andriyi</taxonomicName>
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the axillae are shorter, not extending as far back as the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum, and in
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<taxonomicName id="599391B0A4EA9F1A6ACDC212EED3D631" lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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the mesoscutum and metasomal terga have bands of pale gray to white short appressed setae and T1 is (with few exceptions) ferruginous.
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<taxonomicName id="6A860430114F80DD98E9E955A0E66828" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi</taxonomicName>
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is also similar to
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<taxonomicName id="462412F26C83A6DDFD657F9DB01AAE48" lsidName="E. scutellaris" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="scutellaris">E. scutellaris</taxonomicName>
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, but in
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<taxonomicName id="A1FFD2C950687D2D0FBCF1D8BE5CB4FF" lsidName="E. scutellaris" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" rank="species" species="scutellaris">E. scutellaris</taxonomicName>
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the T1-T3 apical fasciae are complete or only very narrowly interrupted medially, and the pseudopygidial area of the female is lunate with the apex>2
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<normalizedToken id="43A7477F76B86BA77CAFD7A1D830B67B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the medial length.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A546E8DD2C6DC085B601C03E9510ACCB" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="redescription">
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<paragraph id="52DA7371191D2D0D75DAABEE59AE8AC9" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Redescription.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F2342930A4C0E153262F9142A21DE83B" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">FEMALE: Length 8.6 mm; head length 2.2 mm; head width 2.9 mm; fore wing length 6.0 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7168B461D50A2F760A2D57694E1E22B0" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Integument coloration. Black in part, at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, clypeus, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, legs, T1, pygidial plate, and metasomal sterna. Mandible with apex darker than rest of mandible; preapical tooth slightly lighter than mandibular apex. Antenna brown and orange in part. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Mesoscutum reddish brown along lateral margin and with pair of reddish-brown markings near posterior margin between midline and parapsidal line. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black. T1 dark in general, not contrasting strongly with remaining metasomal terga, but reddish brown laterally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7C7960847B4BA490AEC52E96ED039F2" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Pubescence. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Clypeus, upper paraocular and frontal areas, and vertexal area mostly exposed. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white to pale yellow short appressed setae. Mesoscutum with paramedian band. Mesopleuron sparsely hairy, but tomentum moderately dense along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly off white. T1 with discal patch quadrangular and very wide, the basal and apical fasciae only narrowly joined laterally by few sparsely scattered pale hairs. T1-T4 with apical fasciae interrupted medially and narrowed before becoming somewhat broader laterally, T2 with fascia without anterolateral extensions of tomentum. T5 with two patches of pale tomentum lateral to and contacting pseudopygidial area. T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex less than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs not extending beyond apex of sternum by more than 1/4 MOD.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E8B7F95E497CBDF09FDF093782E6A169" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
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Surface sculpture. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger punctures than clypeus, but punctures of both equally dense (i<1d). Upper paraocular area sparsely punctate in part, the interspaces shining. Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate
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<pageBreakToken id="4AFF82CDE4CFF953F63A4E676D0F78D9" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" start="start">mesally</pageBreakToken>
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(i≤1d), less so laterally (i=1-2d). Mesopleuron with denser (i≤1d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (i≤2d), the interspaces shining. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc; the interspaces shining somewhat.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D983278E3D351561FC4D69ED1999A970" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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Structure. Preapical tooth inconspicuous, blunt and obtuse. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Scape with greatest length 1.8
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<normalizedToken id="7363737453F96F4E3528888D412C0802" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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greatest width. F2 noticeably longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.7). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by less than 1 MOD at its terminal. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous. Axilla large, its lateral margin (L) more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.7) and tip extending beyond apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip clearly visible, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 2/5 the medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin arcuate. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C27C5AD2CC62A72B35CD2F720843A427" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">MALE: Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F2 shorter, but still longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.3); S4 and S5 with much longer coppery to silvery subapical hairs; pygidial plate apically rounded, with large deep punctures more or less evenly spaced throughout, with the interspaces shining.</paragraph>
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<caption id="5A1A1D81560A29CC7E1B38BF2F3DBE7B" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<paragraph id="45A4BD90A7588D311D73ADBBEC6A6A76" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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Figure 55.
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<taxonomicName id="E40551E7772C36A8D61B477BF9CAC70F" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi</taxonomicName>
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A female, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female holotype, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6785232DFC480AAFC2DF893C79DAD12" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="C736C4DDC2A8E1E06768D3B90E9997A4" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4555CBCC561DDEC82D1D2BBA0ED8D976" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Mid-Atlantic states to Texas (Fig. 56).</paragraph>
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<caption id="74BD04042CCD55957383739C017B4F35" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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<paragraph id="FB949B01DC32151FF9A97F426876A23F" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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Figure 56. Approximate geographic range of
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<taxonomicName id="FA718344D669801A1841B31C909C2FA7" lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2158B21EEBAD4DE8152F8598C5F3062" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="ecology">
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<paragraph id="9B6608975975D01EB62EFA27325AFF33" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5E5A33FD365B3434CDAF556EAAF8930D" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
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HOST RECORDS: According to
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<bibRefCitation id="8D625365BF24AAA0FE398DE7B8DF0A7F" author="Mitchell, TB" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 557" title="Bees of the eastern United States. Volume II." volume="152" year="1962">Mitchell (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="6B5AA5CA56AABE5A3FFE1FE515A615F0" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Colletes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colletes howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Colletes howardi</taxonomicName>
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Swenk is the suspected host of
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<taxonomicName id="1BD80EA1508E3C9F267B23847540B079" lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="584752E8E351DCDCF5F82ABD22C37E54" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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<pageBreakToken id="9DDD7C637D41D8BC0815B3DA66D611F4" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" start="start">FLORAL</pageBreakToken>
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RECORDS:
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<bibRefCitation id="307FC383FD9010B28C5201884155CCF7" author="Mitchell, TB" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 557" title="Bees of the eastern United States. Volume II." volume="152" year="1962">Mitchell (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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indicated a floral association with
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<taxonomicName id="4696BED10B1240D4EE34FB48EE789EC4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dalea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dalea pinnata" order="Fabales" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">Dalea pinnata</taxonomicName>
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(J.F.Gmel.) Barneby. Labels of examined voucher specimens further indicate associations with
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<taxonomicName id="83AECEAE1076C08661FF686B3BF2C0F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Heterotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="ssp." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heterotheca subaxillaris" order="Asterales" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subspecies" species="subaxillaris" subspecies="latifolia">Heterotheca subaxillaris ssp. latifolia</taxonomicName>
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(Buckley) Semple,
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<taxonomicName id="0D433B7E250EFA960EC3A2FF544A091F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Symphyotrichum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Symphyotrichum drummondii var. texanum" order="Asterales" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="drummondii" variety="texanum">Symphyotrichum drummondii var. texanum</taxonomicName>
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(E.S. Burgess) G.L. Nesom, and
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<taxonomicName id="8CCB07A09B6E7870A6FB9603019312FD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Xanthisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xanthisma texanum" order="Asterales" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="texanum">Xanthisma texanum</taxonomicName>
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DC. (
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<taxonomicName id="E9A400F6D5464B8E0F0C2CA332CFCF5C" family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F8AEBAD3A26DF6D45A4221AE599BC506" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="35B37CDCD420877364E3E4500E3FE696" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A08B00DD3D8D8D6A22FD01D971ED02F4" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
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<taxonomicName id="C7DF291A2A3F89183421A578B097C294" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus howardi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">Epeolus howardi</taxonomicName>
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is a southeastern species that appears to be uncommon, or at least uncommonly collected. In general, there is little morphological variation among examined specimens except in integument coloration; the mesoscutum and mesopleuron range from varying degrees of ferruginous to entirely black, with differences not conforming to any discernable geographic pattern. Based on known records, adults of
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<taxonomicName id="0F36C04B172437EC3EB45DDBF4CC3298" lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
are active in late summer and much of autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B09AFF10DD73166630EF5B3A99BC574D" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="9354FFF0789A1DDA3F495C6D160CB570" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Material studied.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="34D3E8A6DD1AF872A1D123861B458048" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Type material. Primary: USA: North Carolina: Southern Pines, 30.ix.1951, T.B. Mitchell (holotype ♀ [USNM, catalog number: 534046]).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A586D7691B5B3027AC3F8276430859" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D498D63A06826BC101B8B9B0548644C4" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0AA7C8E01E867373B911912457FB0203" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Available. BOLD:ADK0941. Specimens examined and sequenced.-USA: Maryland: Denton (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5FE0C25FD747C3BA1B3DFA643B3C2DE8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="38.9196">38.9196°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8BB54769917DD29B2741AE61ED1A15AE" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-75.8273">75.8273°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (Caroline County), 19.viii.2012, S. Westre (1♂, BIML).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C1B299AE8A451E1E3C4E333E39A56E6F" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C14C1A553B155E0901E06EFCB4FDAEA0" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Non-barcoded material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="384773D4E4C609ADC4D9B6A0C5D6117B" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
USA: Texas: Austin (Travis County), 27.x.1981, J.L. Neff (1♀, CTMI); Brackenridge Field Laboratory (Austin, Travis
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="7966826CB1751ECE06047B7D337F14E5" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" start="start">County</pageBreakToken>
|
||
), 02.xi.1992, J.L. Neff (1♀, CTMI); Brazos County, 24.x.1960, A.H. Alex (1♀, USNM); Dallas, 15.x.??05, F.C. Bishopp (1♀, USNM); Sayersville (Bastrop County), 20.ix.1998, J.L. Neff (1♀, CTMI).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |