391 lines
54 KiB
XML
391 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="7FCD91F5CEB19C2452A9B2AA198B3EF4" ID-CLB-Dataset="34819" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="953ba201-d189-4d18-b7cb-dfceb46900a3" ID-PMC="PMC3187627" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-113-39" ID-PubMed="21976992" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-113-39" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 113" ModsDocTitle="The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz’s land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation" checkinTime="1451250228616" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Murphy, Robert W., Berry, Kristin H., Edwards, Taylor, Leviton, Alan E., Lathrop, Amy & Riedle, J. Daren" docDate="2011" docId="141B7527E9275775FBEA172EC85B1894" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 113: 39-71" docOrigin="ZooKeys 113" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.113.1353" docTitle="Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop & Riedle, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="FFFB155FD763FF9D2C30FF8882076558" masterDocTitle="The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1732854536317" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E4B33C67B0F794100E642CDCA2FC03FE">The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines, Testudinidae) with the description of a new species, and its consequences for conservation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ACF3BA3D4033A4C4E72B493D71C9486A">Murphy, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3897FF14AA3398700DCD24EDADF2E02E">Berry, Kristin H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57694D37D60FCA250AE7942209EE349B">Edwards, Taylor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4DE07A8CE6AAFEEE7F4CAD84F06161D">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4510512D74B379EB4964A278C2BCF2F3">Lathrop, Amy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="42ACF855FD68466CF9A6FC80E52BF2E6">Riedle, J. Daren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CDE23087B55A6B0A6542C23208697806">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="12B872FE13C3C08CB343AE5490EBC622">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1C5B98098FE952C187E5013A40E78465">113</mods:number>
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<treatment id="141B7527E9275775FBEA172EC85B1894" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152030065" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B4A14033-BD75-4D90-BFD0-CA3C76FB17EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/141B7527E9275775FBEA172EC85B1894" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" scope_class="Testudines" scope_family="Testudinidae">
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<subSubSection id="91132F79C602ABC91A4606998CD29C3C" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E67AA2A9A5CE8E601D46FA911738AE9" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<normalizedToken id="5319947DC7DEC20BFF39A1F257FA08BE" originalValue="Morafka’s">Morafka's</normalizedToken>
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Desert Tortoise
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<taxonomicName id="F40E14E267D7097D83382A4F7115D5A0" ID-CoL="3H2LH" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B4A14033-BD75-4D90-BFD0-CA3C76FB17EF" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="348F23BB1E7D7214AE8B1B79D54B3A23" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 915
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="902AD6CE35D75B4EDE8795692FA4F8A5" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6924EAAAFBAAA83CD47F75420EE7A27F" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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||
<taxonomicName id="AC77A4901F233AD6CB0E0737A2EA1ABB" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Xerobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xerobates agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Xerobates agassizii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="C311D3A38D09019389A8F880031CFCE7" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="118 - 123" title="New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
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(partim)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4CF4085175EA25E24116C0AED1ACF216" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="3059C2D773760EFDC66A509D305D90BB" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Testudo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Testudo agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Testudo agassizii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="E1B485D80215F607B16793ECDC182454" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="118 - 123" title="New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
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) (partim). Generic reassignment by
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<bibRefCitation id="09B9FA05C3A90888235E92198427F9EE" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 104" title="Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia. Bulletin of the U. S." volume="1" year="1875">Cope (1875)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EE548FDB408F56313B793C21B22B0E77" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="438C4C741BC307037D8233C3D7C63BE8" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4966AE72EF4E96BAB01A194956F64240" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="118 - 123" title="New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
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) (partim). Generic reassignment by
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<bibRefCitation id="5BB5D7F045D41299F7612CF39A244958" author="Stejneger, L" journalOrPublisher="North American Fauna" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="159 - 228" title="Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species." url="doi: 10.3996/nafa.7.0002" volume="7" year="1893">Stejneger (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="58DC6A9766629684311950E890EBB886" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="848DC2BFE769866CD738B8C6268E8114" genus="Scaptochelys" lsidName="Scaptochelys agassizii" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="agassizii">Scaptochelys agassizii</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="CB707EA03DF54116EDF0D3C087263891" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="118 - 123" title="New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
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) (partim). Generic reassignment by
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<bibRefCitation id="8CC97EA0BE11492EC2283E5448829FEF" author="Bramble, DM" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="852 - 867" title="Scaptochelys: generic revision and evolution of gopher tortoises." volume="1982" year="1982">Bramble (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F0DCBB2C15F21B47D6FC88FCBB97478" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="046810C3E8EC5AB9D45BDDEE6C76A796" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Xerobates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xerobates lepidocephalus" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidocephalus">Xerobates lepidocephalus</taxonomicName>
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Ottley et
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<normalizedToken id="7D5ACAA7C77123821E30710499BF8EF7" originalValue="Velázques">Velazques</normalizedToken>
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Solis 1989. In error by
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<bibRefCitation id="C43D9444AF2C8B775465DBC852F25A73" author="Crumly, CR" journalOrPublisher="Fish and Wildlife Research" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="32 - 36" title="Validity of the tortoise Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velazquez [sic] in Baja California. In: Bury RB, Germano DJ (Eds), Biology of North American Tortoises." volume="13" year="1994">Crumly and Grismer (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1E98DEC1BF3436AF16302356FDA63A66" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">
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<paragraph id="6E907B92C623D66BD94AF449D7AB1B3C" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D0A48099B3C38C0BCE625CF870D8EC4C" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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CAS (California Academy of Sciences) 33867; juvenile from Tucson (approximate location
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<geoCoordinate id="04D69F9C9D46F63E9ECC9E071910E28E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="32.116665">32°7'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C9F4F1BDF3398D8861A1FFE786CFED1C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-110.933334">110°56'W</geoCoordinate>
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, elevation 948 m), Pima County, Arizona, U.S.A, collected on 9 July 1912 by H. Brown and preserved in ethanol.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ADDD17A9C5A3C9C5313618287C2E089A" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph id="6D7B771B55288A67000CF42CFA5E55BC" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0083AAA7FD920064ECA44256FBE64CE1" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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ROM (Royal Ontario Museum) 47501, formerly CAS 13165, an immature tortoise collected by H. Brown from 20 miles (32 km) west of Tucson, (presumably the Roskruge Mountains, Pima County) Arizona, USA (approximate location
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<geoCoordinate id="518E8392B57F61B1CEB926F6EEEC6676" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="32.116665">32°7'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="0B39CC404BA90501720DF5CE6D4241E7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-111.3">111°18'W</geoCoordinate>
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, where tortoises occur today), on 9 March 1908, received at CAS alive on 23 March 1908, and died 8 July 1908; CAS 34263, a juvenile collected by J.R. Slevin in the Catalina Mountains (Santa Catalina Mountains), foothills at west end of mountains, Pima County, Arizona, USA on 15 May 1912 (approximate location
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<geoCoordinate id="6B000335BC341118C214A5632BD4A228" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="32.35">32°21'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="111301B8E372FDCEF54779020B3BFF47" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-110.95">110°57'W</geoCoordinate>
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). Specimens are preserved in ethanol.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="978DCEF0CC089DB394E93E744338581A" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0244A4E07F6D5EE9D99CC4709FE89307" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8DE2ED305DD02F5C31201677E4F523DE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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All of the species of
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<taxonomicName id="0EC7160E2B446422CB0908E5BC7342F7" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gopherus</taxonomicName>
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and their hybrids can be easily diagnosed using molecular data. Morphologically,
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<taxonomicName id="8B75C6B056BCCDF0482866C2C4A3DCF1" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from both
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<taxonomicName id="285D72041716331CB8295AE2C27C9FB9" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus flavomarginatus" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavomarginatus">Gopherus flavomarginatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D89D397B286086ED86B19791C6EB9B65" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus polyphemus" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polyphemus">Gopherus polyphemus</taxonomicName>
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in having relatively smaller front feet. Whereas the distance from the bases of the first to fourth claws is the same on all feet in
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<taxonomicName id="F8AC4CDC9E4DDB411CE309DA5BC013E8" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
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, in the latter two species the distance from the bases of the first and third claws on the forelimb is about the same as the distance between the bases of the first and fourth claws on the hindlimb (
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<bibRefCitation id="3807343680DD498D3C65255E0D526096" author="Auffenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 2" title="Gopherus agassizii." volume="212" year="1978">Auffenberg and Franz 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). The diagnosis of living specimens
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<pageBreakToken id="76C4B0E22841502658CE15BDE5DAF67C" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName id="7C2222978CEA60E87490629CAF7DFA8D" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="AB0B9D9400CD9E2A4656D331120EF8A4" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus berlandieri" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlandieri">Gopherus berlandieri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="19871EDE06E2030BABCE9E72E17F9C56" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
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can be impossible in captive tortoises because of extensive hybridization (
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<bibRefCitation id="B0288B953DCF740EAEEE34CA3210889E" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Management" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="801 - 807" title="Tracing genetic lineages of captive desert tortoises in Arizona." volume="7" year="2010">Edwards et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and because of abnormalities in shell, head and limb integument from poor nutrition (
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<bibRefCitation id="3663685492CB7510A2AE30700722AB59" author="Donoghue, S" editor="Mader, R" journalOrPublisher="Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="251 - 298" title="Nutrition" volumeTitle="Reptile Medicine and Surgery" year="2006">Donoghue 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
). However, in non-hybrid individuals,
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<taxonomicName id="70E975AE31B7818D1C313946B1CFA995" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6E39EBEE762443CCD64E950342D41B8" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus berlandieri" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlandieri">Gopherus berlandieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a rounded snout when viewed from above as opposed to a wedge-shaped snout in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A332E6C4EB102AFB8613FEC53E42C077" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus berlandieri" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlandieri">Gopherus berlandieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C69B42DE44231417E06E68A999B5E5A4" author="Auffenberg, W" journalOrPublisher="Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 2" title="Gopherus agassizii." volume="212" year="1978">Auffenberg and Franz 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FE58CD2410A11DB5E06FB06192DD5D0" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
the gular projections do not normally diverge, and it has a single axillary scale preceding each bridge, yet in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EF3FBEAB4548184FA3ED7AE6063F5BC" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus berlandieri" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlandieri">Gopherus berlandieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
the gular projections often diverge and the axillary scales are often paired. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7CAD0E5ED04F2797728D89E19EECCA6" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A9022029F109AE0E9E688E76FBD4A64" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a relatively narrower shell, shorter gular scutes, shorter projections of the anal scutes and in having a flatter, pear-shaped carapace (Table 1). Ecologically, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="257BF414311756864B6A7935DB470E52" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
|
||
predominantly occurs in valleys and alluvial fan topography,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25BC0DB3244E6D1812C1FCE9A2728C1D" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers slopes and rocky hillsides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC4F317B8B9C9CB21DBD9CBE96272B57" author="Riedle, JD" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="414 - 420" title="Habitat use by desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) on alluvial fans in the Sonoran Desert, south-central Arizona." url="doi: 10.1643/CH-06-010" volume="2008" year="2008">Riedle et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including animals of the isolated population in northwestern Arizona (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DBD3AC67C6EE25C36D1FCC11E7A3BEE5" author="McLuckie, AM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="36 - 44" title="Genetic and morphological assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona." url="doi: 10.2307/1565541" volume="33" year="1999">McLuckie et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="34426535F7BCD5437936ADAF2975F141" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="21ACD9E8E3C34A3E23EBF53FD130828D" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F2DFB8563AF5F3B38D423240CED8757C" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
|
||
A juvenile, with straight-line carapace length at midline (MCL) = 86.5 mm, maximum carapace length is 88.5, curved carapace length from free edge of nuchal scute to that of supracaudal scute = 118 mm, maximum plastron plastron length from tip of gular horn to tip of anal scutes = 86 mm, midline plastron length from gular notch to anal notch = 78 mm, maximum height of shell at 3rd vertebral scute = 40 mm, width at 3rd marginal scute = 64 mm, maximum midbody width = 69, maximum width at 7th marginal scute = 73 mm, and head length from tip of snout to posterior edge of supraoccipital condyle = 25 mm (Figs 8, 12). Eleven marginal scutes present on both right and left edges of carapace. Supracaudal scute single, undivided. Five toenails present on each forelimb, four toenails on each hind limb (Fig. 9). Third nail of each hind limb longer than others. Two enlarged, raised scales present on anterior ventral surface of foreleg of which the ventral-most scale is larger,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6D02FED3759A83C54F5711910EFC8811" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" start="start">more</pageBreakToken>
|
||
protruding than others. Scales on head smooth, asymmetrical, larger anteriorly at snout, becoming much smaller in temporal area (Fig. 12). Areolae and 7 to 8 growth laminae present on all scutes. In alcohol, the color of areolae and adjacent two growth laminae on carapacial scutes (Figs 8, 11) predominantly dark reddish brown grading to reddish black on laminae at or near seams between scutes. Small areas of areolae on 2nd and 3rd vertebral scutes and left 1st costal scute yellowish brown or copper. Color of areolae on plastron light olive brown grading to dark yellowish brown on 2nd through 4th laminae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B12BD1E4BFA7D546E6C662A0FC85952E" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Laminae">Laminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
at and adjacent to the seams dark reddish brown with a few areas of dark red. Head and neck multi-colored (Figs 8, 9, 13): neck and throat very pale yellowish brown and very pale brown. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head darken from parietal to frontal scales (Fig. 12). Skin in the axillary and inguinal areas also lighter in coloration, becoming reddish brown to dark reddish brown on lower limbs and pads of feet (Fig. 10). Nails golden brown at tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E8DF7415A648808D4C89ED19573CBBF7" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="5E900CD37C9D9CA9064E6435F4036A11" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 9. Dorsal view of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7062B67ACB069DF323E049A3BC0A5A7" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="C0C432FD6996E2865337A9CE7DFC3450" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="4E5B1CC377D06F2FE27D68416C3C7BC2" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 10. Ventral view of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50B53D1C00D13B23EBD9F8E45302395C" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8651F8E4A6CAE63939388360E5916D81" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="D47497C84D9690FAD2AE93D1B15917CB" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 11. Anterior view of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F50A0B94DED801CD7FC49278E1CA10C" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="361C6D6A07BED452F87F090A9FC5102C" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="7822E1E608C2136F0E9A465FBEF966D3" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 12. Posterior view of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17C0753C3C427FDBA38F27595D50C2E9" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A05CF83AD9127B6060CF18223A5121EC" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="A44FC74102BF7247B3C097177E15E319" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 13. Detail of head scales of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7C4542952F30BCB28F0C7970EA56569" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1D86353DC0069CE343C29868350B5E5F" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="8AC5264795CF1A57D7918AACE716C6B3" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 14. Right, lateral view of the head of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6D2A8B375A00734273D66714AD079C4" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="2BCC2FC392741C8C503569CE48AEE4E8" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="CD4005DC9E5CA78EC5F5BF97416F638D" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Figure 15. Detailed view of the anal scutes of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49BE57DF1E15DAF0E2F14AA63CAE252D" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS 33867.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4C6413A017D990AED3FC12B5252DBA18" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="coloration of the species in life">
|
||
<paragraph id="035A866A525D391F631BDFCFE7D2A40F" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Coloration of the species in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9044E896990DF45766D6D1568A5487B7" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7A7433CBA7312E8DAF2FD958EA2DBDC" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies considerably by size and age as well as by location. Adult tortoises generally have hues and chromas of the integument in dark colors, e.g., very dark greyish brown, dark brown, very dark brown, olive brown, dark olive brown, reddish brown, dark reddish brown, dark grey, black, and occasionally to rarely xanthic tones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74415CF535D47AEAE7A666F337FA3388" author="GretagMacbeth," journalOrPublisher="GretagMacbeth, New Windsor, New York" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="Munsell ® Soil Color Charts" year="2000">GretagMacbeth 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neonates and young juveniles tend to be bi-colored, with orange to reddish areolae and reddish brown to dark brown laminae. As the juveniles age, they become darker. Coloration of limb scales tends to mirror that of the shell. Based on observations of the authors, the protected skin in axillary and inguinal areas is generally in lighter colors for all sizes and ages of tortoises.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="535B9AAFCD06AE645C46D3AB86B67FF7" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF0301976F736FFE62585527FFCDE750" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B48C718335743106E278BE595040D3C" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Variation in coloration and morphology deserve further research with respect to location, vegetation and soil types, as well as by size, sex, and age of the tortoise. All future studies should include genetic documentation of non-hybrid specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DB5F1BEC522A43FEB1C8F4F142DBEA53" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F3C41F425D4415EB978CCDF639278F51" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E4726F81FB6E2C008F05CE4A3617130" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2515C9E8E251AA8A86FBA82565AC1B05" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs naturally east and south of the Colorado River in Arizona, as well as in Sonora, including Tiburon Island, and Sinaloa on the west side of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69AF594C06E35F225910EC6A638E62BD" author="Berry, KH" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="249 - 262" title="Defining the desert tortoise (s): our first priority for a coherent conservation strategy." volume="4" year="2002">Berry et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species appears to have been recently introduced from Sonora into at least one home in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico as pets, where it successfully reproduced (Patricia Galina, personal communication to RWM). It likely occurs as introduced individuals or populations in North America and possibly elsewhere, although in this case many individuals are likely hybrids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CD9B62F2FAF893657375D0B25597DA8" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
x agassizii.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BC79AFFE680E739F14D8FBFAF15191DC" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="AC705920034C1A0770E8964BAD7AA166" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF5FFEA826B557EED09132511F24EC57" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4467B02033D914FA89457C4B5D2826A0" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in upland habitats in the Sonoran Desert scrub (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3EDB845D88006B9B3F4BFEAD89D41EBE" author="Brown, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="11 - 16" title="A digitized classification system for the biotic communities of North America, with community (series) and association examples for the Southwest" volume="14" year="1979">Brown et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with rocky outcrops and palo verde-saguaro cactus communities and ecotonal desert grasslands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ACE2086F45D6070C3DBE32F12995B246" author="Van Devender, TR" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="3 - 28" title="Natural History of the Sonoran Tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002">Van Devender 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within these habitats,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="021585A41E48359E0D02B809AB4A2D3A" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally found along rocky slopes, or bajadas, of desert mountain ranges, with breeding populations occurring as high as 1,420 m elevation and individual observation records occurring to 2,380 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB070B9D4D986C59CCA73B5AF7557134" author="Flesch, AD" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="240 - 253" title="Herpetofauna of the Rincon Mountains, Arizona." volume="55" year="2010">Flesch et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species typically occupies excavated or eroded burrows underneath rocks or boulders. Consequently, geology and resultant burrow availability among mountain ranges is an important determinant in regulating population density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2EC96B7541A338F815CAE1541A58816C" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="135 - 158" title="Activity and behavior of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 a">Averill-Murray et al. 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="036391049E5ADF2F6AE03A9760AA5088" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="109 - 134" title="Population ecology of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).Low density populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA35E72E95701E4C79FA12AE7781ED47" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occur along alluvial fans and in intermountain valleys, where individuals utilize desert washes and associated caliche caves as shelter sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="895CB448C63FDC2BB680A56368CB6AFE" author="Riedle, JD" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="414 - 420" title="Habitat use by desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) on alluvial fans in the Sonoran Desert, south-central Arizona." url="doi: 10.1643/CH-06-010" volume="2008" year="2008">Riedle et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B6FE9B931ADCB2790F56079F86C322E6" author="Grandmaison, DD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="581 - 590" title="Desert tortoise microhabitat selection on the Florence Military Reservation, south-central Arizona." volume="44" year="2010">Grandmaison et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These peripheral populations provide important genetic linkages between disjunct mountain ranges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6B94B0CA57639B54C682D0E29C302B47" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="Desert tortoise conservation genetics" year="2003">Edwards 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="101ECAC350723A35AF385252F662216A" author="Edwards, T" journalOrPublisher="Conservation Genetics" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="485 - 397" title="Implications of anthropogenic landscape change on inter-population movements of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)." volume="5" year="2004">Edwards et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D560225FDE07E355768E8561DDBA36A" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="65 - 72" title="Regional-scale estimation of density and habitat use of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Arizona." volume="39" year="2005">Averill-Murray and Averill-Murray 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0CD8933DEA09AA5E1B733CF52B116D3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D0249A862DB92F594ED47DD21A29917" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits both a spring (mid-March to May) and a late summer activity period (late July to late September). Activity patterns are rainfall-dependent, with increased activity related to increased precipitation during the late summer monsoons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="796AF5AB5143D6F765D91938A6DD36D8" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="109 - 134" title="Population ecology of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 b">Averill-Murray et al. 2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Monsoonal storms within the range of G.
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="D77078D15C8EAC7100A9BC27537CC704" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" start="start">morafkai</pageBreakToken>
|
||
result from warm season winds pushing tropical moisture northwards from the Pacific Ocean and northern Mexico (Turner and Brown 1994). Female activity begins earlier than male activity in the spring, possibly because females might need to forage to develop shelled eggs before oviposition in June and July (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2166F63C5E32630016B53DFE4AB706C4" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="135 - 158" title="Activity and behavior of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 a">Averill-Murray et al. 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Activity is higher for both sexes during late summer monsoons, with courtship and breeding occurring in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="021F9654B91A2B173BF20AE5C73260E6" originalValue="July–September">July-September</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6864C0C5EB4D8F59F5BE2736ABC6D346" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="109 - 134" title="Population ecology of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 b">Averill-Murray et al. 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females develop ovarian follicles before entering brumation in the fall (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="662DFA3E38C5CAD2ADA2F31D5D7B9E4E" author="Henen, BT" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="Abstracts: 25 th Annual Meeting of the Desert Tortoise Council, April 212 -- 4, 2000" url="http://deserttortoise.org/" year="2000">Henen et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The follicles probably mature in the spring with oviposition shortly afterwards (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47F0C6CA8398B44749810A11308F7AAC" author="Henen, BT" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="Abstracts: 25 th Annual Meeting of the Desert Tortoise Council, April 212 -- 4, 2000" url="http://deserttortoise.org/" year="2000">Henen et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0712414472642F54E15D0B586DA05D74" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="295 - 301" title="Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." volume="4" year="2002">Averill-Murray 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Clutch size ranges from 1-12 eggs with a mean of 5.7 eggs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4E09DC225201EDB8924738423E5711A" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="295 - 301" title="Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." volume="4" year="2002">Averill-Murray 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5E37271FE80C17E56238EC70CD9A9754" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C2604A7BED1C9D35461D3D41F1A76DF" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature at larger sizes (220 mm carapace length) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A678F4CE3CDA18EA333EC56115AEB207" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="295 - 301" title="Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." volume="4" year="2002">Averill-Murray 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D426A005FDD28275522357F9B132313" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(176-190 mm carapace length) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E55B6806199CF72E064699752B13B7A" author="Turner, FB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="93 - 104" title="Egg production by the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in California." volume="42" year="1986">Turner et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1BAE3460B5C73B21542D5AF3658CE2F0" author="Germano, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="918 - 931" title="Growth and age at maturity of North American tortoises in relation to regional climates." volume="72" year="1994 a">Germano 1994a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="27DA9689A945B1CB11AC513061DC7349" author="Karl, AE" journalOrPublisher="University of California, Davis, California" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="Reproductive Strategies, Growth Patterns, and Survivorship of a Long-Lived Herbivore Inhabiting a Temporally Variable Environment" year="1998">Karl 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Clutch sizes between the two species are similar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2D46CFDC576BBD78EACD41488368AE2B" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="295 - 301" title="Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." volume="4" year="2002">Averill-Murray 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="058C3D5FEA9D351DFB543E2DF98DC999" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
only produces 1 clutch every 1-2 yr (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55B100885D0AE36D517C87F9FFF9F04E" author="Averill-Murray, RC" journalOrPublisher="Chelonian Conservation and Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="295 - 301" title="Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." volume="4" year="2002">Averill-Murray 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D453B6922EA5C8032AFD06B2DF1AD2F0" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus agassizii" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agassizii">Gopherus agassizii</taxonomicName>
|
||
may produce 1-3 clutches every year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BED0F9F0C5502FDECB8E3DA229462714" author="Turner, FB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="93 - 104" title="Egg production by the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in California." volume="42" year="1986">Turner et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22605AC86C38222931D70440C9933114" author="Wallis, IR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="394 - 408" title="Egg size and annual egg production by female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii): the importance of food abundance, body size, and date of egg shelling." url="doi: 10.2307/1565636" volume="33" year="1999">Wallis et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Harsher, more arid climates in the Mojave Desert may have led to increased female reproductive investment to offset hatchling and juvenile mortality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE21BB912766DE662FD991B5B95DB5C0" author="Heppell, SS" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="367 - 375" title="Application of life history theory and population model analysis to turtle conservation." volume="1998" year="1998">Heppell 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="831B3EB4D08B68E0ABCAA7EB7191F0DD" author="Hellgren, EC" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1297 - 1310" title="Variation in tortoise life history: demography of Gopherus berlandieri." volume="81" year="2000">Hellgren et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but information is limited for juvenile tortoises of both species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7730325431F362760E62EB386C966D7A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
|
||
Annual survivorship for juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="000CA71414BAA8BC23A0B3984DFEDD17" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
at three sites in Arizona ranged from 0.84 to 0.93 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1AFC9F08772B7B6CF302E47C84DE4AA6" author="Averill-Murray, RC" editor="Van Devender, TR" journalOrPublisher="University of Arizona Press and Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="135 - 158" title="Activity and behavior of the Sonoran desert tortoise in Arizona" volumeTitle="The Sonoran Desert Tortoise: Natural History, Biology, and Conservation" year="2002 a">Averill-Murray et al. 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult survivorship was high (0.89-0.97).
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="46C501A76054242E543098327DE04658" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" start="start">Seasonal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
differences in mortality reflected seasonal differences in activity patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A463C1DD05D75DB14518ABD9BA05E742" author="Riedle, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="164 - 167" title="Seasonal variation in survivorship and mortality of desert tortoises in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." url="doi: 10.1670/08-055.1" volume="44" year="2010">Riedle et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult survivorship was similar between both species (Table 1), although little was determined about hatchling or juvenile survivorship. Primary sources of mortality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13CAE32938E2F71C468678EC5F22BFD9" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus morafkai" order="Cryptodira" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="morafkai">Gopherus morafkai</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Arizona included the following: 1) falls related to steep rocky habitat; 2) being overturned during combat and mating rituals; and 3) predation by mountain lions,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="318C4ADA4F6370D0442949671706223B" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Puma concolor" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">Puma concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A7E8A4FFE718F7ECD0F5374525E5152" author="Riedle, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="164 - 167" title="Seasonal variation in survivorship and mortality of desert tortoises in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona." url="doi: 10.1670/08-055.1" volume="44" year="2010">Riedle et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Prehistorically, Native Americans ate Mojave and Sonoran tortoises (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A4F0F5CDAE22292A19349B9444C7BCA" author="Schneider, JS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of California & Great Basin Anthropology" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="175 - 202" title="The desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) in the prehistory of the southwestern Great Basin and adjacent areas." volume="11" year="1989">Schneider and Everson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and historically, Native Americans and Mexicans hunted the tortoise for food (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA0D67BB751E7AF3DBC2CD2F2BA99DD6" author="Cooper, JG" journalOrPublisher="1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="118 - 123" title="New Californian animals. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (ser." volume="2" year="1861">Cooper 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="63A4848F451C4F1537314D95BF06A6D0" author="Cox, ET" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="1003 - 1004" title="The tortoises of Tucson." volume="15" year="1881">Cox 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although Cooper (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F512AFEDB9E09603D4A2573D05A7FA8" author="Cronise, TF" journalOrPublisher="H. H. Bancroft & Company, San Francisco" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" title="The Natural Wealth of California: Comprising Early History; Geography, Topography, and Scenery; Climate; Agriculture and Commercial Products; Geology, Zoology, and Botany; Mineralogy, Mines, and Mining Processes; Manufactures; Steamship Lines, Railroads, and Commerce; Immigration, Population and Society; Educational Institutions and Literature; Together with a Detailed Description of Each County; its Topography, Scenery, Cities and Towns, Agricultural Advantages, Mineral Resources, and Varied Productions" year="1868">Cronise 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 480; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3007FEE30D97BDEA5B09FEB17D68CF2A" author="True, FW" journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" pagination="434 - 449" title="On the North American land tortoises of the genus Xerobates. Proceedings of the U. S." volume="4" year="1881">True 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) reported that they were "not very well flavored."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B3C4D48B0ECB44872531CCC481D69918" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="ACE5368DB0A1342D4FF3E96B7FF91512" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="79624CB43A29BCA51F09210755585A5D" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The new species is a patronym for the late Professor David Joseph Morafka in recognition of his many contributions to the biology and conservation of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD0790FC8E589B9E5344BB81CFDEBD73" class="Testudines" family="Testudinidae" genus="Gopherus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gopherus" order="Cryptodira" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gopherus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and his unsurpassed way of facilitating research, even among researchers with very different perspectives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |