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<document id="3F98565E60AAC3EE697108164DE9DDD7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.175283" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a350b3ce-2c0e-4d7a-96c6-711a154b3fe6" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="175283" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459804176114" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kottelat, Maurice, Harries, Daniel R. &amp; Proudlove, Graham S." docDate="2007" docId="AB5D87EC2A62BF78FF07FD6BFD3951DA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01393p044.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1393" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Schistura papulifera Kottelat, Harries &amp; Proudlove, 2007, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="5764FF942A63BF70FF90FFF1FFC35217" masterDocTitle="Schistura papulifera, a new species of cave loach from Meghalaya, India (Teleostei: Balitoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698220421767" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="218F91D5D40409FE08B8DCF106D17AA4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="711D1293EECF8ABCF9A774166CB922F9">
<mods:title id="67371E8C1023E27AC81CACE2EF0A7276">Schistura papulifera, a new species of cave loach from Meghalaya, India (Teleostei: Balitoridae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="49F05CE8BB0BC11BF87C689CE0A3B430" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B702AE9E08C8D2C859444EF5EC906C6D">
<mods:roleTerm id="902E54D2D0AB85B5FC6FEE66EA6CD4FE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D0CCA22B4D81079EFBB7B8CE2EF46EF9">Kottelat, Maurice</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="65270CC95BA5C7DACFDC390CBC9CA2C8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D576D69AE637C525107D0283A72FC5E2">
<mods:roleTerm id="3796AA38BD17F07CE72947B594BDC3A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="63DD7A87D88AF8C15DB5B972856A1501">Harries, Daniel R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DA9BABBB02C1E4F6F5024C44F2DEA942" type="personal">
<mods:role id="21260C87FA9DFD349EB9C60DE76EDFB1">
<mods:roleTerm id="9E916E986668A4CC49AB820DE43AB922">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="295BBD9E585EF225ADDBADB74CD0F5D0">Proudlove, Graham S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="88BB4C80BA3C0342EA655D139620EAAF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="255EB087B03B480FD4B8399CA5C87770" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="06B9EA95E71F3DDB8DEB3AC2A604ACB2">
<mods:title id="0332CEB9CC4B61931017CB9411C7602D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="BAE092B2E1F370BDEAFDFD31E3CE22D1">
<mods:date id="8D932C32BCF26B2B5464EA03A2B6CB1D">2007</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="3E5DAFF6BCCE29F8060039E87B560C36" type="volume">
<mods:number id="5FE6330339F2CA441FBBCBC4B9F3606F">1393</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="F62AC797B92B9CB26ABAE52ABA15E45D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="F37B0FA6AEF1C4BAE686ED11D3FB9DA3">35</mods:start>
<mods:end id="57E086F4800735337F15A2C2E60F0F03">44</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="C3281714B87741BB27B3F676D7CAE974">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3B55BFF1E4FC8EDB5C012555DAEA203C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.175283</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C22C1F9D165BC50B357E7EC33EF0A458" type="GBIF-Dataset">a350b3ce-2c0e-4d7a-96c6-711a154b3fe6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="16106C8FD9430CF9D9654537623E91A7" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A376058A58A705AEFFC77102AB59A6AC" type="Zenodo-Dep">175283</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="AB5D87EC2A62BF78FF07FD6BFD3951DA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5663813" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119352664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5663813" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB5D87EC2A62BF78FF07FD6BFD3951DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB5D87EC2A62BF78FF07FD6BFD3951DA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A62BF71FF07FD6BFF2C50C0" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF07FD6BFDED50A3" blockId="1.[151,558,666,727]" box="[151,558,666,692]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="780381962A62BF71FF07FD6BFDED50A3" bold="true" box="[151,558,666,692]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF07FD6BFDED50A3" bold="true" box="[151,558,666,692]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A62BF71FF07FD6BFE4C50A3" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[151,399,666,692]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF07FD6BFE4C50A3" bold="true" box="[151,399,666,692]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0AB357932A62BF71FE0EFD6BFDED50A3" box="[414,558,666,692]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF07FD4CFF2C50C0" blockId="1.[151,558,666,727]" box="[151,239,701,727]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
(
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A62BF71FF0FFD4CFF2050C0" box="[159,227,701,727]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[385,1201,1306,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[385,1201,1306,1847]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Schistura papulifera; India: Meghalaya: Synrang Pamiang system; a, MHNG 2680.074, holotype, 45.1 mm SL; b, CMK 16040, paratype, 48.7 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175284/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A62BF71FF07FCFCFC7D5188" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF07FCFCFC8C5160" blockId="1.[151,1437,781,1167]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF07FCFCFED35130" bold="true" box="[151,272,781,807]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A62BF71FF07FCFCFEC85130" box="[151,267,781,807]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="45E5AE3F2A62BF71FE8EFCFCFEBB5130" box="[286,376,781,807]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">MHNG</collectionCode>
2680.074 (
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A62BF71FD9BFCFCFDB85130" box="[523,635,781,807]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="45.1">45.1 mm</quantity>
SL);
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A62BF71FD5DFCFCFCCD5130" box="[717,782,781,807]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">India</collectingCountry>
: Meghalaya, Maintia Hills, Krem Umsngat entrance (
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A62BF71FF30FCC4FEEC5158" box="[160,303,821,847]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" precision="15" value="25.187222">25º11’14”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A62BF71FED2FCC4FE0C5158" box="[322,463,821,847]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" precision="15" value="92.35083">92°21’03”E</geoCoordinate>
) to Synrang Pamiang cave system (main entrance
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A62BF71FBCAFCC4FB295158" box="[1114,1258,821,847]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" precision="15" value="25.213335">25º12’48”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A62BF71FB6DFCC4FA4D5158" box="[1277,1422,821,847]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" precision="15" value="92.363335">92°21’48”E</geoCoordinate>
); Meghalayan Adventurers Association, Shillong,
<date id="574A103A2A62BF71FD42FCACFC895160" box="[722,842,861,887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" value="1999-02">Feb. 1999</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF56FC74FC7D5188" blockId="1.[151,1437,781,1167]" box="[198,958,901,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF56FC74FEFC5188" bold="true" box="[198,319,901,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A62BF71FF56FC74FEF95188" box="[198,314,901,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
CMK 16040, 1 (
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A62BF71FD97FC74FDB25188" box="[519,625,901,927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.87" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="48.7">48.7 mm</quantity>
SL); same data as
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A62BF71FCDFFC74FC795188" box="[847,954,901,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A62BF71FF56FC5CFB455628" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF56FC5CFB455628" blockId="1.[151,1437,781,1167]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF56FC5CFE8551D0" bold="true" box="[198,326,941,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A62BF71FEC7FC5CFD8B51D1" box="[343,584,941,966]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FEC7FC5CFD8B51D1" box="[343,584,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from all other species of the genus in having the lower half of the head covered by numerous small skin projections and 5 pores in the supratemporal canal of the cephalic lateral­line system. In addition, the body is white, the eyes are vestigial, the lateral line is incomplete (reaching only to vertical above pelvic­fin origin) and there is no axillary pelvic bone.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A62BF73FF56FBBCFD4E5645" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF56FBBCFEC75698" blockId="1.[151,1437,781,1167]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF56FBBCFE9D5670" bold="true" box="[198,350,1101,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Description.</emphasis>
See
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A62BF71FE0EFBBCFDC75670" box="[414,516,1101,1127]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[385,1201,1306,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[385,1201,1306,1847]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Schistura papulifera; India: Meghalaya: Synrang Pamiang system; a, MHNG 2680.074, holotype, 45.1 mm SL; b, CMK 16040, paratype, 48.7 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175284/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Figure 1</figureCitation>
for general appearance and
<tableCitation id="6E7603412A62BF71FCF0FBBCFC795670" box="[864,954,1101,1127]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,153,177]" captionTargetBox="[153,1336,216,1104]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data of holotype (MHNG 2680.074) and paratype (CMK 16040) of Schistura papulifera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/778B66722A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" tableUuid="778B66722A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7">Table 1</tableCitation>
for morphometric data of
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A62BF71FA91FBBCFAAB5670" box="[1281,1384,1101,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A62BF71FF07FB84FEC35698" box="[151,256,1141,1167]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="778B66722A62BF71FF07F8A2FDAB559A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175284/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[385,1201,1306,1846]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A62BF71FF07F8A2FDAB559A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1875,1934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF07F8A2FEDA557C" bold="true" box="[151,281,1875,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A62BF71FEB5F8A5FE3C557C" box="[293,511,1876,1899]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FEB5F8A5FE3C557C" box="[293,511,1876,1899]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; India: Meghalaya: Synrang Pamiang system;
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FC60F8A2FBC7557C" bold="true" box="[1008,1028,1875,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">a,</emphasis>
MHNG 2680.074, holotype, 45.1 mm SL;
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A62BF71FF54F887FF195599" bold="true" box="[196,218,1910,1934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">b,</emphasis>
CMK 16040, paratype, 48.7 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="778B66722A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7" ID-Table-UUID="778B66722A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7" box="[151,1388,153,177]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/778B66722A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[153,1336,216,1104]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF07FF68FAAF52A7" blockId="2.[151,1388,153,177]" box="[151,1388,153,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A61BF72FF07FF68FEC952A6" bold="true" box="[151,266,153,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric data of holotype (MHNG 2680.074) and paratype (CMK 16040) of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A61BF72FB1BFF6BFAA652A6" box="[1163,1381,154,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A61BF72FB1BFF6BFAA652A6" box="[1163,1381,154,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FD4AFF29FB9B5647" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<table id="51F4C45A2A61408FFF09FF29FAFB5647" box="[153,1336,216,1104]" gridcols="3" gridrows="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FF29FAFB52F8" box="[153,1336,216,239]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFF29FCB952F8" box="[623,890,216,239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">holotype</th>
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FF29FAFB52F8" box="[1059,1336,216,239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">paratype</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FEF7FAFB530A" box="[153,1336,262,285]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFEF7FCB9530A" box="[623,890,262,285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">% SL % HL</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FEF7FAFB530A" box="[1059,1336,262,285]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">% SL % HL</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FEC2FAFB535D" box="[153,1336,307,330]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FEC2FE7C535D" box="[153,447,307,330]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Standard length (mm)</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFEC2FCB9535D" box="[623,890,307,330]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">45.1</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FEC2FAFB535D" box="[1059,1336,307,330]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">48.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FE90FAFB536F" box="[153,1336,353,376]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FE90FE7C536F" box="[153,447,353,376]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Total length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFE90FCB9536F" box="[623,890,353,376]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">122.4</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FE90FAFB536F" box="[1059,1336,353,376]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">121.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FE7FFAFB53B2" box="[153,1336,398,421]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FE7FFE7C53B2" box="[153,447,398,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Dorsal head length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFE7FFCB953B2" box="[623,890,398,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">22.4</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FE7FFAFB53B2" box="[1059,1336,398,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">24.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FE4DFAFB53C4" box="[153,1336,444,467]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FE4DFE7C53C4" box="[153,447,444,467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Lateral head length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFE4DFCB953C4" box="[623,890,444,467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">25.9 116</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FE4DFAFB53C4" box="[1059,1336,444,467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">27.1 109</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FE18FAFB5017" box="[153,1336,489,512]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FE18FE7C5017" box="[153,447,489,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Predorsallength</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFE18FCB95017" box="[623,890,489,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">57.0</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FE18FAFB5017" box="[1059,1336,489,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">57.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FDE6FAFB5039" box="[153,1336,535,558]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FDE6FE7C5039" box="[153,447,535,558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Prepelviclength</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFDE6FCB95039" box="[623,890,535,558]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">55.4</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FDE6FAFB5039" box="[1059,1336,535,558]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">56.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FDB5FAFB504C" box="[153,1336,580,603]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FDB5FE7C504C" box="[153,447,580,603]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Pre­anus length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFDB5FCB9504C" box="[623,890,580,603]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">76.3</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FDB5FAFB504C" box="[1059,1336,580,603]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">73.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FD83FAFB509E" box="[153,1336,626,649]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FD83FE7C509E" box="[153,447,626,649]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Preanal length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFD83FCB9509E" box="[623,890,626,649]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">79.8</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FD83FAFB509E" box="[1059,1336,626,649]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">79.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FD6EFAFB50A1" box="[153,1336,671,694]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FD6EFE7C50A1" box="[153,447,671,694]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Head depth</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFD6EFCB950A1" box="[623,890,671,694]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">11.3 50</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FD6EFAFB50A1" box="[1059,1336,671,694]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">11.5 46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FD3CFAFB50F3" box="[153,1336,717,740]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FD3CFE7C50F3" box="[153,447,717,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Body depth (D)</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFD3CFCB950F3" box="[623,890,717,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">13.1</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FD3CFAFB50F3" box="[1059,1336,717,740]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">13.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FD0BFAFB5106" box="[153,1336,762,785]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FD0BFE7C5106" box="[153,447,762,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Depth of caudal peduncle</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFD0BFCB95106" box="[623,890,762,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">10.2</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FD0BFAFB5106" box="[1059,1336,762,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">10.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FCD9FAFB5128" box="[153,1336,808,831]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FCD9FE7C5128" box="[153,447,808,831]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Length of caudal peduncle</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFCD9FCB95128" box="[623,890,808,831]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">14.6</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FCD9FAFB5128" box="[1059,1336,808,831]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">14.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FCA4FAFB517B" box="[153,1336,853,876]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FCA4FE7C517B" box="[153,447,853,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Snout length</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFCA4FCB9517B" box="[623,890,853,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">11.3 50</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FCA4FAFB517B" box="[1059,1336,853,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">13.1 53</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FC72FAFB518D" box="[153,1336,899,922]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FC72FE7C518D" box="[153,447,899,922]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Maximum head width</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFC72FCB9518D" box="[623,890,899,922]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">14.9 66</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FC72FAFB518D" box="[1059,1336,899,922]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">15.0 60</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FC41FAFB51D0" box="[153,1336,944,967]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FC41FE7C51D0" box="[153,447,944,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Body width at dorsal origin</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFC41FCB951D0" box="[623,890,944,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">10.6</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FC41FAFB51D0" box="[1059,1336,944,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FC2FFAFB51E2" box="[153,1336,990,1013]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FC2FFE7C51E2" box="[153,447,990,1013]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Interorbital width</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFC2FFCB951E2" box="[623,890,990,1013]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">9.3 42</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FC2FFAFB51E2" box="[1059,1336,990,1013]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">8.6 35</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FBFAFAFB5635" box="[153,1336,1035,1058]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FBFAFE7C5635" box="[153,447,1035,1058]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Length of pelvic fin</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFBFAFCB95635" box="[623,890,1035,1058]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">17.3</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FBFAFAFB5635" box="[1059,1336,1035,1058]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">15.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A61408FFF09FBC8FAFB5647" box="[153,1336,1081,1104]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<th id="DE155DC42A61408FFF09FBC8FE7C5647" box="[153,447,1081,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Length of pectoral fin</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFDFFFBC8FCB95647" box="[623,890,1081,1104]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">21.1</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A61408FFBB3FBC8FAFB5647" box="[1059,1336,1081,1104]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">18.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF56FB7AFDF25782" blockId="2.[151,1439,1163,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">A moderately elongate nemacheiline loach, with body depth slowly increasing up to a point slightly in front of dorsal­fin origin, then decreasing to caudal­fin origin. Head depressed, body slightly compressed anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Pectoral fin not reaching pelvic­fin base. No axillary pectoral lobe. No axillary pelvic lobe. Pelvic fin not reaching beyond anus; origin under base of first to second branched dorsalfin rays. Distance between anus and anal­fin origin about equal to one­third of snout length. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Ventral and dorsal adipose crests on caudal peduncle, which is 1.4 times longer than deep. Distal margin of dorsal fin convex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF56FA52FD3457AA" blockId="2.[151,1439,1163,2029]" box="[198,759,1443,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
D. 4/8½; A. 3/5­6½; C /9+8/; P. 1/11­12;
<date id="574A103A2A61BF72FD3AFA52FD1657AA" box="[682,725,1443,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">V. 1</date>
/7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF56FA3AFF1D544A" blockId="2.[151,1439,1163,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Body entirely covered by scales, except on belly between pectoral­fin bases. Lateral line incomplete, with about 12 pores, reaching posteriorly to vertical over pelvic­fin origin. Cephalic lateral­line system with 6 supraorbital, 3+12 infraorbital, 9 (? very difficult to count) preoperculo­mandibular, and 5 supratemporal pores.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF56F99AFD265562" blockId="2.[151,1439,1163,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Anterior nostril pierced on anterior side of a long, pointed flap­like tube not reaching eye. Mouth gape about 1.5 times wider than long (
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A61BF72FD8EF962FDA554BA" box="[542,614,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,921,945]" captionTargetBox="[218,1346,197,873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[202,1393,173,885]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schistura papulifera; a, MHNG 2680.074, 45.1 mm SL, mouth; b, CMK 16040, 48.7 mm SL, digestive duct. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175285/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
a). Lips fleshy, covered by small folds and numerous transverse rows of small papillae (possibly unculi). No median incision in upper lip. A median incision in lower lip. Processus dentiformis present. A shallow median concavity in lower jaw. Inner rostral barbel reaching slightly beyond corner of mouth; outer rostral and maxillary barbels reaching beyond half of postorbital length of head. Intestine with a small loop immediately behind (and adjacent to) stomach (
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A61BF72FBCAF8C2FB61555A" box="[1114,1186,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,921,945]" captionTargetBox="[218,1346,197,873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[202,1393,173,885]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schistura papulifera; a, MHNG 2680.074, 45.1 mm SL, mouth; b, CMK 16040, 48.7 mm SL, digestive duct. Scale bars 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175285/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b). Air bladder without free posterior chamber (in dissected
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A61BF72FDFFF8AAFD195562" box="[623,730,1883,1909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A61BF72FF56F872FB8A55FA" blockId="2.[151,1439,1163,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
In both specimens eye vestigial, subcutaneous, and externally appearing as a small diffuse blackish spot, not communicating with outside by a canal. Lower half of head covered by numerous soft skin projections, appearing as bumps or blunt tubercles (
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A61BF72FDF4F822FD6F55FA" box="[612,684,2003,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1196,1220]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,426,1178]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[152,1436,426,1180]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Schistura papulifera; MHNG 2680.074, 45.1 mm SL, closeup view of head in lateral (a), dorsal (b) and ventral (c) view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175286/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). No apparent sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<caption id="778B66722A60BF73FF07FC68FE4951CE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175285/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[218,1346,197,873]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF07FC68FE4951CE" blockId="3.[151,1435,921,985]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF07FC68FED851A6" bold="true" box="[151,283,921,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FEBCFC6BFDCA51A6" box="[300,521,922,945]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FEBCFC6BFDCA51A6" box="[300,521,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FD89FC68FDEE51A6" bold="true" box="[537,557,921,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">a,</emphasis>
MHNG 2680.074, 45.1 mm SL, mouth;
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FC7EFC68FBC751A6" bold="true" box="[1006,1028,921,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">b,</emphasis>
CMK 16040, 48.7 mm SL, digestive duct. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56FBE1FD4E5645" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF56FBE1FE96563D" bold="true" box="[198,341,1040,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Coloration.</emphasis>
Preserved specimens white, with a few scattered flecks of black pigment on dorsal fourth of body. In life, white and appearing eyeless.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A60BF73FF56FB91FECA56B5" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56FB91FECA56B5" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF56FB91FE90566D" bold="true" box="[198,339,1120,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</emphasis>
From the Latin
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FDB0FB91FDB2566E" box="[544,625,1120,1145]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">papula</emphasis>
(a small rounded tumor on skin) and
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FBA6FB91FBAD566E" box="[1078,1134,1120,1145]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ferre</emphasis>
(to bear on oneself). An adjective.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A60BF73FF56FB41FB415565" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56FB41FE56570D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF56FB41FE8356DD" bold="true" box="[198,320,1200,1226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
The shape of the caudal fin appears different in the two specimens, but in the larger one close examination reveals that it has been bitten or mutilated and regenerated, a common observation in cavernicolous benthic fishes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56FAD9FAE75785" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF56FAD9FEB45755" bold="true" box="[198,375,1320,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Relationships.</emphasis>
The Synrang Peninsula cave system is located on the southern slope of the Jaintia Hills and drains southwards to the Meghna River in
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A60BF73FD26FAA1FC80577D" box="[694,835,1360,1386]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
. The Meghna River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, which it joins in the Ganges delta, which constitutes most of the lowlands of
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A60BF73FB03FA89FAE35785" box="[1171,1312,1400,1426]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56FA51FB5D544D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
Although the Ganges delta and adjacent areas are some sort of birthplace for Asian ichthyology, with the founding work of
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A60BF73FEFDFA39FDF657F5" author="Hamilton" box="[365,565,1480,1506]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Hamilton, F. (1822) An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. Constable, Edinburgh, 2 vols., 405 pp., 39 pls." type="book" year="1822">Hamilton (1822)</bibRefCitation>
, our state of knowledge of its fish fauna is extremely frustrating. Despite the steady flow of publications, monographs and other scholarly and popular treatises, we are desperately lacking sound reviews based on large­scale fieldwork and decently preserved material. This explains why discussion of the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FDB0F9B1FD74544E" box="[544,695,1600,1625]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FDB0F9B1FD74544E" box="[544,695,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with surface species can hardly be made.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF73FF56F999FB415565" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A60BF73FF56F999FEB35495" author="Menon" box="[198,368,1640,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the Indian nemacheilines and recorded
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FC2DF999FAE85495" authority="Hora" authorityName="Hora" box="[957,1323,1640,1666]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FC2DF999FB265496" box="[957,1253,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Nemacheilus sikmaiensis</emphasis>
Hora
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FAA7F999FEA154BD" authority="Menon" authorityName="Menon" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barapaniensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FAA7F999FEC554BE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">N. barapaniensis</emphasis>
Menon
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FE0EF961FC4B54BD" authority="Singh and Banarescu" authorityName="Singh and Banarescu" box="[414,904,1680,1706]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FE0EF961FD4754BE" box="[414,644,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">N. reticulofasciatus</emphasis>
Singh and Banarescu
</taxonomicName>
(in
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A60BF73FC2CF961FB5254BD" author="Singh" box="[956,1169,1680,1706]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Singh, A., Sen, N., Banarescu, P. &amp; Nalbant, T. T. (1982) New noemacheiline loaches from India (Pisces, Cobitidae). Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, 23 (1981 [1982]), 201 - 212." type="journal article" year="1982">
Singh
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FB98F961FBFD54BE" box="[1032,1086,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
) from eastern Meghalaya (despite the title of his book, Menon did not examine material from
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A60BF73FC7AF949FBBB54C5" box="[1002,1144,1720,1746]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
).
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FB01F949FA4254C6" box="[1169,1409,1720,1745]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FB01F949FA4254C6" box="[1169,1409,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from them and from all species of nemacheiline loaches by having the lower half of the head covered by small skin projections (vs. no such projections) and 5 pores in the supratemporal canal of the cephalic lateral­line system (vs. 3, except in
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FDF9F8C1FD29555E" box="[617,746,1840,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Yunnanilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FDF9F8C1FD29555E" box="[617,746,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Yunnanilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has 4). Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FBD6F8C1FB1E555E" box="[1094,1245,1840,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FBD6F8C1FB1E555E" box="[1094,1245,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from the epigean species by absence of color pattern and possession of vestigial eyes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A60BF74FF56F871FE7755CB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A60BF74FF56F871FB2E536D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1040,2026]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,378]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FF56F871FE2C558E" ID-CoL="465YM" box="[198,495,1920,1945]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FF56F871FE2C558E" box="[198,495,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Nemacheilus sikmaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A60BF73FD8CF871FD0B558D" author="Menon" box="[540,712,1920,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
was placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A60BF73FC6EF871FBAE558E" ID-CoL="7DJ5" box="[1022,1133,1920,1945]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A60BF73FC6EF871FBAE558E" box="[1022,1133,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A60BF73FB0FF871FA54558D" author="Kottelat" box="[1183,1431,1920,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat (1990: 208)</bibRefCitation>
, who commented that records of the species from outside the Irrawaddy drainage (that is, the Brahmaputra drainage) require confirmation. Although the name appears regularly in the Indian literature, until recently no attempt had been made to critically compare material from the two drainages.
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FBE0FF69FF2752CD" author="Vishwanath" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Vishwanath, W. &amp; Laisram, J. (2001) Fishes of the subfamily Nemacheilinae Regan (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Manipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 98, 197 - 216, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2001">Vishwanath and Laisram (2001)</bibRefCitation>
compared populations from the Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy drainages in Manipur, and concluded that they are conspecific. Besides superficial differences such as the absence of pigmentation pattern and general appearance,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FEBAFEE1FE00533E" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[298,451,272,297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FEBAFEE1FE00533E" box="[298,451,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FD5DFEE1FCB0533E" ID-CoL="465YM" box="[717,883,272,297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FD5DFEE1FCB0533E" box="[717,883,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">S. sikmaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a distinct processus dentiformis (vs. absence), no median incision in upper lip (vs. presence), absence of an axillary pelvic lobe (vs. presence), and an incomplete lateral line reaching about on a vertical through pelvic­fin origin (vs. complete).
</paragraph>
<caption id="778B66722A67BF74FF07FB5DFE8656F1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175286/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[152,1434,426,1178]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A67BF74FF07FB5DFE8656F1" blockId="4.[151,1435,1196,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FF07FB5DFED956D3" bold="true" box="[151,282,1196,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FEBCFB5DFDCB56D4" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[300,520,1196,1219]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FEBCFB5DFDCB56D4" box="[300,520,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; MHNG 2680.074, 45.1 mm SL, closeup view of head in lateral (
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FB4DFB5DFB2956D3" bold="true" box="[1245,1258,1196,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">a</emphasis>
), dorsal (
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FAC5FB5DFAA756D3" bold="true" box="[1365,1380,1196,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">b</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FF60FB3EFF3F56F0" bold="true" box="[240,252,1231,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">c</emphasis>
) view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A67BF74FF56FAEBFAF4545B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1306,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FF56FAEBFD775723" ID-CoL="465S8" authority="Menon 1987" authorityName="Menon" authorityYear="1987" box="[198,692,1306,1332]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barapaniensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FF56FAEBFDCC5724" box="[198,527,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Nemacheilus barapaniensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FD8BFAEBFD775723" author="Menon" box="[539,692,1306,1332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FB9AFAEBFF37574B" ID-CoL="4HJG6" authority="Sen and Nalbant" authorityName="Sen and Nalbant" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FB9AFAEBFAEC5724" box="[1034,1327,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura elongata</emphasis>
Sen and Nalbant
</taxonomicName>
(in
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FEB8FAB3FDC1574B" author="Singh" box="[296,514,1346,1372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Singh, A., Sen, N., Banarescu, P. &amp; Nalbant, T. T. (1982) New noemacheiline loaches from India (Pisces, Cobitidae). Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, 23 (1981 [1982]), 201 - 212." type="journal article" year="1982">
Singh
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FEE7FAB3FE78574C" box="[375,443,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">et al.,</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
) because it is a junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FC2EFAB3FAD3574B" ID-CoL="8LDD" authority="Hora" authorityName="Hora" box="[958,1296,1346,1372]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Aborichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FC2EFAB3FB0B574C" box="[958,1224,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Aborichthys elongatus</emphasis>
Hora
</taxonomicName>
, if both are placed in
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FE9FFA9BFE655794" ID-CoL="5YDX" box="[271,422,1386,1411]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FE9FFA9BFE655794" box="[271,422,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Nemacheilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A67BF74FE52FA9BFE215793" box="[450,482,1386,1412]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">As</collectingCountry>
discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FD1FFA9BFC8A5793" author="Kottelat" box="[655,841,1386,1412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat (1990)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FCC8FA9BFC255794" ID-CoL="LPL" box="[856,998,1386,1411]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Aborichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FCC8FA9BFC255794" box="[856,998,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Aborichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FBB5FA9BFB1B5794" ID-CoL="6Q2R" box="[1061,1240,1386,1411]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FBB5FA9BFB1B5794" box="[1061,1240,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct and valid genera. Even if there are uncertainties about the actual generic position of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FBD9FA63FB1B57BC" ID-CoL="8LDD" box="[1097,1240,1426,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Aborichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FBD9FA63FB1B57BC" box="[1097,1240,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. elongatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in any case it is not a
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FF71FA4BFEBB57C4" ID-CoL="5YDX" box="[225,376,1466,1491]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FF71FA4BFEBB57C4" box="[225,376,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Nemacheilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FDA5FA4BFD2557C3" author="Kottelat" box="[565,742,1466,1492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1984) Revision of the Indonesian and Malaysian loaches of the subfamily Noemacheilinae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 31, 225 - 260." type="journal article" year="1984">Kottelat (1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FD66FA4BFCF657C3" author="Kottelat" box="[758,821,1466,1492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
). Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (art. 59.4), a junior homonym rejected after 1960 (here
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FC7AFA13FACD57EC" ID-CoL="4HJG6" box="[1002,1294,1506,1531]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FC7AFA13FACD57EC" box="[1002,1294,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rejected by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FF07F9FBFEF65433" author="Menon" box="[151,309,1546,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon, 1987</bibRefCitation>
) must be reinstated as valid if it is later considered not congeneric.
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FBC7F9FBFA5E5434" ID-CoL="465S8" box="[1111,1437,1546,1571]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barapaniensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FBC7F9FBFA5E5434" box="[1111,1437,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Nemacheilus barapaniensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
therefore is an objective junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FD08F9C3FC7A545C" ID-CoL="4HJG6" box="[664,953,1586,1611]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FD08F9C3FC7A545C" box="[664,953,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without nomenclatural validity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A67BF74FF56F9ABFE7755CB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1306,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
In the original description of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FDAAF9ABFC375463" ID-CoL="4HJG6" authority="Banarescu and Nalbant" authorityName="Banarescu and Nalbant" box="[570,1012,1626,1652]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FDAAF9ABFD075464" box="[570,708,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. elongata</emphasis>
, Banarescu and Nalbant
</taxonomicName>
(in
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FBBFF9ABFAD35463" author="Singh" box="[1071,1296,1626,1652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Singh, A., Sen, N., Banarescu, P. &amp; Nalbant, T. T. (1982) New noemacheiline loaches from India (Pisces, Cobitidae). Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, 23 (1981 [1982]), 201 - 212." type="journal article" year="1982">Singh et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
) diagnosed
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FF07F973FE89548C" ID-CoL="6Q2R" box="[151,330,1666,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FF07F973FE89548C" box="[151,330,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly by the presence of a free posterior chamber of the air bladder.
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FB26F973FA5F548B" author="Kottelat" box="[1206,1436,1666,1692]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat (1990: 77)</bibRefCitation>
commented that this character alone does not define a lineage as it appears in other nemacheiline species and groups that do not appear closely related to
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FD23F923FCA554FC" ID-CoL="6Q2R" box="[691,870,1746,1771]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FD23F923FCA554FC" box="[691,870,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Physoschistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand, several species share the short, somewhat massive appearance of the
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A67BF74FD31F90BFD175503" box="[673,724,1786,1812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A67BF74FCD0F90BFBB05503" ID-CoL="4662Q" authority="Annandale" authorityName="Annandale" box="[832,1139,1786,1812]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneanus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A67BF74FCD0F90BFC2A5504" box="[832,1001,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. brunneanus</emphasis>
Annandale
</taxonomicName>
, and a particular lip construction which
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A67BF74FEC8F8D3FDFF552B" author="Kottelat" box="[344,572,1826,1852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat (1990: 77)</bibRefCitation>
used to rediagnose the genus. Due to the limited number of specimens available (usually 1 or 2 for each species), it was not possible to dissect individuals of these species to check whether the air­bladder was present. Furthermore, Banarescu and Nalbant do not indicate the number of specimens of each species they checked for this character and what variation they observed. This reduces the usefulness of this character.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A66BF75FF56FF69FD76511D" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A66BF75FF56FF69FD76511D" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
The relatively arched mouth of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FDD2FF69FD1852A6" box="[578,731,152,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FDD2FF69FD1852A6" box="[578,731,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its fleshy lip, especially the fleshy median pads of the lower lip (also with numerous small folds), is similar to that of species of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FC6FFF31FB7152CE" box="[1023,1202,192,217]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FC6FFF31FB7152CE" box="[1023,1202,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Physoschistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we considered the possibility that it might belong to that genus. The air bladder does not have a free posterior chamber in the single dissected specimen, and the general appearance of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FCD1FEE1FC1A533E" box="[833,985,272,297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FCD1FEE1FC1A533E" box="[833,985,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(relatively slender body, with slightly depressed head) differs from that of species placed in
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FC85FEC9FC0B5346" box="[789,968,312,337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Physoschistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FC85FEC9FC0B5346" box="[789,968,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Physoschistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FC65FEC9FB6A5345" author="Kottelat" box="[1013,1193,312,338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat (1990)</bibRefCitation>
(relatively deep and compressed head and body; see photographs in
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FD57FE91FCB0536D" author="Kottelat" box="[711,883,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat, 1990</bibRefCitation>
), and we prefer to retain it in
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB5FFE91FAFD536E" box="[1231,1342,352,377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB5FFE91FAFD536E" box="[1231,1342,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FAC4FE91FF0B53B6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FAC4FE91FF0B53B6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conveniently a catch­all genus within which some lineages can be recognized, but we are still far from a broad general knowledge of its taxonomic diversity. The “genus” is very speciose in hilly areas of southeastern Asia (more than 100 species have been described in the last 15 years;
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FBC1FE29FB3D53E5" author="Kottelat" box="[1105,1278,472,498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kottelat, 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FA9DFE29FA8953E5" author="Kottelat" box="[1293,1354,472,498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (1998) Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FACAFE29FA5B53E5" author="Kottelat" box="[1370,1432,472,498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Kottelat, M. (2001) Fishes of Laos. Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo, 196 pp." type="book" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FF07FDF1FE7E500D" author="Freyhof" box="[151,445,512,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Freyhof, J. &amp; Serov, D. V. (2001) Nemacheiline loaches from Central Vietnam with descriptions of a new genus and 14 new species (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 12, 133 - 191." type="journal article" year="2001">Freyhof and Serov 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FE5BFDF1FD80500D" author="Zhu" box="[459,579,512,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Zhu, S. - Q. (1989) [The loaches of the subfamily Nemacheilinae in China (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae)]. Jiangsu Science and Technology Publishing House, Nanjing, 150 pp." type="book" year="1989">Zhu 1989</bibRefCitation>
), and many more should be expected. In addition, many of the species from the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent are probably polyspecific assemblages. When this area is better surveyed, when better preserved specimens become available, when the species are more critically described, and when the material becomes accessible to the international scientific communities, it will probably be possible to recognize affinities among surface species (across political boundaries), and it could be possible to identify surface species related to
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FD23FD39FC8850F6" box="[691,843,712,737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FD23FD39FC8850F6" box="[691,843,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Today we do not even know which (if any) species occur in the same drainage in Meghalaya.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A66BF75FF56FCE9FC58543D" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A66BF75FF56FCE9FE2556D5" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FF56FCE9FDEA5126" ID-CoL="465XP" box="[198,553,792,817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FF56FCE9FDEA5126" box="[198,553,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Nemacheilus reticulofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FDC2FCE9FD3F5125" author="Menon" box="[594,764,792,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon (1987)</bibRefCitation>
was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FBDFFCE9FF3C514E" ID-CoL="6RBPK" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Mesonoemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FBDFFCE9FF3C514E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Mesonoemacheilus reticulofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FE09FCB1FDB9514E" ID-CoL="62YXP" box="[409,634,832,857]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Mesonoemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FE09FCB1FDB9514E" box="[409,634,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Mesonoemacheilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes species restricted to peninsular
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A66BF75FBCFFCB1FB58514D" box="[1119,1179,832,858]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">India</collectingCountry>
(Kottelat, pers. obs.), and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FF5AFC99FE775196" ID-CoL="6RBPK" box="[202,436,872,898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Mesonoemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciatus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FF5AFC99FF215196" box="[202,226,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FF62FC99FE775196" box="[242,436,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">reticulofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a generally southeast Asian lineage (presently included in
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB68FC99FAA45196" ID-CoL="7DJ5" box="[1272,1383,872,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB68FC99FAA45196" box="[1272,1383,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0AB357932A66BF75FAE0FC99FA525195" box="[1392,1425,872,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) diagnosed by the shape and position of the black spot at the caudal­fin base, the body pigmentation pattern consisting of very thin bars anteriorly, more or less connected at their upper extremities and broad bars posteriorly. This lineage includes, among others,
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FD2BFC11FB6951EE" box="[699,1194,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FD2BFC11FCB651EE" ID-CoL="6XW38" box="[699,885,992,1017]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinciguerrae">S. vinciguerrae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FC14FC11FC3251EE" ID-CoL="4V9RX" box="[900,1009,992,1017]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poculi">S. poculi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB91FC11FB6951EE" ID-CoL="465YM" box="[1025,1194,992,1017]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">S. sikmaiensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Kottelat, in prep.).
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FF07FBF9FE445636" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[151,391,1032,1057]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FF07FBF9FE445636" box="[151,391,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FD1EFBF9FCA15636" ID-CoL="4V9SP" box="[654,866,1032,1057]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FD1EFBF9FCA15636" box="[654,866,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. reticulofasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as figured by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FB84FBF9FB255635" author="Singh" box="[1044,1254,1032,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Singh, A., Sen, N., Banarescu, P. &amp; Nalbant, T. T. (1982) New noemacheiline loaches from India (Pisces, Cobitidae). Travaux du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, 23 (1981 [1982]), 201 - 212." type="journal article" year="1982">
Singh
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FBF0FBF9FB615636" box="[1120,1186,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al.,</emphasis>
1982
</bibRefCitation>
) by the general body shape, the latter having a deeper body, shorter head, and a much stouter caudal peduncle (we have not attempted to quantify these differences as we do not know which body landmarks Singh
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB26FBA9FB315666" box="[1206,1266,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
used for morphometric analyses; the caudal peduncle appears clearly longer than high in their figure, whereas the values in the text suggest the reverse).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A66BF75FF56FB21FC58543D" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
A synopsis of the fish fauna of Meghalaya (
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FD42FB21FC8F56FD" author="Sen" box="[722,844,1232,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Sen, N. (1995) Pisces. In: Anon. (ed.) Zoological Survey of India, State Fauna Series, 4: Fauna of Meghalaya, Part 1. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 483 - 606, pls. 2 + 39 + 12." type="journal article" year="1995">Sen, 1995</bibRefCitation>
) conveys little useful information, except that the following species of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FE1AFB09FE3A5706" ID-CoL="7DJ5" box="[394,505,1272,1297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FE1AFB09FE3A5706" box="[394,505,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are reported from the Jaintia Hills:
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FC06FB09FB595705" ID-CoL="4V9QN" authority="Day" authorityName="Day" box="[918,1178,1272,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multifasciata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FC06FB09FB8F5706" box="[918,1100,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. multifasciata</emphasis>
(Day)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB34FB09FABB5706" ID-CoL="4V9SP" box="[1188,1400,1272,1297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulofasciata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB34FB09FABB5706" box="[1188,1400,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. reticulofasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FA16FB09FEB5572D" ID-CoL="4V9SX" authority="Hamilton" authorityName="Hamilton" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savona">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FA16FB09FF29572E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. savona</emphasis>
(Hamilton)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FE23FAD1FD95572E" ID-CoL="465YM" box="[435,598,1312,1337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FE23FAD1FD95572E" box="[435,598,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. sikmaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FDFCFAD1FCE1572D" author="Rahman" box="[620,802,1312,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Rahman, A. K. A. (1989) Freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Zoological Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 304 pp." type="book" year="1989">Rahman (1989)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the following species of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB25FAD1FAE7572E" ID-CoL="7DJ5" box="[1205,1316,1312,1337]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB25FAD1FAE7572E" box="[1205,1316,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Sylhet District of
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A66BF75FED7FAB9FE135775" box="[327,464,1352,1378]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
(adjacent to eastern Meghalaya and downstream in the Meghna basin):
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FABFFAB9FEDE579D" ID-CoL="79VQW" authority="M'Clelland" authorityName="M'Clelland" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zonata">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FABFFAB9FA5F5776" box="[1327,1436,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. zonata</emphasis>
M'Clelland
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FEBBFA81FDEB579D" ID-CoL="4V9LL" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" box="[299,552,1392,1418]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beavani">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FEBBFA81FE6B579E" box="[299,424,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. beavani</emphasis>
(Günther)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FDA7FA81FD1D579E" ID-CoL="465YM" box="[567,734,1392,1417]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sikmaiensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FDA7FA81FD1D579E" box="[567,734,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. sikmaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FCB5FA81FC5B579E" ID-CoL="4V9SX" box="[805,920,1392,1417]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savona">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FCB5FA81FC5B579E" box="[805,920,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. savona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At this stage, and for reasons mentioned above, it serves no purpose to discuss further how each of these species (assuming they are correctly identified) differs from
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FEFBFA31FDC057CE" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[363,515,1472,1497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FEFBFA31FDC057CE" box="[363,515,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All have a pigmentation pattern and normally developed eyes, and none has the lower half of the head covered by small skin projections and the 5 pores in the supratemporal canal of the cephalic lateral line system, which are diagnostic of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FD6DF9E1FC56543E" ID-CoL="4V9RH" box="[765,917,1552,1577]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FD6DF9E1FC56543E" box="[765,917,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BEE65712A66BF78FF56F9C9FD3951DA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A66BF76FF56F9C9FA87536D" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,2018]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,618]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FF56F9C9FE455445" author="Hora" box="[198,390,1592,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hora, S. L. (1924) Fish of the Siju cave, Garo Hills, Assam. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 27 - 31." type="journal article" year="1924">Hora (1924: 28)</bibRefCitation>
recorded a nemacheiline population from Siju Cave in the Garo Hills (Meghalaya). He later (
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FF4BF991FE4C546D" author="Hora" box="[219,399,1632,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hora, S. K. (1935) Notes on fishes in the Indian Museum. XXIV. Loaches of the genus Nemachilus from eastern Himalayas, with the description of a new species from Burma and Siam. Records of the Indian Museum, 37, 49 - 67, pl. 3." type="journal article" year="1935">Hora, 1935: 63</bibRefCitation>
) identified it as
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FDC0F991FC8F546E" box="[592,844,1632,1657]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Nemacheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beavani">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FDC0F991FC8F546E" box="[592,844,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Nemacheilus beavani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FCF3F991FB8A546D" author="Menon" box="[867,1097,1632,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Menon, A. G. K. (1987) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Pisces. IV Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, x + 259 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1987">Menon (1987: 175)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A66BF75FB58F991FA88546E" box="[1224,1355,1632,1657]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sijuensis">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A66BF75FB58F991FA88546E" box="[1224,1355,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">S. sijuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of material from the entrance to the cave, and stated without further comments that a &quot;specimen found
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A66BF75FF07F941FF3354DD" box="[151,240,1712,1738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1816" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="ft" value="1700.0">1700 ft</quantity>
. from the entrance is uniformly pale in colour&quot;. He examined
<specimenCount id="35F2FD732A66BF75FC4CF941FBAE54DD" box="[988,1133,1712,1738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
from inside the cave, but provided no information on the second one. These are apparently the two specimens described and figured by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A66BF75FF07F8F1FEE9550D" author="Hora" box="[151,298,1792,1818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hora, S. L. (1924) Fish of the Siju cave, Garo Hills, Assam. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 27 - 31." type="journal article" year="1924">Hora (1924)</bibRefCitation>
, who reported that they have remains of a pigmentation pattern. Hora's figures show a fish from outside the cave and one from
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inside with differences in body shape, which suggests that two species might be involved. It has never been discussed and demonstrated that they are conspecific. In fact, the differences in head shape, eye size, etc., which Hora attributed to cave adaptation, might as well be specific characters. It is difficult to comment on the identity of the cave specimens; they seem to be discolored specimens of a surface species, but we have no information on the surface species in the immediate vicinity. Siju Cave (
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A65BF76FF30FF69FEF152A5" box="[160,306,152,178]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="25.350555">25°21’02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A65BF76FEAFFF69FE0852A5" box="[319,459,152,178]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="90.68445">90°41’04&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) is located in the South Garo Hills in the western part of Meghalaya. Siju is over
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A65BF76FF07FF31FF3252CD" box="[151,241,192,218]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="170.0">170 km</quantity>
west of Synrang Pamiang, and the two cave systems lie almost at opposite ends of the band of cavebearing limestone that runs along the southern boundary of the Meghalayan plateau. Given the southern trend of drainage in the area and likely discontinuities in the limestone band, it is unlikely that there can be any hydrological connection between Siju Cave and Synrang Pamiang. It does not seem necessary to elaborate further on the (non­) relationships between the two cave species, especially in the absence of material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A65BF76FF56FE76FAEF507D" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A65BF76FF56FE76FD8C53B6" bold="true" box="[198,591,391,417]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Habitat and field observations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A65BF76FDF3FE79FC9653B6" box="[611,853,392,417]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A65BF76FDF3FE79FC9653B6" box="[611,853,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently known with certainty only from the Krem Synrang Pamiang system, in the Jaintia Hills, eastern Meghalaya (
<figureCitation id="BBCF2A7F2A65BF76FC6AFE41FB8653DD" box="[1018,1093,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1799,1823]" captionTargetBox="[185,1395,674,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1395,674,1774]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. India, Megalaya, showing location of Krem Synrang Pamiang system (black triangle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175287/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The Jaintia Hills lie in the eastern part of the Indian state of Meghalaya. The Synrang Pamiang cave system is located about
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A65BF76FA9EFE29FA8A53E5" box="[1294,1353,472,498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
east of the village of Chiehruphi. This village lies on the NH44 road that connects Sonapur, in the south, to Kliehriat (Jowai), in the north, and is approximately
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A65BF76FD1CFDD9FD0B5055" box="[652,712,552,578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
north of the village of Lumshnong. The entrances of the cave are to the north of the track that connects Chiehruphi to the neighbouring village of Musianglamare.
</paragraph>
<caption id="778B66722A65BF76FF07F8F6FB7D5509" box="[151,1214,1799,1823]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/175287/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[185,1395,674,1774]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A65BF76FF07F8F6FB7D5509" blockId="6.[151,1214,1799,1823]" box="[151,1214,1799,1823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A65BF76FF07F8F6FEDA5508" bold="true" box="[151,281,1799,1823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
India, Megalaya, showing location of Krem Synrang Pamiang system (black triangle).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A65BF77FF56F8A3FE975315" blockId="6.[151,1437,1874,2020]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
Synrang Pamiang is an extensive system, with over
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A65BF76FCD7F8A3FC56557B" box="[839,917,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
of mapped cave passages and five known entrances. The main drain of the system is a large meandering streamway that extends for over
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A65BF76FB69F88BFA885583" box="[1273,1355,1914,1940]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="7.5">7.5 km</quantity>
before issuing to the surface near the Krem Khlieh Trai Lum entrance (
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A65BF76FC0BF853FBEF55AB" box="[923,1068,1954,1980]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="25.173056">25°10’23&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A65BF76FBAAF853FB0955AB" box="[1082,1226,1954,1980]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="92.35555">92°21’20&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
). The water then flows southwards in the basin of the Meghna River, a main tributary of the Brahmaputra in
<collectingCountry id="5BE3766A2A65BF76FB5FF83BFA9F55F3" box="[1231,1372,1994,2020]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
. The cave is in nummulitic Eocene limestone (Lakadong, Lower Sylhet). Exploration and mapping were conducted by the Meghalayan Adventurers Association and various European speleologists in
<date id="574A103A2A64BF77FB73FF31FA5652CD" box="[1251,1429,192,218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" value="1997-02">February 1997</date>
, 1998, and 1999.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FEE1FD7153B5" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
Fish were only observed in a still gour (rimstone) pool with sandy bottom, 1.5
<date id="574A103A2A64BF77FBCDFEE1FB42533D" box="[1117,1153,272,298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
x
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A64BF77FBE3FEE1FB42533D" box="[1139,1153,272,298]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="7.0">7</quantity>
</date>
m,
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A64BF77FB3EFEE1FB19533D" box="[1198,1242,272,298]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
deep. In February, the passage carries no water, but would do so in the wet season (May–October). Up to 20 individuals were seen on each of five trips to the area. They exhibited no response to light, but were disturbed by movements of the water (A. Boycott, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FE41FB43568D" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
Other fauna recorded in Synrang Pamiang included a slug (Pulmonata), a pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones), spiders (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FEDDFE29FDFA53E6" box="[333,569,472,497]" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Heteropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FEDDFE29FDFA53E6" box="[333,569,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Heteropoda robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FDE6FE29FD1253E6" box="[630,721,472,497]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Oonops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FDE6FE29FD1253E6" box="[630,721,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Oonops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), clumps of harvestmen (Opiliones), troglomorphic harvestmen (Opiliones), shrimp (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FD88FDF1FD16500E" box="[536,725,512,537]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Macrobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FD88FDF1FD16500E" box="[536,725,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Macrobrachium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), crabs (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FC17FDF1FBE6500E" box="[903,1061,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Paratelphusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FC17FDF1FBE6500E" box="[903,1061,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Paratelphusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?), woodlice (Oniscoidea,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FF07FDD9FEC55056" box="[151,262,552,577]" class="Malacostraca" family="Philosciidae" genus="Philoscia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FF07FDD9FEC55056" box="[151,262,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Philoscia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?), millipedes (
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FE71FDD9FD095056" box="[481,714,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FE71FDD9FD015056" box="[481,706,552,577]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cambalopsidae" genus="Trachyiulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirostreptida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimus">Trachyiulus mimus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
, springtails (Collembola spp, including a troglomorphic species), brown crickets (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FE32FDA1FD42507D" box="[418,641,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhaphidophoridae</taxonomicName>
), troglomorphic cockroaches, beetles (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FBDEFDA1FB1A507D" box="[1102,1241,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Leiodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cholevidae</taxonomicName>
), flies (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FAA4FDA1FF395085" class="Insecta" family="Mycetophilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mycetophilidae</taxonomicName>
), a gecko (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FE16FD89FDD45085" box="[390,535,632,658]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gekkonidae</taxonomicName>
) and occasional bats (Microchiroptera) (
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A64BF77FB9BFD89FF2F50AD" author="Gebauer" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Gebauer, H. D. (2003) South Asia cave registry. Gebauer, Schwabisch Gmund, Germany." type="book" year="2003">Gebauer, 2003; C. Fischer, pers. comm.</bibRefCitation>
). In general terms this is typical of many other caves in the Jaintia Hills. Spiders of the genus
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FAF8FD51FF3B50F6" class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Heteropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FAF8FD51FF3B50F6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Heteropoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are routinely recorded from the entrance areas of caves, and appear to be present throughout Meghalaya. Darkly pigmented opilionids are often seen in large aggregations on overhanging rocks close to cave entrances, and troglomorphic species are occasionally recorded farther into the caves. Large shrimp (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FAD5FCE9FECB514E" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Macrobrachium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FAD5FCE9FECB514E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Macrobrachium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) appear to be ubiquitous in the pools and streamways of the Jaintia caves. Crabs (
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FB6EFCB1FA5F514E" box="[1278,1436,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Gelechiidae" genus="Paratelphusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FB6EFCB1FA5F514E" box="[1278,1436,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Paratelphusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.?) are common in many caves and build burrows in moist gravel on cave floors. Woodlice are frequently encountered, especially near decaying vegetation deposited by monsoon floods. The millipede
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FA82FC61FF2751C6" class="Diplopoda" family="Cambalopsidae" genus="Trachyiulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirostreptida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FA82FC61FF2751C6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Trachyiulus mimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been noted in most of the caves visited in the Jaintia Hills, and was originally described from Siju Cave in the Garo Hills. Large brown rhaphidophorid crickets are found in most caves. These are yet to be formally identified, but may turn out to be a species of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FCB7FBF9FC105636" box="[807,979,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Rhaphidophoridae" genus="Diestrammena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FCB7FBF9FC105636" box="[807,979,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Diestrammena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from caves in the Jaintia by
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A64BF77FF07FBC1FE96565D" author="Chopard" box="[151,341,1072,1098]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Chopard, L. (1924) On some cavernicolous Orthoptera and Dermaptera from Assam and Burma. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 26, 81 - 92." type="journal article" year="1924">Chopard (1924)</bibRefCitation>
. A troglomorphic cockroach,
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FD2AFBC1FC6B565E" box="[698,936,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Nocticolidae" genus="Spelaeoblatta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FD2AFBC1FC6B565E" box="[698,936,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Spelaeoblatta caeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been described from the Jaintia caves (
<bibRefCitation id="47654B0B2A64BF77FF0FFBA9FE975665" author="Chopard" box="[159,340,1112,1138]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Chopard, L. (1921) On some cavernicolous dermaptera and orthoptera from Assam. Records of the Indian Museum, 22, 511 - 527." type="journal article" year="1921">Chopard, 1921</bibRefCitation>
). Bats are frequently noted in the caves and
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FCF4FBA9FBC25666" box="[868,1025,1112,1137]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FCF4FBA9FBC25666" box="[868,1025,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Hipposideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be a common genus. It seems that the gecko and slug were accidental trogloxenes recorded near an entrance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FB59FBDD56D5" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" box="[198,1054,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
The stomach of the dissected
<typeStatus id="FC4F88582A64BF77FDB2FB59FD4456D5" box="[546,647,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
contained no identifiable remains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FB21FDF25775" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
Simon Brooks (pers. comm.) reports that fishes very similar in appearance to
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FBF5FB21FB3D56FE" box="[1125,1278,1232,1257]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FBF5FB21FB3D56FE" box="[1125,1278,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were seen in another cave, Krem Wah Ryngo, in the Sutnga area
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NE of Krem Synrang Pamiang. Their habitat was similar. They have subsequently been recorded from several other caves in the Sutnga area, and these observations are summarized in Table 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FA81FC4257CD" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
These records refer to observations of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FD1FFA81FCEB579E" box="[655,808,1392,1417]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FD1FFA81FCEB579E" box="[655,808,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or a very similar species of strygobitic nemacheline. The records were made within a day or two of the observations, and the observers were shown photographs of the fish and asked to confirm that it matched their observations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56FA19FB55546D" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
Apart from
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FEC4FA19FD855416" box="[340,582,1512,1537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FEC4FA19FD855416" box="[340,582,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are two other fish taxa that are commonly recorded in the caves.
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FF07F9E1FEF0543E" box="[151,307,1552,1577]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sisoridae" genus="Glyptothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FF07F9E1FEF0543E" box="[151,307,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Glyptothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
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) appear to frequent areas with faster flowing water. A large (
<quantity id="E40C9B1F2A64BF77FB2BF9E1FAE8543D" box="[1211,1323,1552,1578]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30cm</quantity>
) cyprinid is found in larger pools and deep streamways. From photographs, we identify it as a species of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FB68F9C9FADE5446" box="[1272,1309,1592,1617]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Tor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FB68F9C9FADE5446" box="[1272,1309,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FAD7F9C9FF34546E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Neolissochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FAD7F9C9FF34546E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Neolissochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These are often very pale, but have well developed eyes and are epigean fish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A64BF77FF56F979FDC155AD" blockId="7.[151,1439,152,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
During the monsoon season (May to October), Meghalaya is subjected to extremely high rainfall. During February the water levels in the caves are relatively low, but it is evident that many of the lower level passages carry substantial watercourses in the wet season. Vegetation and other flood debris can be found deep within the caves, and many passages contain large gravel pools of standing water.
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A64BF77FB8FF8F1FAD2550E" box="[1055,1297,1792,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A64BF77FB8FF8F1FAD2550E" box="[1055,1297,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Schistura papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typically found in such pools of standing water, rather than in flowing streamways. It appears to be most abundant in areas where the pools are both deep and extensive. It is likely that it retreats to such areas as the onset of the dry season results in falling water levels, and that the larger pools offer the best resources in terms of food and relatively stable oxygen levels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF07FF68FB6452A5" blockId="8.[151,1191,152,178]" box="[151,1191,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A6BBF78FF07FF68FECA52A6" bold="true" box="[151,265,153,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<collectionCode id="45E5AE3F2A6BBF78FF07FF68FF2C52A6" box="[151,239,153,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">TABLE</collectionCode>
2.
</emphasis>
Observation of
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A6BBF78FE2DFF6BFDE152A6" box="[445,546,154,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A6BBF78FE2DFF6BFDE152A6" box="[445,546,154,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Schistura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (probably
<taxonomicName id="E4F44D792A6BBF78FD7AFF6BFCB752A6" box="[746,884,154,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Nemacheilidae" genus="Schistura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papulifera">
<emphasis id="1180EAE82A6BBF78FD7AFF6BFCB752A6" box="[746,884,154,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">S. papulifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in caves in the Sutnga area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FF29FC9D52F8" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" box="[153,862,216,239]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Cave Name Coordinates Date Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FEF7FAB6530A" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" box="[153,1397,262,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Shynrong
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FEF7FDEE530A" box="[407,557,262,285]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.350334">25°21’01.2&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FD13FEF7FD24530A" box="[643,743,262,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2001-02">Feb 2001</date>
In most parts of lower series of passages where pools of
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FED2FA95534F" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Labbit
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE08FED2FDE8532D" box="[408,555,291,314]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.502914">92°30’10.5&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
D. Harries standing water were present. Particularly abundant in large deep canals of standing water. Attracted to meat bait.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FE9FFA475392" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" box="[153,1412,366,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Risang
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FE9FFDEF5392" box="[407,556,366,389]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.331667">25°19’54.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FD13FE9FFD245392" box="[643,743,366,389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2001-02">Feb 2001</date>
Common in pools of standing water in lower series of the
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FE08FE7DFC9A53B4" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" box="[408,857,396,419]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE08FE7DFDE853B4" box="[408,555,396,419]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.49611">92°29’46.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
D. Harries cave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FE48FAB053C7" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" box="[153,1395,441,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Umthloo
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FE48FDEE53C7" box="[407,557,441,464]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.325863">25°19’33.1&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FDCEFE48FD0653C7" box="[606,709,441,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2001-02">Feb 2001</date>
, 2002, Widespread in cave system, very abundant especially in
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FE0AFE26FD2E501C" blockId="8.[153,1428,216,523]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE0AFE26FDEA53F9" box="[410,553,471,494]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.51264">92°30'45.5&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
2003 &amp; 2005 upstream part of cave. D. Harries
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FDD3FCB550D8" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<table id="51F4C45A2A6B408FFF09FDD3FA5750FB" box="[153,1428,546,748]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<tr id="9DC434B82A6B408FFF09FDD3FA575041" box="[153,1428,546,598]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFF09FDD3FE9A5041" box="[153,345,546,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Krem Wah Ryngo</th>
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFE07FDD3FDEE5041" box="[407,557,546,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">25°15’24.6&quot;N 92°29’25.6&quot;E</th>
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFDE4FDD3FD365041" box="[628,757,546,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Feb 2001 T. Chapman</th>
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFCB0FDD3FA575041" box="[800,1428,546,598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">White loaches seen in pools of standing water.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A6B408FFF09FD9CFA5750B6" box="[153,1428,621,673]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFF09FD9CFE9A50B6" box="[153,345,621,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Krem Wah Sapoh</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFE07FD9CFDEE50B6" box="[407,557,621,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">25°17’45.1&quot;N 92°30’05.0&quot;E</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFDE4FD9CFD3650B6" box="[628,757,621,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Feb 2002 D. Hogson</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFCB0FD9CFA5750B6" box="[800,1428,621,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Many white loaches seen.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DC434B82A6B408FFF09FD49FA5750FB" box="[153,1428,696,748]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<th id="DE155DC42A6B408FFF09FD49FE9A50FB" box="[153,345,696,748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Krem Shreih</th>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFE07FD49FDEE50FB" box="[407,557,696,748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">25°16’28.0&quot;N 92°29’57.2&quot;E</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFDE4FD49FD3650FB" box="[628,757,696,748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Feb 2003 R. Williams</td>
<td id="DE155DC42A6B408FFCB0FD49FA5750FB" box="[800,1428,696,748]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Present.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FCF2FD3F5120" blockId="8.[153,1154,771,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Liat Prah
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FCF2FDEF510D" box="[407,556,771,794]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.375418">25°22’31.5&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FD13FCF2FD24510D" box="[643,743,771,794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2003-02">Feb 2003</date>
Uncertain record.
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE08FCD1FDE85120" box="[408,555,800,823]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.5385">92°32’18.6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
N. Robertson
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FCBFFD2E5195" blockId="8.[153,1154,771,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Krang 1
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FCBFFDEF5172" box="[407,556,846,869]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.339306">25°20’21.5&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FD13FCBFFD245172" box="[643,743,846,869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2003-02">Feb 2003</date>
Abundant in pools of streamway.
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE08FC9AFDE85195" box="[408,555,875,898]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.50381">92°30’13.7&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
D. Harries
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FC68FC7F51A7" blockId="8.[153,1154,771,973]" box="[153,956,921,944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Krem Wah
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE07FC68FDEE51A7" box="[407,557,921,944]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="25.34389">25°20’38.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<date id="574A103A2A6BBF78FD13FC68FD2451A7" box="[643,743,921,944]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" value="2003-02">Feb 2003</date>
Photographed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="234B36FA2A6BBF78FF09FC47FD3951DA" blockId="8.[153,1154,771,973]" box="[153,762,950,973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Shyngktat
<geoCoordinate id="46C0503D2A6BBF78FE08FC47FDE851DA" box="[408,555,950,973]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" precision="1" value="92.50711">92°30’25.6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
A. Neumann
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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