treatments-xml/data/DB/52/03/DB5203763BE3F5D0F0C0A401EE906E8A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1485e168-157a-47d4-b9fa-2a21400a28ff" ID-PMC="PMC3800810" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-341-77" ID-PubMed="24146599" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-341-77" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 341" ModsDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico" checkinTime="1451246812539" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gonzalez-Munoz, Ricardo, Simoes, Nuno, Tello-Musi, Jose Luis &amp; Rodriguez, Estefania" docDate="2013" docId="DB5203763BE3F5D0F0C0A401EE906E8A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 341: 77-106" docOrigin="ZooKeys 341" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816" docTitle="Anthopleura pallida Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FFEBA2745B17421B007FDB25C72D5A0A" masterDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1668156630225" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) from coral reefs in the southern Gulf of Mexico</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gonzalez-Munoz, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Simoes, Nuno</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tello-Musi, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rodriguez, Estefania</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>341</mods:number>
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<mods:start>77</mods:start>
<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.341.5816</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-341-77</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048728" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB5203763BE3F5D0F0C0A401EE906E8A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB5203763BE3F5D0F0C0A401EE906E8A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Anthopleura_pallida" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864</taxonomicName>
Figure 4, Table 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Duchassaing, P" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie Royale, Turin" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Supplement au memoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles." year="1864">Duchassaing and Michelotti 1864</bibRefCitation>
: 32-33; Pl. V, fig. 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura (Pallida)" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pallida">Anthopleura Pallida</taxonomicName>
[sic]: 
<bibRefCitation author="Duchassaing, P" journalOrPublisher="Chez Victor Masson et Fils, Paris" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles." year="1870">Duchassaing 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 20.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Gyractis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gyractis pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Gyractis pallida</taxonomicName>
non 
<bibRefCitation author="Boveri, T" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Systematik" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="241 - 253" title="Das Genus Gyractis, eine radial-symmetrische Actinienform." volume="7" year="1893">Boveri 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 251-252.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Actinioides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Actinioides pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Actinioides pallida</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Duerden, JE" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 15" title="The actiniarian family Aliciidae." url="10.1080/00222939708680594" volume="20" year="1897">Duerden 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 453.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Actinoides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Actinoides pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Actinoides pallida</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="551 - 572" title="Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. Anthozoa." volume="10" year="1900">Verrill 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 558.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Bunodactis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bunodactis stelloides subsp. catenulata" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="stelloides" subSpecies="catenulata">Bunodactis stelloides catenulata</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="45 - 348" title="The Bermuda Islands. Part IV. Geology and paleontology, and Part V. An account of the coral reefs." volume="12" year="1905">Verrill 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 263.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
non 
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Kunglia Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 121" title="A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria." volume="1" year="1949">Carlgren, 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 53.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura catenulata" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catenulata">Anthopleura catenulata</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="82">Cairns, den Hartog and Arneson 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 177-178; Pl. 51.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
Alacranes reef (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="22.381666">22°22'54&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-89.68305">89°40'59&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; four specimens).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
Fully expanded oral disc and tentacles 10-19 mm in diameter. Oral disc narrow, smooth, 3-8 mm in diameter, pale green or gray (Figure 4A). Tentacles hexamerously arranged in three cycles (24 in number), smooth, slender, relatively short (to 4-9 mm), tapering distally, inner ones longer than outer ones, contractile, whitish or gray, translucent, oral side with opaque white roundish spots (Figure 4A, B). Fosse well marked (Figure 4E). Column cylindrical, relatively elongate, 3-6 mm in diameter and 6-12 mm in height, with 12 longitudinal rows of verrucae from mid-column to distal margin (Figure 4B, G). Twelve endocoelic marginal projections forming acrorhagi (Figure 4B, E) with holotrichs, basitrichs, microbasic p-mastigophores, and spirocysts. Pedal disc well-developed, 4-8 mm in diameter, slightly wider than column (Figure 4B). Pedal disc and column white to pale green (Figure 4B). Mesenteries hexamerously arranged in 2-3 cycles: only first cycle perfect or first two cycles perfect and third imperfect; same number of mesenteries distally and proximally (12-32 pairs in specimens examined). Only first two cycles fertile (except directives); gonochoric (?), only spermatic cysts observed in specimens examined (Figure 4F). Two pairs of directives each attached to a well-developed siphonoglyph (Figure 4C). Retractor muscles diffuse; parietobasilar muscles well-developed with short mesogleal pennon (Figure 4D). Basilar muscles well-developed (Figure 4H). Marginal sphincter muscle endodermal, weak and diffuse (Figure 4E). Longitudinal muscles of tentacles ectodermal. Cnidom: basitrichs, microbasic b- and p-mastigophores, holotrichs, and spirocysts (Figure 4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–X">I-X</normalizedToken>
; see Table 2).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
Figure 4. 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
. A Oral view B Lateral view C Detail of directives and siphonoglyph D Cross section through proximal column E Longitudinal section through margin showing acrorhagi and marginal sphincter muscle F Detail of spermatic cysts G Longitudinal section through distal column showing one verruca H Longitudinal section through base showing basilar muscles 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–X">I-X</normalizedToken>
Cnidae.- acrorhagi: I small basitrich J basitrich K holotrich L spirocyst; actinopharynx: M small basitrich N basitrich O microbasic b-mastigophore P spirocyst; column: Q small basitrich R basitrich S spirocyst; filament: T basitrich U spirocyst V microbasic p-mastigophore; tentacle: W basitrich X spirocyst. Abbreviations.- acr: acrorhagi, bm: basilar muscle, c: column, d: directives, fo: fosse, mp: marginal projection, od: oral disc, pd: pedal disc, pm: parietobasilar muscle, rm: retractor muscle, s: siphonoglyph, sc: spermatic cyst, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles, vr: verruca. Scale bars: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
: 10 mm; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–H">C-H</normalizedToken>
: 200 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–X">I-X</normalizedToken>
: 25 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="82" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
inhabits the intertidal to shallow subtidal zone attached to coral on sandy shores, at 0.5 m. It is azooxanthellate and it broadcast spawns (
<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 421" title="Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean." volume="74" year="2004">Daly and den Hartog 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="82">
Western Atlantic, from Bermuda (
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="95" pagination="551 - 572" title="Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. Anthozoa." volume="10" year="1900">Verrill 1900</bibRefCitation>
) to Virgin Islands (
<bibRefCitation author="Duchassaing, P" journalOrPublisher="Imprimerie Royale, Turin" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" title="Supplement au memoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles." year="1864">Duchassaing and Michelotti 1864</bibRefCitation>
). This is the first record for the coast of Mexico; found in Alacranes reef (see Table 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="83" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
Currently there are three valid species of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Anthopleura</taxonomicName>
in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea: 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura krebsi" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="krebsi">Anthopleura krebsi</taxonomicName>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860), 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura texaensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="texaensis">Anthopleura texaensis</taxonomicName>
(Carlgren and Hedgpeth, 1952), and 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 421" title="Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean." volume="74" year="2004">Daly and den Hartog 2004</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
is distinguished mainly in column color and shape, and the arrangement of verrucae in rows, only present from the margin to the mid-column (
<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 421" title="Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean." volume="74" year="2004">Daly and den Hartog 2004</bibRefCitation>
). However, in 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura krebsi" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="krebsi">Anthopleura krebsi</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura texaensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="texaensis">Anthopleura texaensis</taxonomicName>
, the column is stout rather than elongate, and the verrucae are arranged in rows along the entire column length, from margin to limbus (
<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 421" title="Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean." volume="74" year="2004">Daly and den Hartog 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Although we found the marginal sphincter muscle diffuse rather than circumscribed-diffuse, all other features including external and internal anatomy and cnidae fit well with the redescription of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anthopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthopleura pallida" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">Anthopleura pallida</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Daly, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Sciences" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" pagination="401 - 421" title="Taxonomy, circumscription, and usage in Anthopleura (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean." volume="74" year="2004">Daly and den Hartog (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>