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<mods:title id="60238750269760F88F4824FC465B91E6">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1CAA1AA140021AC42365EF04F8E9AA98">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="14CB59F466104C7B31E8780EBD87C25E">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF0B81CFF6B430078470BC4" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF6B430078470BC4" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF6B43007C260B20" ID-CoL="C7CH4" authority="Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2022" authorityName="Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,1320,1113,1140]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF6B430078240B27" bold="true" box="[151,298,1113,1140]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko hulk</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFEC143007C260B20" author="Grismer, L. L. &amp; Pinto, L. &amp; Quah, E. S. &amp; Anuar, S. &amp; Cota, M. &amp; McGuire, J. A. &amp; Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L." box="[317,1320,1113,1140]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref311196" refString="Grismer, L. L., del Pinto, L., Quah, E. S., Anuar, S., Cota, M., McGuire, J. A., Iskandar, D. T., Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L. (2022) Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 47 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 77702" type="journal article" year="2022">Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFAB9430078470BC4" bold="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Native; Indeterminate.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF0B81CFF0B43F87C9D0A74" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF0B43F87C9D0A74" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF0B43F87C2F0BE8" authority="Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2022: 68" authorityName="Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="2022" box="[247,1313,1185,1212]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF0B43F878780BE8" box="[247,374,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko hulk</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFE8243F87C2F0BE8" author="Grismer, L. L. &amp; Pinto, L. &amp; Quah, E. S. &amp; Anuar, S. &amp; Cota, M. &amp; McGuire, J. A. &amp; Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L." box="[382,1313,1185,1212]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref311196" refString="Grismer, L. L., del Pinto, L., Quah, E. S., Anuar, S., Cota, M., McGuire, J. A., Iskandar, D. T., Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L. (2022) Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 47 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 77702" type="journal article" year="2022">Grismer, Pinto, Quah, Anuar, Cota, Mcguire, Iskandar, Wood &amp; Grismer, 2022: 68</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFF0B81CFAD043F87C970BE8" box="[1324,1433,1185,1211]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: LSUHC 6284, by original designation;
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFF0B81CFCE3439F7A840BB3" box="[799,906,1222,1248]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(12): LSUHC 1197, 5062, 5152, 5399, 6283, 7026, 7648–49, 7651, 7694, 9959, and ZRC 2.6014, by original designation. Type locality: “Tekek-Juara trail on Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (
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;
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)”.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF6B426878620A18" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" box="[151,364,1329,1356]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
Hulk Forest
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFEDF426878620A18" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[291,364,1329,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gecko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gecko</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF0B81CFF6B420C78240A3C" box="[151,298,1365,1391]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF6B420C78240A3C" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" box="[151,298,1365,1391]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFF0B81CFF63420C782C0A3C" box="[159,290,1365,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="357.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@357.[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="357" captionText="FIGURE 13. A) Gekko horsfieldii, B) Gekko hulk, C) Gekko kuhli, D) Gekko monarchus, E) Hemidactylus brookii, F) Hemidactylus craspedotus, G) Hemidactylus frenatus, and H) Hemidactylus platyurus. Photographs by: Evan S.H. Quah [A], Francis L.K. Lim [B], Kelvin K.P. Lim [C, G], Alex Figueroa [D, H], Joys Tan [E], and Holly Siow [F]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960345/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Figure 13D</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF0B81CFF6B42207D5C08A4" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF6B422078760AC0" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" box="[151,376,1401,1427]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF6B422078760AC0" bold="true" box="[151,376,1401,1427]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF0B81CFF6B4220781E0AC0" box="[151,272,1401,1427]" name="Singapore" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF0B42C47B570AAC" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF0B42C4789A0AE4" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[247,404,1437,1463]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stentor">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF0B42C4789A0AE4" box="[247,404,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko stentor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—K. Lim &amp; F.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFDBC42C47BE20AE4" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[576,748,1437,1463]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref325303" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 a) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (2), 27 - 28." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim, 1988a: 27</bibRefCitation>
(Nee Soon [NSSF]).—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFC0F42C47D910AEB" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[1011,1183,1437,1464]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim, 1988c: 51</bibRefCitation>
(Bukit Timah Summit [BTNR]; Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K. Lim &amp; F.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFC6642987D490A8F" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[922,1095,1473,1500]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim, 1988c: 75</bibRefCitation>
(Nee Soon Swamp Forest).— L.M.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFE6A42BC7B5B0AAC" author="Chou, L. M." box="[406,597,1509,1536]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref297324" refString="Chou, L. M. (1995) Amphibians and reptiles. In: Chin, S. C., Corlett, R. T., Wee, Y. C. &amp; Geh, S. Y. (Eds.), Rain Forest in the City: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Singapore. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore, Supplement 3, pp. 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="1995">Chou, 1995: 146</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF0B41507BBD09DC" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF0B415078820970" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1935" box="[247,396,1545,1571]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithi">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF0B415078820970" box="[247,396,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko smithi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Gray, 1842)—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 55.—L.M.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFB8A41507C770977" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[1142,1401,1545,1572]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFB4041537DF80970" box="[1212,1270,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 105
</bibRefCitation>
.— K.K.P.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFE5741747B630914" author="Lim, K. K. P." box="[427,621,1581,1607]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="213 - 227" refId="ref325841" refString="Lim, K. K. P. (1994 b) Reptiles. In: Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Wee, Y. C. (Eds.), The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened Plants and Animals of Singapore. Nature Society, Singapore, pp. 213 - 227." type="book chapter" year="1994">Lim, 1994b: 331</bibRefCitation>
.—R.C.H. Teo &amp; Rajathurai, 1997: 391 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Lower Peirce [LPF]; Nee Soon [NSSF]).—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFCA5410B7A9F0938" box="[857,913,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015: 75.—R.C.H. Teo &amp; Thomas, 2019: 174 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF0B41C07BAF0880" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF0B41C0789F09E0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[247,401,1689,1715]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithii">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF0B41C0789F09E0" box="[247,401,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko smithii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Gray, 1842)—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFD8C41C07AC809E0" author="Denzer, W. &amp; Manthey, U." box="[624,966,1689,1715]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="309 - 322" refId="ref303036" refString="Denzer, W. &amp; Manthey, U. (1991) A nominal checklist of the lizards inhabiting peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 39 (2), 309 - 322." type="journal article" year="1991">Denzer &amp; Manthey, 1991: 311</bibRefCitation>
.—K.K.P.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFBC441C07C4009E0" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Subharaj, R." box="[1080,1358,1689,1715]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref326394" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Subharaj, R. (1992) Reptiles &amp; Amphibians. The Pangolin, 5 (1 - 4), 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1992">Lim &amp; Subharaj, 1992: 8</bibRefCitation>
(Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Lower Peirce Forest; Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—R. Subaraj
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFAEA41E77C410984" box="[1302,1359,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995: 4 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K. Lim, 1995: 18 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Catchment Path [BTNR]; Jalan Kutu [BTNR]).—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFD2D405C7D65084C" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." box="[721,1131,1797,1823]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref329083" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 234</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFB70405C7C74084C" author="Cox, M. J. &amp; van Dijk, P. P. &amp; Nabhitabhata, J. &amp; Thirakhupt, K." box="[1164,1402,1797,1824]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref299700" refString="Cox, M. J., van Dijk, P. P., Nabhitabhata, J. &amp; Thirakhupt, K. (1998) A Photographic Guide toSnakes and other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers, London, 144 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Cox
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFB3A405F7C0C084C" box="[1222,1282,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998: 82
</bibRefCitation>
.— Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFE3540737B0A0810" box="[457,516,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999: 25.—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFC8240707D3C0817" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[894,1074,1833,1860]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 150</bibRefCitation>
.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2008: 160.—K.K.P. Lim
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFDD740177B6D0834" box="[555,611,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008: 171, 265.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFCC140147AE60834" author="Das, I." box="[829,1000,1869,1896]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 220</bibRefCitation>
.—L.L.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFBBC40147C270834" author="Grismer, L. L." box="[1088,1321,1869,1895]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref309725" refString="Grismer, L. L. (2011 b) Lizards of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Their Adjacent Archipelagos. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 728 pp." type="book" year="2011">Grismer, 2011b: 469</bibRefCitation>
, 473.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2012: 160.—Shahrudin, 2013: 83.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFC3C40287DF208D8" author="Khew, Y. T. J. &amp; Yokohari, M." box="[960,1276,1905,1931]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref317828" refString="Khew, Y. T. J. &amp; Yokohari, M. (2017) Recommendations for urban biodiversity conservation in the context of landscape preference in Singapore. Cities and the Environment (CATE), 10 (1), 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2017">Khew &amp; Yokohari, 2017: 12</bibRefCitation>
.—R.C.H. Teo &amp; Thomas, 2019: 157, 180 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—Riyanto &amp; Rahmadi, 2021: 2936.— L.L.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFE7240E07B930880" author="Grismer, L. L. &amp; Pinto, L. &amp; Quah, E. S. &amp; Anuar, S. &amp; Cota, M. &amp; McGuire, J. A. &amp; Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L." box="[398,669,1977,2004]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref311196" refString="Grismer, L. L., del Pinto, L., Quah, E. S., Anuar, S., Cota, M., McGuire, J. A., Iskandar, D. T., Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L. (2022) Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 47 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 77702" type="journal article" year="2022">
Grismer
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFE0D40E37B270880" box="[497,553,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022: 48
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF0B81CFF0B40847D5C08A4" blockId="106.[151,1437,1113,2040]" box="[247,1106,2013,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF0B81CFF0B40847BCC08AB" authority="L. L. Grismer et al., 2022: 53" authorityName="L. L. Grismer" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="2022" box="[247,706,2013,2040]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFF0B4084787808A4" box="[247,374,2013,2039]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Gekko hulk</emphasis>
L.L.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFE4840847BCC08AB" author="Grismer, L. L. &amp; Pinto, L. &amp; Quah, E. S. &amp; Anuar, S. &amp; Cota, M. &amp; McGuire, J. A. &amp; Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L." box="[436,706,2013,2040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref311196" refString="Grismer, L. L., del Pinto, L., Quah, E. S., Anuar, S., Cota, M., McGuire, J. A., Iskandar, D. T., Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L. (2022) Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 47 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 77702" type="journal article" year="2022">
Grismer
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF0B81CFDEB40877B4108A4" box="[535,591,2013,2039]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022: 53
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 70.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF0B81CFCF740847D1A08A4" author="Janssen, J. &amp; Sy, E." box="[779,1044,2013,2039]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref316277" refString="Janssen, J. &amp; Sy, E. (2022) A Naturalist's Guide to the Lizards of Southeast Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd, England, 176 pp." type="book" year="2022">Janssen &amp; Sy, 2022: 93</bibRefCitation>
, 160.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF1B81DFF6B47CE7AE20D32" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B47CE7AE20D32" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B47CE78050FE2" bold="true" box="[151,267,151,177]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF1B81DFEEF47CE78A00FE2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[275,430,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithii">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFEEF47CE78A00FE2" box="[275,430,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Gekko smithii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations from southeastern
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFCEE47CE7A780FE2" box="[786,886,151,177]" name="Thailand" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Thailand</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFC6647CE7D000FE2" box="[922,1038,151,177]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, east of the Banjaran Titiwangsa in Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFE8A47E278D30F86" box="[374,477,187,213]" name="Malaysia" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
have been redescribed as
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF1B81DFCF447E27A520F86" box="[776,860,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFCF447E27A520F86" box="[776,860,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">G. hulk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on molecular and morphometric differences (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFEFC478678D40FAA" author="Grismer, L. L. &amp; Pinto, L. &amp; Quah, E. S. &amp; Anuar, S. &amp; Cota, M. &amp; McGuire, J. A. &amp; Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L." box="[256,474,223,249]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="47 - 80" refId="ref311196" refString="Grismer, L. L., del Pinto, L., Quah, E. S., Anuar, S., Cota, M., McGuire, J. A., Iskandar, D. T., Wood Jr., P. L. &amp; Grismer, J. L. (2022) Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra. Vertebrate Zoology, 72, 47 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / vz. 72. e 77702" type="journal article" year="2022">
Grismer
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFE9D478678960FAA" box="[353,408,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). The earliest published record of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF1B81DFCB747867A950FAA" box="[843,923,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFCB747867A950FAA" box="[843,923,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">G. hulk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFC4047867D200FAA" box="[956,1070,223,249]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
is of an individual heard at NSSF on
<date id="7447BCA5FFF1B81DFEE0465A78A00E4E" box="[284,430,259,285]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1988-04-09">9 April 1988</date>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFE3D465A7B960E4E" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[449,664,259,285]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="27 - 28" refId="ref325303" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 a) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (2), 27 - 28." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim &amp; Lim 1988a</bibRefCitation>
). Subsequent published records also featured detection via auditory calls (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFEC7467E78B60E12" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[315,440,295,321]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim 1988c</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFE39467E7B9B0E12" author="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F." box="[453,661,295,321]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. &amp; Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim &amp; Lim 1988c</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFD5D467E7A940E12" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Subharaj, R." box="[673,922,295,321]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref326394" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Subharaj, R. (1992) Reptiles &amp; Amphibians. The Pangolin, 5 (1 - 4), 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1992">Lim &amp; Subharaj 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Subaraj
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFBF8467E7D320E12" box="[1028,1084,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
1995; Teo &amp; Rajathurai 1997). The earliest published record of an individual that was seen is a photograph of one taken at
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFB0B46127C670E36" box="[1271,1385,331,357]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
Zoo in the early 1980s (F.L.K. Lim pers. comm.) and displayed in
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFF1B81DFC4B46367D880EDA" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[951,1158,367,393]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim &amp; Lim (1992</bibRefCitation>
; reproduced here as
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFF1B81DFA8C463678250EFE" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="357.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@357.[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="357" captionText="FIGURE 13. A) Gekko horsfieldii, B) Gekko hulk, C) Gekko kuhli, D) Gekko monarchus, E) Hemidactylus brookii, F) Hemidactylus craspedotus, G) Hemidactylus frenatus, and H) Hemidactylus platyurus. Photographs by: Evan S.H. Quah [A], Francis L.K. Lim [B], Kelvin K.P. Lim [C, G], Alex Figueroa [D, H], Joys Tan [E], and Holly Siow [F]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960345/files/figure.png" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
). Two additional confirmed sightings of individuals seen at BTNR on
<date id="7447BCA5FFF1B81DFBBA46CA7DF70EFE" box="[1094,1273,402,429]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1995-08-26">26 August 1995</date>
were reported in Lim (1995), but it appears no photos were taken. Thus, the photograph in
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFF1B81DFBA046EE7DD00E82" box="[1116,1246,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="357.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@357.[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="357" captionText="FIGURE 13. A) Gekko horsfieldii, B) Gekko hulk, C) Gekko kuhli, D) Gekko monarchus, E) Hemidactylus brookii, F) Hemidactylus craspedotus, G) Hemidactylus frenatus, and H) Hemidactylus platyurus. Photographs by: Evan S.H. Quah [A], Francis L.K. Lim [B], Kelvin K.P. Lim [C, G], Alex Figueroa [D, H], Joys Tan [E], and Holly Siow [F]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960345/files/figure.png" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Figure 13D</figureCitation>
may be the only photograph of a specimen from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFD9746827BEE0EA6" box="[619,736,475,501]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
. Only two voucher specimens exist, the earliest (CAS 7554) collected by Herre on
<date id="7447BCA5FFF1B81DFE1246A67B8D0D4A" box="[494,643,511,537]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1937-05-14">14 May 1937</date>
at Mandai Road, and ZRC.2.1487 collected at BTNR in
<date id="7447BCA5FFF1B81DFB0146A67C960D4A" box="[1277,1432,510,537]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1975-10">October 1975</date>
. As no records of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF1B81DFE4B457A7B070D6E" box="[439,521,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFE4B457A7B070D6E" box="[439,521,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">G. hulk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exist after 1997, we designate the status of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFF1B81DFC0C457A7D4C0D6E" box="[1008,1090,547,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Gekko" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hulk">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFC0C457A7D4C0D6E" box="[1008,1090,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">G. hulk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFB99457A7DD90D6E" box="[1125,1239,547,573]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as indeterminate, and it is highly probable that it has been extirpated from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFC8F451E7AE60D32" box="[883,1000,583,609]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF1B81DFF6B45337D680DFA" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B45337D680DFA" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B453378240DD7" bold="true" box="[151,298,618,644]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Known from
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFFF1B81DFE3445327B600DD6" box="[456,622,619,645]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
from 1937 and 1975, three visual observations from the early 1980s and from 1995, and acoustic detections between 1988 and 1997. Likely extirpated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF1B81DFF6B45EB7B8C0C46" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B45EB7A070D9E" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" box="[151,777,690,717]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B45EB7B0A0D9E" bold="true" box="[151,516,690,717]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFF6B45EB781E0D9F" box="[151,272,690,716]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Critically Endangered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B458F7A380DA2" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" box="[151,822,726,753]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B458F78AF0DA3" bold="true" box="[151,417,726,752]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Immediate priority, if rediscovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B45A37B8C0C46" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" box="[151,642,762,789]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B45A378DC0C46" bold="true" box="[151,466,762,789]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FFF1B81DFE2545A27B0D0C46" box="[473,515,763,789]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Not</collectingRegion>
Evaluated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFF1B81DFF6B44477B080CF6" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B44477C260C6A" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" box="[151,1320,798,825]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B44477D050C6A" bold="true" box="[151,1035,798,825]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFF1B81DFF6B44477D080C6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687368" box="[151,1030,798,825]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" location="Museum" municipality="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFF1B81DFF6B444778160C6B" box="[151,280,798,824]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFF1B81DFEC2444678A20C6A" box="[318,428,799,825]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<location id="0526CCBEFFF1B81DFE4F44467B150C6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFF0B81DFF6B43007B080CF6:0526CCBEFFF1B81DFE4F44467B150C6A" box="[435,539,799,825]" municipality="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve" name="Museum" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Museum</location>
specimens.
<collectingMunicipality id="E022001FFFF1B81DFD5644477D080C6A" box="[682,1030,798,825]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Bukit Timah Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
</materialsCitation>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFF1B81DFBEE44467C2A0C6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688239" box="[1042,1316,798,825]" collectingDate="1975-10" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFF1B81DFBEE44467D440C6A" box="[1042,1098,799,825]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.1487 (
<date id="7447BCA5FFF1B81DFB5044477C120C6A" box="[1196,1308,798,825]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1975-10">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFF1B81DFB5044477C120C6A" box="[1196,1308,798,825]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="1975-10">Oct-1975</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B441B7A8D0C0E" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" box="[151,899,834,861]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B441B7A300C0E" bold="true" box="[151,830,834,861]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFEE2441B78990C0F" box="[286,407,834,860]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens. Mandai Road:
</emphasis>
CAS.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFF1B81DFF6B443F7B080CF6" blockId="107.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFF1B81DFF6B443F78820CD3" bold="true" box="[151,396,870,896]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFF1B81DFF6B443F781E0CD3" box="[151,272,870,896]" name="Singapore" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Lower Peirce Forest—Mandai Road—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Singapore Zoo.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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