334 lines
35 KiB
XML
334 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="481A46C0DEA7DB30CBCFD9FD6181C56D">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F99F9F40216047D2FF84A409C202E0B7">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FFA7B848FF6B46187BEE0E4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967030" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967030" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFA7B848FF6B46187BEE0E4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FFA7B848FF6B46187BEE0E4E" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B84BFF6B46187BD30E08" box="[151,733,321,348]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B46187BD30E08" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,733,321,348]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="5B0E2D09FFA7B84BFF6B46187BD30E08" box="[151,733,321,348]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF6B46187B640E0F" ID-CoL="568HM" ID-ENA="1580890" authority="(Boulenger, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,618,321,348]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B461878960E0F" bold="true" box="[151,408,321,348]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Theloderma horridum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFE5B461B7B6F0E0F" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[423,609,322,348]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="131 - 176" refId="ref292557" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1903) Report on the batrachians and reptiles. Fasciculi Malayenses. Anthropological and Zoological Results of an Expedition to Perak and the Siamese Malay States. Zoology. Part I. University Press of Liverpool, London, pp. 131 - 176, pls. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1903">Boulenger, 1903</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFD7446187BD30E08" bold="true" box="[648,733,321,347]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Native.</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B84BFF0B463F78680EBF" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF0B463F7C7C0E9B" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFA7B84BFF0B463F7C7C0E9B" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA7B84BFF0B463F7BEB0ED3" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[247,741,358,384]" page="141" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="1903">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF0B463F7BEB0ED3" authority="Boulenger, 1903: 139 - 141" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="139 - 141" authorityYear="1903" box="[247,741,358,384]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Ixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridus">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF0B463F78A80ED3" box="[247,422,358,384]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Ixalus horridus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFE4D463F7BEB0ED3" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[433,741,358,384]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="131 - 176" refId="ref292557" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1903) Report on the batrachians and reptiles. Fasciculi Malayenses. Anthropological and Zoological Results of an Expedition to Perak and the Siamese Malay States. Zoology. Part I. University Press of Liverpool, London, pp. 131 - 176, pls. 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1903">Boulenger, 1903: 139–141</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 6, fig. 2.
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||
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFA7B84BFC77463F7AFC0ED3" box="[907,1010,358,384]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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(12): original number unknown, but includes BMNH 1903.4.13.111–112 and 1903.4.13.113–122, according to
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<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA7B84BFB3E46D378DE0E9B" author="Bossuyt, F. & Dubois, A." page="37" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFB3E46D378DE0E9B" author="Bossuyt, F. & Dubois, A." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref291816" refString="Bossuyt, F. & Dubois, A. (2001) A review of the frog genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Rhacophorinae). Zeylanica, 6, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2001">Bossuyt & Dubois (2001: 37)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Type locality: “
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||
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FFA7B84BFD7946F77BC00E9B" box="[645,718,430,456]" country="Thailand" name="Pattani" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Patani</collectingRegion>
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States … near our camp on Bukit Besar”,
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<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FFA7B84BFB5746F77DF20E9B" box="[1195,1276,430,456]" country="Thailand" name="Pattani" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pattani</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFAFB46F77C600E9B" box="[1287,1390,430,456]" name="Thailand" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B468B78680EBF" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,358,466,492]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Thorny Bush Frog</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B84BFF6B46AF78190D43" box="[151,279,502,528]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B46AF78190D43" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,279,502,528]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFA7B84BFF6346AF78010D43" box="[159,271,502,528]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="351.[152,255,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@351.[151,1436,181,1915]" captionTargetPageId="351" captionText="FIGURE 7. A) Pulchrana laterimaculata, B) Sylvirana guentheri, C) Leptomantis cyanopunctatus, D) Nyctixalus pictus, E) Polypedates leucomystax, F) Theloderma horridum, G) Crocodylus porosus, and H) Caretta caretta. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–B, D–F], Marcus A.H. Chua [C], Jensen G.H. Seah [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960333/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figure 7F</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B84BFF6B45407AE90C07" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B454078760D67" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,376,537,564]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B454078760D67" bold="true" box="[151,376,537,564]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFF6B4540781E0D60" box="[151,272,537,563]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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records.
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</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF0B45677AE90C07" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF0B456778FE0D0B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[247,496,574,600]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF0B456778FE0D0B" box="[247,496,574,600]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Theloderma horridum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFDF045677A440D0A" author="Leong, T. M. & Lee, B. Y. H. & Chou, L. M." box="[524,842,574,601]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="475 - 477" refId="ref323670" refString="Leong, T. M., Lee, B. Y. H. & Chou, L. M. (1996) New record of the tree-frog, Theloderma horridum Boulenger (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44 (2), 475 - 477." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Leong
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFDA645667B9D0D0B" box="[602,659,574,600]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996: 475–477
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
(Taban Valley [
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||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA7B84BFC0645677D460D0B" box="[1018,1096,574,600]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">BTNR</collectionCode>
|
||
]).—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 400 (Taban Valley [
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA7B84BFD7D453B7BC10D2F" box="[641,719,610,636]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">BTNR</collectionCode>
|
||
]).—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 117–118.—T.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFAB2453B78A20DF3" author="Leong, T. M." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref323035" refString="Leong, T. M. (2000) Amphibian tales. Nature Watch, 8 (4), 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Leong, 2000: 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFD5545DF7A570DF2" author="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[681,857,646,673]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 145</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—K.K.P. Lim & T.M. Leong, 2008: 159, 264.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 61, 159 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—T.M. Leong & S.C. Teo, 2009: 24.—Bickford
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFDFA45967B4D0DBB" box="[518,579,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010: 123.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFD1145977ADB0DBB" author="Davison, G." box="[749,981,718,744]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="106 - 113" refId="ref302091" refString="Davison, G. (2011) Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. In: Ng, P. K. L., Corlett, R. T. & Tan, H. T. W. (Eds.), Singapore Biodiversity: An Encyclopedia of the Natural Environment and Sustainable Development. Editions Didier Millet and Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Singapore, pp. 106 - 113." type="book chapter" year="2011">Davison, 2011: 109</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—L.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFBC845977C1B0DBB" author="Grismer, L. L." box="[1076,1301,718,744]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref309689" refString="Grismer, L. L. (2011 a) Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Seribuat Archipelago (Peninsular Malaysia). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 239 pp." type="book" year="2011">Grismer, 2011a: 64</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Figueroa & Selveindran, 2011: 259–261 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—P.K.L. Ng
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFB7445AA7DCC0C5F" box="[1160,1218,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 487.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 20, 22.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 61, 159.—K.Y. Chong
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFB5F444E7DD50C63" box="[1187,1243,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013: 289.—W. Wong, 2017: 53.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 153, 179.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B84BFF6B44077A880AC7" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B4407789E0A23" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B440778050C2B" bold="true" box="[151,267,862,888]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
After
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFEA044067BAD0C2B" baseAuthorityName="Manthey & Steiof" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[348,675,863,888]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFEA044067BAD0C2B" box="[348,675,863,888]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Leptomantis cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFD4944067A4E0C2B" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[693,832,862,888]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFD4944067A4E0C2B" box="[693,832,862,888]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Singapore’s second rarest frog. After being first discovered in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFE6544DB7B050CCF" box="[409,523,898,924]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
on the trunk of a tree at Taban Valley, BTNR on
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFA7B84BFBB244DB7DF00CCF" box="[1102,1278,898,924]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1996-03-18">18 March 1996</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA7B84BFAED44DB783D0C93" author="Leong, T. M. & Lee, B. Y. H. & Chou, L. M." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="475 - 477" refId="ref323670" refString="Leong, T. M., Lee, B. Y. H. & Chou, L. M. (1996) New record of the tree-frog, Theloderma horridum Boulenger (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44 (2), 475 - 477." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Leong
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFA9E44DA7C930CCF" box="[1378,1437,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFEBB44FE78C00C93" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[327,462,934,960]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFEBB44FE78C00C93" box="[327,462,934,960]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only been recorded an additional eight times (Figueroa & Selveindran 2011). The subsequent five observations were all made before
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFA7B84BFCB144937AB00CB7" box="[845,958,970,996]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1997-07">July 1997</date>
|
||
and featured individuals perched on tree trunks at Taban Valley (Teo & Rajathurai 1997; Figueroa & Selveindran 2011). The seventh record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFA7444B6786F0B7F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFA7444B6786F0B7F" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not come until 12 years later on
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFA7B84BFD0E434B7AA70B7F" box="[754,937,1042,1068]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="2009-01-29">29 January 2009</date>
|
||
when Leong saw one sitting on a leaf, also at the same location (Figueroa & Selveindran 2011). The last reported sighting occurred two years later on
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFA7B84BFA7C436F78680B27" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="2011-07-20">20 July 2011</date>
|
||
, when a single individual was seen on a tree trunk at NSSF (
|
||
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFA7B84BFBFB43037D550B27" box="[1031,1115,1114,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="351.[152,255,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@351.[151,1436,181,1915]" captionTargetPageId="351" captionText="FIGURE 7. A) Pulchrana laterimaculata, B) Sylvirana guentheri, C) Leptomantis cyanopunctatus, D) Nyctixalus pictus, E) Polypedates leucomystax, F) Theloderma horridum, G) Crocodylus porosus, and H) Caretta caretta. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–B, D–F], Marcus A.H. Chua [C], Jensen G.H. Seah [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960333/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
|
||
), representing a new locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFEDD432678A60BCB" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[289,424,1150,1176]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFEDD432678A60BCB" box="[289,424,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Figueroa & Selveindran 2011). Teo & Thomas (2019) incorrectly cited Figueroa & Selveindran (2011) as recording a specimen in BTNR. Clearly, from these observations
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFB3843FA7C470BEF" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1220,1353,1186,1212]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFB3843FA7C470BEF" box="[1220,1353,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers trunks of large trees as noticed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFD8C439F7BD90BB3" box="[624,727,1222,1248]" name="Malaysia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
where they nest in phytotelmata (Grismer 2011; Stuebing
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFA98439E7C930BB3" box="[1380,1437,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017). Stuebing
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFE4E43B278E40A57" box="[434,490,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017) postulated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFD1343B27A7B0A57" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[751,885,1258,1284]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFD1343B27A7B0A57" box="[751,885,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not such a rare species, but is seldom detected owing to its exceptional camouflage. Coupled with its requirement for mature forests (Grismer 2011), we suspect that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFE7D426A7B090A1F" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[385,519,1330,1356]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFE7D426A7B090A1F" box="[385,519,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">T. horridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFDD6426B7B920A1F" box="[554,668,1330,1356]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
has yet to recover from the initial island-wide deforestation and loss of large trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B42207A880AC7" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,902,1401,1428]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B422078240AC0" bold="true" box="[151,298,1401,1427]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Restricted, only known from BTNR and NSSF. Rare.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA7B848FF6B42C47BEE0E4E" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B42C47A070AEB" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,777,1437,1464]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B42C47B0A0AEB" bold="true" box="[151,516,1437,1464]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFF6B42C4781E0AE4" box="[151,272,1437,1463]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
conservation status.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Critically Endangered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B42987B090A8F" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,519,1473,1500]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B429878AF0A88" bold="true" box="[151,417,1473,1499]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
|
||
Highest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B42BC7BDB0953" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,725,1509,1536]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B42BC78DC0953" bold="true" box="[151,466,1509,1536]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
Least Concern [2021].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B41507C5D0977" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,1363,1545,1572]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B41507D050977" bold="true" box="[151,1035,1545,1572]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFA7B84BFF6B41507D080977" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687442" box="[151,1030,1545,1572]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" location="Museum" municipality="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA7B84BFF6B415078160970" box="[151,280,1545,1571]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA7B84BFEC2415378A20977" box="[318,428,1546,1572]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFFA7B84BFE4F41537B150977" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFA7B848FF6B46187BEE0E4E:0526CCBEFFA7B84BFE4F41537B150977" box="[435,539,1546,1572]" municipality="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve" name="Museum" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Museum</location>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="E022001FFFA7B84BFD5641507D080977" box="[682,1030,1545,1572]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Bukit Timah Nature Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFA7B84BFBEE41537C410977" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687935" box="[1042,1359,1546,1572]" collectingDate="1996-03-18" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA7B84BFBEE41537D450977" box="[1042,1099,1546,1572]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.1.3278 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFA7B84BFB5041537C490977" box="[1196,1351,1546,1572]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1996-03-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFA7B84BFB5041537C490977" box="[1196,1351,1546,1572]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1996-03-18">18-Mar-1996</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B41747A39091B" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,823,1581,1608]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B41747B840914" bold="true" box="[151,650,1581,1608]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFEE2417478990914" box="[286,407,1581,1607]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum specimens.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B41087D06093F" blockId="61.[151,1437,321,1644]" box="[151,1032,1617,1644]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFF6B410878880938" bold="true" box="[151,390,1617,1643]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA7B84BFF6B4108781E0938" box="[151,272,1617,1643]" name="Singapore" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
localities.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Nee Soon Swamp Forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFDED41967D2C09BA" blockId="61.[151,1058,1743,1805]" box="[529,1058,1743,1769]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFDED41967D2C09BA" bold="true" box="[529,1058,1743,1769]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Class
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFDA741967A7009BA" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[603,894,1743,1769]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Reptilia Laurenti, 1768</taxonomicName>
|
||
(135 species)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B41AA78C3085E" blockId="61.[151,1058,1743,1805]" box="[151,461,1779,1805]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF6B41AA78C4085E" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 17" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1768" box="[151,458,1779,1805]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Reptilia Laurenti, 1768: 17</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFDE640687D140818" blockId="61.[151,1050,1841,1905]" box="[538,1050,1841,1868]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFDE640687D140818" bold="true" box="[538,1050,1841,1868]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFD9340687A9D081F" authority="Owen, 1842" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1842" box="[623,915,1841,1868]" class="Crocodylia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Crocodylia Owen, 1842</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 species)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B400F78C10822" blockId="61.[151,1050,1841,1905]" box="[151,463,1878,1905]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF6B400F78C50822" authority="Owen, 1842: 65" authorityName="Owen" authorityPageNumber="65" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,459,1878,1905]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodilia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Crocodilia Owen, 1842: 65</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFDF740CD7D2708FD" blockId="61.[523,1065,1940,1966]" box="[523,1065,1940,1966]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFDF740CD7D2708FD" bold="true" box="[523,1065,1940,1966]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFD9640CD7AAC08FD" authority="Gray, 1825" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[618,930,1940,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crocodylidae Gray, 1825</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 species)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA7B84BFF6B40857ABE08A5" blockId="61.[151,944,2012,2039]" box="[151,944,2012,2039]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFF6B408578EA08A4" authority="Gray, 1825: 195" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,484,2012,2039]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crocodilidae Gray, 1825: 195</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFA7B84BFE0E40847B2A08A4" box="[498,548,2013,2039]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA7B84BFD8840857AAA08A5" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[628,932,2012,2038]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA7B84BFD8840857BFA08A5" box="[628,756,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Crocodylus</emphasis>
|
||
Laurenti, 1768
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA4B848FDFB47CE7D230FE2" blockId="62.[519,1069,151,178]" box="[519,1069,151,178]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA4B848FDFB47CE7D230FE2" bold="true" box="[519,1069,151,178]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA4B848FDA247CE7AA80FE2" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[606,934,151,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA4B848FDA247CE7BE90FE1" bold="true" box="[606,743,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Crocodylus</emphasis>
|
||
Laurenti, 1768
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 species)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA4B848FF6B47867BEE0E4E" blockId="62.[151,1436,223,286]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA4B848FF6B478678FA0FA9" authority="Laurenti, 1768: 53" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="1768" box="[151,500,223,250]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA4B848FF6B478678190FAA" box="[151,279,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Crocodylus</emphasis>
|
||
Laurenti, 1768: 53
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFA4B848FDF947867B390FAA" box="[517,567,223,249]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA4B848FD5E47867D300FAA" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[674,1086,223,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA4B848FD5E47867A850FAA" box="[674,907,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Crocodylus niloticus</emphasis>
|
||
Laurenti, 1768
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by subsequent designation by A.E. Brown, 1908: 113; gender masculine).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |