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<mods:title id="5AAE29F7A95AEB6802B26F3E0567E917">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="301ECDFDCF8C2D9B891A7C10B8FC73FF">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF77B898FF6B41537DBD0CEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968105" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209661823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968105" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF77B898FF6B41537DBD0CEF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF77B898FF6B41537DBD0CEF" lastPageId="238" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF77B89BFF6B41537BF30977" box="[151,765,1546,1573]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B89BFF6B41537BF30977" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" box="[151,765,1546,1573]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF77B89BFF6B41537BF30977" box="[151,765,1546,1573]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF77B89BFF6B41537B6E0976" ID-CoL="PD7N" authority="Lidth de Jeude, 1893" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,608,1546,1573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFF6B4153787E0976" bold="true" box="[151,368,1546,1573]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Calamaria prakkei</emphasis>
Lidth de Jeude, 1893
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFD8241537BF30977" bold="true" box="[638,765,1546,1572]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Uncertain.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF77B89BFF6B41767B8A093E" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B89BFF6B41767B8A093E" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
Prakke’s Reed Snake (Not figured. No photos of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF77B89BFE36410A7B30093E" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[458,574,1619,1645]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFE36410A7B30093E" box="[458,574,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exist)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF77B89BFF6B412F78870872" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B89BFF6B412F787609C2" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" box="[151,376,1654,1681]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFF6B412F787609C2" bold="true" box="[151,376,1654,1681]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF77B89BFF6B412F781E09C3" box="[151,272,1654,1680]" name="Singapore" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B89BFF0B41C278870872" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF77B89BFF0B41C278FC09E7" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[247,498,1691,1717]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrana">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFF0B41C278FC09E7" box="[247,498,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Calamaria sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Edeling, 1870)—Sclater, 1891: 11.—Sclater, 1891: 233.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFB2A41C27C9309E6" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1238,1437,1691,1717]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref292451" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. II. Containing the conclusion of the Colubridae Aglyphae. Taylor and Francis, London, xi + 382 pp., 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger, 1894:</bibRefCitation>
339–340, footnote.—Ridley, 1899: 208.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFCCF41E67D49098A" author="Barbour, T." box="[819,1095,1727,1753]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 203" refId="ref290122" refString="Barbour, T. (1912) A contribution to the zoogeography of the East Indian Islands. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 44 (1), 1 - 203." type="journal article" year="1912">Barbour, 1912: 119–120</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFB9441E67C51098A" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1128,1375,1726,1753]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger, 1912: 156</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFA7D41E77C93098A" author="de Rooij, N." box="[1409,1437,1726,1753]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref303264" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10610" type="book" year="1917">de</bibRefCitation>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF77B89BFEAB41BA7C9609AE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689485" box="[343,1432,1762,1789]" collectorName="de Haas" location="Smith" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Smith's">
Rooij, 1917: 158.—Sworder, 1923: 65.—
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF77B89BFCD441BB7A6109AE" box="[808,879,1762,1789]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1930: 58.—Smedley, 1932: 12.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFB0F41BA7C9609AE" author="de Haas, C. P. J." box="[1267,1432,1762,1789]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" pagination="511 - 625" refId="ref302520" refString="de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625." type="journal article" year="1950">
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FF77B89BFB0F41BA7C5F09AE" box="[1267,1361,1763,1789]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">de Haas</collectorName>
, 1950
</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
: 574.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF77B89BFF0B4072788608E2" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B89BFF0B4072788608E2" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF77B89BFF0B40727C920816" box="[247,1436,1834,1861]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF77B89BFF0B407278C10816" ID-CoL="PD7N" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[247,463,1835,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFF0B407278C10816" box="[247,463,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Calamaria prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF77B89BFE1740727A1C0816" author="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H." box="[491,786,1834,1861]" page="123" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFE1740727A1C0816" author="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H." box="[491,786,1834,1861]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" pagination="1 - 304" refId="ref315214" refString="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H. (1965) The systematics and evolution of the Oriental colubrid snakes of the genus Calamaria. Fieldiana: Zoology, 49, 1 - 304." type="journal article" year="1965">Inger &amp; Marx, 1965: 123</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—K.K.P. Lim &amp;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFE5A40167B5B083A" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[422,597,1871,1897]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 146</bibRefCitation>
.—L.M.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFD4440167ABF083A" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[696,945,1870,1897]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFD0040167A3B083A" box="[764,821,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 105
</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFC2F40177C18083A" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[979,1302,1870,1897]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar &amp; Colijn, 2001: 47</bibRefCitation>
.—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFE39402A7B7B08DE" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[453,629,1907,1933]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 146</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF77B89BFD64402A7A4808DE" author="Das, I." box="[664,838,1907,1933]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 270</bibRefCitation>
.—Stuebing
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFC2F402A7D0308DE" box="[979,1037,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 124.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFAE8402A7C4008DE" box="[1300,1358,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 141.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF77B898FF6B40E27B190D61" lastPageId="238" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF77B898FF6B40E27A6E0D5C" blockId="237.[151,1437,1546,2041]" lastBlockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" lastPageId="238" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFF6B40E278050886" bold="true" box="[151,267,1979,2005]" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Remarks.</emphasis>
The presence of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF77B89BFE2940E27B420886" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[469,588,1979,2005]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="237" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF77B89BFE2940E27B420886" box="[469,588,1979,2005]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF77B89BFD8940E27BE90886" box="[629,743,1979,2005]" name="Singapore" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Singapore</collectingCountry>
is based on one record from Sclater (1891a) who examined specimen ZSI 13306 which he received from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF77B89BFD1740867A5308AA" box="[747,861,2015,2041]" name="Singapore" pageId="237" pageNumber="238">Singapore</collectingCountry>
from Davison, and that was identified by Boulenger as
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FEE847CE7B6F0FE2" authority="(Sclater 1891 b)" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[276,609,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrana">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FEE847CE78A20FE3" box="[276,428,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">C. sumatrana</emphasis>
(Sclater 1891b)
</taxonomicName>
. Smedley (1932) removed it from the checklist of Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FAFB47CE7C600FE2" box="[1287,1390,151,177]" name="Malaysia" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF0B47E278670F86" box="[247,361,187,213]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
stating that if the specimen was identified correctly, then it was likely imported from Sumatra. Tweedie (1953, 1983) also deemed the locality unlikely and did not include it in his checklist. Afterwards, when
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FEC246587B3D0E48" author="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H." box="[318,563,256,283]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="1 - 304" refId="ref315214" refString="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H. (1965) The systematics and evolution of the Oriental colubrid snakes of the genus Calamaria. Fieldiana: Zoology, 49, 1 - 304." type="journal article" year="1965">Inger &amp; Marx (1965)</bibRefCitation>
examined the specimen, they synonymised it with
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FB7B46587DF00E49" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[1159,1278,256,283]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FB7B46587DF00E49" box="[1159,1278,256,283]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and accepted
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF0B467A78670E6E" box="[247,361,291,317]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as the locality of the specimen; although, they did not formally address the issue of the specimen’s origin. Stuebing
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE4D461E78E70E33" box="[433,489,326,352]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
(2014) also listed
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FD4A461F7A260E33" box="[694,808,326,352]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
as a locality for
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FC1C461E7D5A0E33" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[992,1108,326,353]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FC1C461E7D5A0E33" box="[992,1108,326,353]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FB79461E7DF70E33" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[1157,1273,326,353]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FB79461E7DF70E33" box="[1157,1273,326,353]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF74B898FEC4463078D60ED0" box="[312,472,361,387]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
from Sandankan,
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF74B898FD5246307BFB0ED0" box="[686,757,361,387]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Sabah</collectingRegion>
, East
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FCC246307AAB0ED0" box="[830,933,361,387]" name="Malaysia" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF74B898FC4A46307D930ED7" author="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H." box="[950,1181,361,388]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" pagination="1 - 304" refId="ref315214" refString="Inger, R. F. &amp; Marx, H. (1965) The systematics and evolution of the Oriental colubrid snakes of the genus Calamaria. Fieldiana: Zoology, 49, 1 - 304." type="journal article" year="1965">Inger &amp; Marx 1965</bibRefCitation>
) and ZSI 13306 from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF0B46D578670EF5" box="[247,361,396,422]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(Stuebing
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE1A46D47B2E0EF5" box="[486,544,396,422]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">et al.</emphasis>
2014), then there is a chance that the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FC2946D57D490EF5" box="[981,1095,396,422]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
record is authentic. However, given the high endemism of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FDCC46F67BA70E9A" box="[560,681,431,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FDCC46F67BA70E9A" box="[560,681,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Calamaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Borneo, the fact that the Borneo records are from eastern Borneo, and the initial controversy surrounding the specimen, we treat
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FC49468A7D270EBF" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" box="[949,1065,466,493]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FC49468A7D270EBF" box="[949,1065,466,493]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">C. prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as uncertain for now.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FADF468B78450D5C" authorityName="Lidth de Jeude" authorityYear="1893" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Calamaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prakkei">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FADF468B78450D5C" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Calamaria prakkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognised as possibly extinct (IUCN 2022).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45417B190D61" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,535,536,563]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B454178220D61" bold="true" box="[151,300,536,562]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Occurrence:</emphasis>
No credible records.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B45627A2E0D2B" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45627BBD0D06" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,691,571,597]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B45627B0A0D06" bold="true" box="[151,516,571,597]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF6B4562781E0D06" box="[151,272,571,597]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Not Evaluated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45077A2E0D2B" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,800,606,632]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B450778AF0D2B" bold="true" box="[151,417,606,632]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Immediate priority, if discovered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B45D87AF70DC8" box="[151,1017,641,667]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45D87AF70DC8" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,1017,641,667]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B45D878DC0DC8" bold="true" box="[151,466,641,667]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) [2012].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF74B898FF6B45FA7DBD0CEF" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45FA7A410DED" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,847,675,702]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B45FA7BAD0DEE" bold="true" box="[151,675,675,702]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF74B898FF6B45FA78160DEE" box="[151,280,675,701]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF74B898FEC245FD78A20DED" box="[318,428,676,702]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
Museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B459F7A390DB2" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,823,710,737]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B459F7B840DB3" bold="true" box="[151,650,710,737]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FEE2459F78990DB3" box="[286,407,710,736]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FF6B45B07B990C57" blockId="238.[151,1437,151,772]" box="[151,663,745,772]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FF6B45B078880C50" bold="true" box="[151,390,745,771]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF74B898FF6B45B0781E0C50" box="[151,272,745,771]" name="Singapore" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
No published localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FE26443C7D540C2D" blockId="238.[474,1114,868,895]" box="[474,1114,868,895]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE26443C7D540C2D" bold="true" box="[474,1114,868,895]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
Family
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FDC5443C7A020C2C" authority="H. Boie" authorityName="H. Boie" box="[569,780,869,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Elapidae H. Boie</taxonomicName>
in F. Boie, 1827 (2 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF74B898FE7C44FB7DBD0CEF" blockId="238.[384,1203,930,957]" box="[384,1203,930,957]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE7C44FB7DBD0CEF" bold="true" box="[384,1203,930,957]" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF74B898FE2444FB7BC70CEF" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[472,713,930,957]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="238" pageNumber="239" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF74B898FE2444FB7B590CEE" bold="true" box="[472,599,930,957]" italics="true" pageId="238" pageNumber="239">Hydrophis</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
in Sonnini &amp; Latreille, 1801 (2 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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