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<mods:title id="865D7141849E7DD462C7ADEEC36E184B">Pseudacanthicus pitanga: a new species of Ancistrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypostominae) from rio Tocantins Basin, North Brazil</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6DFFB9FF44FA44158B3CA4" bold="true" box="[151,454,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="310">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
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(
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; 
<tableCitation id="1B46068C0D6DFFB9FEC4FA6315163C86" box="[279,347,1445,1470]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,398,421]" captionTargetBox="[155,1343,481,1972]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data of Pseudacanthicus pitanga based on 31 specimens and the holotype. SD = Standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" pageId="1" pageNumber="310" tableUuid="02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
)
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.
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, M. Goulding.
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, G. M. dos Santos. 
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4559, 
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(Lucia Rapp Py Daniel 
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6DFFB9FA88F96411C13F81" box="[1371,1420,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="310">et al</emphasis>
). 
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6311, 7, 
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, rio Tocantins, 345'59.43&quot;S, 4939'40.41&quot;W. 
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6348, 1, 270.0 mm 
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, M. Jegu. 
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6349, 1, 252.0 mm 
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6350, 1, 300.0 mm 
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10919, 
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, Equipe Ictiologia 
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24135, 
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, Expediçao; à Permanente a Amazônia (Heraldo A. Britski 
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.). 
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34295, 6, 170.3– 
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, 1 esq., 236,3 mm 
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, rio Itacaiunas, Caldeirão, 05032'00&quot;W 0552'00&quot;S, 0 
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, M. Goulding. 
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115275, 
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, collected with the 
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. 
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFEECFF7A164939ED" bold="true" box="[319,516,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Tocantins State.</emphasis>
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857, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFD48FF7A177439EC" box="[667,825,188,212]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1701" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1170.1">1, 170.1 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFC94FF7A172739EC" box="[839,874,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Tocantins, Brejinho de Nazaré, 115'24&quot;W 4834'19&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFEC8FF2615F839C0" box="[283,437,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="1997-11-17">17 Nov 1997</date>
, Equipe Neamb (Anderson B. Soares 
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFCB9FF2717D039C0" box="[874,925,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">et al</emphasis>
). 
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960, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFBE7FF26108A39CF" box="[1076,1223,224,248]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2007" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1200.7">1, 200.7 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFB1CFF2610BF39C0" box="[1231,1266,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Tocantins, Brejinho de Nazaré, 115'24&quot;W 4834'19&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFDADFEC217443824" box="[638,777,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="2003-09-18">18 Set 2003</date>
, Equipe Neamb. 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFC1FFEC3104B3824" box="[972,1030,261,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9qsd-ymew" name="Universidad nacional de Tucumn" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">UNT</collectionCode>
967, 1, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFBB7FEC210873824" box="[1124,1226,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.73" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="87.3">87.3 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFB01FEC210B83824" box="[1234,1269,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Tocantins, Fazenda Traçadal, Paranã, 1228'099&quot;W 4814'47&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFD33FEEE17253878" box="[736,872,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="1999-07-27">27 Jul 1999</date>
, Equipe Neamb. 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFBFFFEEE102B3807" box="[1068,1126,296,319]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9qsd-ymew" name="Universidad nacional de Tucumn" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">UNT</collectionCode>
8505, 1, 259.0 mm 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFA9EFEEE113D3878" box="[1357,1392,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Tocantins, near the confluence with rio Santo Antônio, Peixe, 1131'17&quot;W 4837'59&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFB85FE8A10AE385C" box="[1110,1251,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="2001-10-17">17 Oct 2001</date>
, Equipe Neamb. 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFF44FEB6149C38BF" box="[151,209,368,391]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9qsd-ymew" name="Universidad nacional de Tucumn" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">UNT</collectionCode>
9061, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFECFFEB615E438BF" box="[284,425,368,392]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2242" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1224.2">1, 224.2 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFE7DFEB6159C38B0" box="[430,465,368,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Maranhão at the place of UEH São 
<collectingCountry id="2ED373A70D6EFFBAFC5FFEA917BC38B0" box="[908,1009,367,392]" name="El Salvador" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Salvador</collectingCountry>
, São 
<collectingCountry id="2ED373A70D6EFFBAFBFFFEA910DC38B0" box="[1068,1169,367,392]" name="El Salvador" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Salvador</collectingCountry>
, 1248'55&quot;W 4814'45&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFF44FE52156C3895" box="[151,289,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="2006-06-18">18 Jun 2006</date>
, A. Santana. 
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1109, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFDE4FE5216893894" box="[567,708,404,429]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1468" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1146.8">1, 146.8 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFD19FE5216A03894" box="[714,749,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Sono, Pedro Afonso, 859'54&quot;W 4814'17&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFAD7FE5211D53894" box="[1284,1432,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="2001-08-10">10 Ago 2001</date>
, Equipe Neamb. 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFE85FE7E15DD38F7" box="[342,400,440,463]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9qsd-ymew" name="Universidad nacional de Tucumn" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">UNT</collectionCode>
10297, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFE26FE7E16C038F7" box="[501,653,439,464]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2285" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="1228.5">1, 228.5 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFD4AFE7E16F138E8" box="[665,700,440,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, rio Tocantins, border of Miracema and Tocantínia, 942'59&quot;W 4821'39&quot;S, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFECAFE1B15C338CC" box="[281,398,476,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="2009-05">May 2009</date>
, Equipe CMT Ambiental.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBAFF14FE3916E33B67" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFF14FE3917793B20" bold="true" box="[199,820,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
Non-type material. 
<collectingCountry id="2ED373A70D6EFFBAFE63FE3915B63B20" box="[432,507,511,536]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Pará state, rio Tocantins.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFCEFFDC617373B20" box="[828,890,512,536]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">ZMA</collectionCode>
119.395, 3, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFBD4FE3910E73B2F" box="[1031,1194,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.885" metricValueMax="8.92" metricValueMin="8.85" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="88.85" valueMax="89.2" valueMin="88.5">88.5–89.2 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFB61FDC610983B20" box="[1202,1237,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, Tucuruí, about 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFA5DFDC614F63B05" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
below dam, 346'29.47&quot;S 4939'9.64&quot;W, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFD58FDE2175C3B04" box="[651,785,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="1984-10-09">9 Oct 1984</date>
, G. Mendes dos Santos. 
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFBE2FDE210223B04" box="[1073,1135,548,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">ZMA</collectionCode>
119.829, 1, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFAD0FDE211263B04" box="[1283,1387,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.28" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="82.8">82.8 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFAA7FDE211DA3B04" box="[1396,1431,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
, Cametá, 0214'S, 04930'W, 
<date id="227A15F70D6EFFBAFE15FD8116643B58" box="[454,553,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" value="1985-07">Jul 1985</date>
, A. Werner.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBAFF14FDAA16DF3BBC" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,658,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFF14FDAA15613BBD" bold="true" box="[199,300,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">No data.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFEE0FDAA15C53BBC" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[307,392,620,644]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">AMNH</collectionCode>
97659, 1, 
<quantity id="913C9ED20D6EFFBAFE2CFDAA162E3BBC" box="[511,611,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.28" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="82.8">82.8 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="30D5ABF20D6EFFBAFDB9FDAA16C33BBC" box="[618,654,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">SL</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EDE60BC0D6EFFBAFF14FD49102F3D28" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBAFF14FD49102F3D28" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFF14FD49150C3B90" bold="true" box="[199,321,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFE9BFD56162E3B9F" box="[328,611,656,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFE9BFD56162E3B9F" box="[328,611,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7F83525E0D6EFFBAFDA1FD5616813B9F" box="[626,716,656,679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, is distinguished from its congeners (except 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFB11FD5711013B90" box="[1218,1356,656,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leopardus">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFB11FD5711013B90" box="[1218,1356,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. leopardus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by its color pattern with intense orange to red fins (vs. dark background color with white spots in 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFB45FD7311403BF4" box="[1174,1293,693,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serratus">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFB45FD7311403BF4" box="[1174,1293,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. serratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFA90FD7311D13BF4" box="[1347,1436,692,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fordii">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFA90FD7311D13BF4" box="[1347,1436,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. fordii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or gray background color with black blotches in 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFD30FD1F17063BC8" box="[739,843,728,752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pesudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="histrix">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFD30FD1F17063BC8" box="[739,843,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. histrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFC5EFD1F10473BC8" box="[909,1034,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. s pi n os u s</emphasis>
). It can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFA54FD1F154B3A2C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leopardus">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFA54FD1F154B3A2C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">P. leopardus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of dark blotches anostomosing to form continuous zigzag bands alongside longitudinal keels; absence of blotches on ventral surface of body; faint blotches on head and all fins with orange to red color on unbranched ray and sometimes on subsequent branched rays (dark blotches conspicuous, never anostomosed; large dark blotches on ventral surface; conspicuous dark blotches on head; and red color restricted to dorsal and caudalfin rays). 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6EFFBAFED8FC4A16673A9C" box="[267,554,908,932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFED8FC4A16673A9C" box="[267,554,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be further diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of osteological characters: contact of sphenotic with sixth infraorbital absent (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFC08FC6910523AF0" box="[987,1055,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; 
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFBF8FC77100F3AF0" box="[1067,1090,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">vs</emphasis>
. present in remaining species), lateral surface of metapterigoid channel triangular (
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFD3FFC13174E3AD4" box="[748,771,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">vs</emphasis>
. rounded in remaining species), posterior area of contact between cleithrum and coracoid ventrally expanded (
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFD39FC3F174C3D28" box="[746,769,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">vs</emphasis>
. straight in remaining species).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EDE60BC0D6EFFBDFF14FBDA17AE3CA8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" type="description">
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBAFF14FBDA17253DD0" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6EFFBAFF14FBDA15143D0D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1052,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometric and meristic data summarized in 
<tableCitation id="1B46068C0D6EFFBAFC56FBDA17973D0C" box="[901,986,1052,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,398,421]" captionTargetBox="[155,1343,481,1972]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data of Pseudacanthicus pitanga based on 31 specimens and the holotype. SD = Standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" pageId="2" pageNumber="311" tableUuid="02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; concave, nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile of body straight from snout tip to caudal-fin origin. Ventral surface from tip of snout to urogenital papillae lacking plates, except for few small plates at pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins. Greatest body width at pectoral girdle. Trunk strongly keeled; five rows of keels; each one along each body plate series. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin, body most slender at caudal peduncle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBAFF14FB32155F3E75" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">
Head tall, pointed anteriorly, somewhat triangular in dorsal view; snout and cheek completely covered by numerous small plates, except for small naked area on tip of snout. Snout very pointed in dorsal view. Nasal bone rectangular, thin and elongate (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFE20FAFA167A3C6C" box="[499,567,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Frontal bone short, slightly contacting nares anteriorly and orbit posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFF4CFA9914A73C40" box="[159,234,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Anterior margin of frontal short, reaching posterior margin or half nare length (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFB09FA9911683C40" box="[1242,1317,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Parietosupraoccipital enlogate, its posterior edge narrow, with V-shaped crest (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFC05FA4210513CA4" box="[982,1052,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Sphenotic short, not contacting IO6, with conspicuous odontodes (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D6EFFBAFD97FA6116DF3CF8" box="[580,658,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1126]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of the cranium in Pseudacanthicus pitanga, MZUSP 34295, 236.3 mm SL, IO 6 correspond to sixth infraorbital." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232427/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Orbit small to moderate in size (9,6–16,4% HL), positioned dorsolaterally. Iris with small, dorsal flap over pupil. Pterotic-supracleithum short, with few fenestrae, its anterior process contacting a small region of posterior margin of orbit. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleitrhum with one or two small sized plates. Infraorbital series with 8 pores. Infraorbital 4 widely contacting posterior margin of orbit. Infraorbital 6 associated with only the posteroventral margin of orbit. Lateral line pores restricted to hypural plate. Mouth moderate in size, nearly as long as wide. Lips large, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla absent or little developed. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips, with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Medial end of premaxillary teeth curved inwards. Premaxillae and dentary narrow and elongate. Dentary strongly curved inwards. Teeth slightly thick, well-developed, with long crown and large lateral cusp; its distal edge slightly curved inwards. Four to five pairs of predorsal plates. Cheek plates eversible, with hypertrophied odontodes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D6EFFBBFF1DF891165F385D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="2" pageNumber="311">Dorsal-fin rays i,8, pterygiophores located posterior to neural spines of vertebral centra 6–17. Dorsal-fin base very long, its length equals to 12 dorsal plates, reaching pre-adipose plate; connected to adipose fin by thick membrane. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with locking mechanism. Eight furcate neural spines supporting dorsal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion conspicuously expanded relative to base; distal margin rounded. Pectoral-fin rays I,6; unbranched ray covered with well-developed odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through medial, unbranched, pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i,4, located posterior to haemal spines of vertebral centra 14–17. Caudal fin i,14, i, truncate; caudal fin-ray filaments present in juveniles; supracaudal plates 7. Three to five (usually four) procurrent caudal-fin rays. Total vertebrae 29, precaudal 12. Sixth rib strongly thickened, remaining ribs slender.</paragraph>
<caption id="02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" ID-Table-UUID="02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/02BB63BF0D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" pageId="3" pageNumber="312" targetBox="[155,1343,481,1972]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="567B33370D6FFFBBFF44FE48152B38FD" blockId="3.[151,1436,397,453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6FFFBBFF44FE481547389D" bold="true" box="[151,266,398,421]" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric and meristic data of 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D6FFFBBFD5CFE4B17D0389D" box="[655,925,397,421]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D6FFFBBFD5CFE4B17D0389D" box="[655,925,397,421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on 31 specimens and the holotype. SD = Standard deviation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="567B33370D6FFFBBFF48FE27116A3E8C" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<table id="24C4C1970D6F0047FF48FE2711723E8C" box="[155,1343,481,1972]" gridcols="5" gridrows="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FE2711723B20" box="[155,1343,481,536]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FE2715953B20" box="[155,472,481,536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Character</th>
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FE2717243B20" box="[560,873,481,536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Holotype Minimum MZUSP 34296</th>
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFE27106C3B20" box="[952,1057,481,536]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Maximum</th>
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FE2710EB3B20" box="[1131,1190,481,536]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Mean</th>
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFE2711723B20" box="[1311,1343,481,536]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">SD</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FDEA11723B58" box="[155,1343,556,608]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FDEA15953B58" box="[155,472,556,608]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Standard length (SL)</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FDEA17243B58" box="[560,873,556,608]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">220.7 86.5</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFDEA106C3B58" box="[952,1057,556,608]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">300.0</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FDEA10EB3B58" box="[1131,1190,556,608]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">165.1</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFDEA11723B58" box="[1311,1343,556,608]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FDB211723BE4" box="[155,1343,628,732]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FDB215953BE4" box="[155,472,628,732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Percent of standard length Predorsal length Head length (HL)</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FDB217243BE4" box="[560,873,628,732]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">47.8 39.2 38.0 19.4</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFDB2106C3BE4" box="[952,1057,628,732]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">72.3 59.6</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FDB210EB3BE4" box="[1131,1190,628,732]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">45.4 37.1</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFDB211723BE4" box="[1311,1343,628,732]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">5.3 5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FD3611723A60" box="[155,1343,752,856]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FD3615953A60" box="[155,472,752,856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Bory length at dorsal-fin origin Cleithral width Thorax length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FD3617243A60" box="[560,873,752,856]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">23.7 15.9 33.3 27.6 21.7 19.7</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFD36106C3A60" box="[952,1057,752,856]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">28.3 48.2 39.3</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FD3610EB3A60" box="[1131,1190,752,856]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">20.7 30.9 25.2</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFD3611723A60" box="[1311,1343,752,856]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">2.8 3.5 3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FCAA11723AEC" box="[155,1343,876,980]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FCAA15953AEC" box="[155,472,876,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Pectoral-spine length Abdominal length Pelvic-spine length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FCAA17243AEC" box="[560,873,876,980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">39.4 28.3 29.1 22.3 35.5 22.8</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFCAA106C3AEC" box="[952,1057,876,980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">52.1 38.9 48.6</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FCAA10EB3AEC" box="[1131,1190,876,980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">32.7 26.3 29.5</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFCAA11723AEC" box="[1311,1343,876,980]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">4.5 2.9 4.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FC2E11723D68" box="[155,1343,1000,1104]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FC2E15953D68" box="[155,472,1000,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Postanal length Anal-fin spine length Dorsal spine length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FC2E17243D68" box="[560,873,1000,1104]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">32.8 27.7 24.3 13.4 41.8 25.9</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFC2E106C3D68" box="[952,1057,1000,1104]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">51.2 31.4 54.2</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FC2E10EB3D68" box="[1131,1190,1000,1104]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">32.0 20.5 34.4</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFC2E11723D68" box="[1311,1343,1000,1104]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">3.9 3.2 5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FBA211723DF4" box="[155,1343,1124,1228]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FBA215953DF4" box="[155,472,1124,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Dorsal-fin base length Caudal peduncle depth Percent of head length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FBA217243DF4" box="[560,873,1124,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">26.9 23.2 16.8 12.1</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFBA2106C3DF4" box="[952,1057,1124,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">46.2 22.1</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FBA210EB3DF4" box="[1131,1190,1124,1228]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">28.9 14.4</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFBA211723DF4" box="[1311,1343,1124,1228]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">3.8 1.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FB2611723C70" box="[155,1343,1248,1352]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FB2615953C70" box="[155,472,1248,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Orbit diameter Snout length Internares width</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FB2617243C70" box="[560,873,1248,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">9.6 9.6 62.7 58.1 16.7 10.4</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFB26106C3C70" box="[952,1057,1248,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">16.4 69.2 18.2</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FB2610EB3C70" box="[1131,1190,1248,1352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">13.1 63.5 14.5</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFB2611723C70" box="[1311,1343,1248,1352]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">1.6 3.0 2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FA9A11723CFC" box="[155,1343,1372,1476]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FA9A15953CFC" box="[155,472,1372,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Interorbital width Head depth Mouth length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FA9A17243CFC" box="[560,873,1372,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">36.9 29.6 59.0 43.6 41.0 33.8</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFA9A106C3CFC" box="[952,1057,1372,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">38.5 60.4 50.5</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FA9A10EB3CFC" box="[1131,1190,1372,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">33.8 52.2 42.7</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFA9A11723CFC" box="[1311,1343,1372,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">2.5 5.5 3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48FA1E11723F78" box="[155,1343,1496,1600]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48FA1E15953F78" box="[155,472,1496,1600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Mouth width Dentary tooth cup length Premaxillary tooth cup length</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3FA1E17243F78" box="[560,873,1496,1600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">39.5 14.4 9.2 4.4 4.6 2.7</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BFA1E106C3F78" box="[952,1057,1496,1600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">48.4 11.8 9.9</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8FA1E10EB3F78" box="[1131,1190,1496,1600]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">39.9 8.4 4.8</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCFA1E11723F78" box="[1311,1343,1496,1600]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">6.2 1.6 1.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48F99211723F84" box="[155,1343,1620,1724]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48F99215953F84" box="[155,472,1620,1724]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Meristics Dorsal plate series Mid-dorsal plate series</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3F99217243F84" box="[560,873,1620,1724]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">25 23 23 23</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BF992106C3F84" box="[952,1057,1620,1724]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">26 26</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8F99210EB3F84" box="[1131,1190,1620,1724]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Mode 25 24</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCF99211723F84" box="[1311,1343,1620,1724]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">- -</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48F91611723E00" box="[155,1343,1744,1848]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48F91615953E00" box="[155,472,1744,1848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Median plate series Mid-ventral plate series Ventral plate series</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3F91617243E00" box="[560,873,1744,1848]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">24 23 23 22 13 11</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BF916106C3E00" box="[952,1057,1744,1848]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">27 26 20</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8F91610EB3E00" box="[1131,1190,1744,1848]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">25 24 17</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCF91611723E00" box="[1311,1343,1744,1848]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">- - -</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8F431750D6F0047FF48F88A11723E8C" box="[155,1343,1868,1972]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">
<th id="AB2558090D6F0047FF48F88A15953E8C" box="[155,472,1868,1972]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">Precaudal plates Premaxillary teeth Dentary teeth</th>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FDE3F88A17243E8C" box="[560,873,1868,1972]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">7 6 7 4 13 6</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FC6BF88A106C3E8C" box="[952,1057,1868,1972]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">9 10 16</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FBB8F88A10EB3E8C" box="[1131,1190,1868,1972]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">8 4 13</td>
<td id="AB2558090D6F0047FACCF88A11723E8C" box="[1311,1343,1868,1972]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="312">- - -</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="02BB63BF0D68FFBCFF44F86717B53E8F" box="[151,1016,1953,1975]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232425/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[161,1424,193,1931]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="567B33370D68FFBCFF44F86717B53E8F" blockId="4.[151,1016,1953,1975]" box="[151,1016,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D68FFBCFF44F867155E3E8E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="313">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D68FFBCFE4AF86716DA3E8F" box="[409,663,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D68FFBCFE4AF86716DA3E8F" box="[409,663,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="313">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MZUSP 34296, 220.7 mm of SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="02BB63BF0D69FFBDFF44FBF811253D6C" box="[151,1384,1086,1108]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232426/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[308,1278,193,1064]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF44FBF811253D6C" blockId="5.[151,1384,1086,1108]" box="[151,1384,1086,1108]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF44FBF8155F3D6B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1086,1108]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Color in life 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFE48FBF816D73D6C" box="[411,666,1086,1108]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFE48FBF816D73D6C" box="[411,666,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult and juvenile aquarium specimens (Images by Erlend Bertelsen).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF14FBBD10243C70" blockId="5.[151,1437,1147,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF14FBBD15113DAC" bold="true" box="[199,348,1147,1172]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Color in life.</emphasis>
Dorsal surface of trunk pale brown with median dark blotches that might be faint in juveniles and some adults; dark blotches anostomosing to form continuous zigzag bands alongside longitudinal keels in most specimens. Head without well-defined spots or blotches. Ventral surface pale, sometimes with some few faint spots in the abdominal region; spots in general absent in most specimens. All fins with orange or almost red color, at least in the unbranched fin-rays; more evident in the dorsal and caudal unbranched fin-rays. Juvenile specimens (in most cases) with dorsal and caudal fin almost completely faint orange without dark blotches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF14FA9517AE3CA8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1147,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF14FA9515C03C54" bold="true" box="[199,397,1363,1388]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
Specimens in alcohol usually exhibit the same color pattern when live, but in most cases the orange coloration of fins and blotches on body are inconspicuous and faint.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EDE60BC0D69FFBDFF14FA5D15143EB0" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF14FA5D10CF3CC4" blockId="5.[151,1437,1147,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF14FA5D152D3C8C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1435,1460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFEBBFA5A16C93C8B" box="[360,644,1436,1460]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFEBBFA5A16C93C8B" box="[360,644,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably occurs throughout the median and lower rio Tocantins. The species was recorded in the lower Tocantins river basin, at Serra dos Carajás, Tucuruí and Cametá, Pará state, and median Tocantins river basin, between São 
<collectingCountry id="2ED373A70D69FFBDFDADFA2516AF3CC4" box="[638,738,1507,1532]" name="El Salvador" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Salvador</collectingCountry>
and Lajeado, Tocantins state (
<figureCitation id="CEFF2FB20D69FFBDFBE4FA25103B3CC4" box="[1079,1142,1507,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1309,1331]" captionTargetBox="[158,1424,415,1277]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1437,409,1288]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Pseudacanthicus pitanga, red circle correspond to type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232428/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Fig.4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF14F9C115143EB0" blockId="5.[151,1437,1147,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF14F9C116C43F18" bold="true" box="[199,649,1543,1568]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Fisheries and economic importance.</emphasis>
Because of its flashy and beautiful color pattern, the species of 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFF44F9EA15183F7C" box="[151,341,1580,1604]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF44F9EA15183F7C" box="[151,341,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Pseudacanthicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although not formally described, are very well known by local fishermen and the aquarist community, being an economic resource in some cases. Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFC20F98911593F5F" box="[1011,1300,1615,1639]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFC20F98911593F5F" box="[1011,1300,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like other ornamental species, are exported to several countries worldwide, especially in Europe and the 
<collectingCountry id="2ED373A70D69FFBDFB1EF9B211513FB4" box="[1229,1308,1652,1676]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
, which has enabled many aquarists to breed them (E. Bertelsen, pers. comm.). 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFC68F95110973F97" box="[955,1242,1687,1711]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFC68F95110973F97" box="[955,1242,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Pseudacanthicus pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is economically important in the aquarium trade as an ornamental fish. The ornamental fish exploration has been a common practice in lower Tocantins in the Marabá region, and 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFD28F92617213FCF" box="[763,876,1760,1783]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFD28F92617213FCF" box="[763,876,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">P. pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognized in the L number aquarist system as L024 (
<bibRefCitation id="32554EC60D69FFBDFF35F8C5166A3E24" author="Schraml" box="[230,551,1795,1820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" refString="Schraml, E. &amp; Schafer, F. (2004) Aqualog: Loricariidae All L-Numbers. Rodgau, Hollywood Import &amp; Export, Inc., 2 nd Edition, 272 pp." type="book" year="2004">Schraml &amp; Schaefer, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Ornamental fishes are usually captured by diving with the aid of an air compressor, a collecting technique that is very common in ornamental fish exploration centers, such as in Marabá (Tocantins), Altamira (Xingu), and Santarém and Itaituba (Tapajós) (more about capture techniques in 
<bibRefCitation id="32554EC60D69FFBDFAE9F88A15003EB0" author="Sousa" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" refString="Sousa, L. M. &amp; Birindelli, J. L. O. (2009) Acaris do Tapajos. Habitat, 84, 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="2009">Sousa &amp; Birindelli, 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EDE60BC0D69FFBDFF14F85515283EE8" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="567B33370D69FFBDFF14F85515283EE8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1147,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFF14F85515033E94" bold="true" box="[199,334,1939,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet 
<taxonomicName id="91C448B40D69FFBDFDECF85216D83E93" box="[575,661,1940,1963]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pitanga">
<emphasis id="64B0EF250D69FFBDFDECF85216D83E93" box="[575,661,1940,1963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="314">pitanga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from Tupi-Guarani, meaning red, in allusion to the color of fins. An adjective.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>