336 lines
45 KiB
XML
336 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="C006C28A4E88A40B54CDD654AAF4640B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5352660" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5352660" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630208527114" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dunford, James C." docDate="2009" docId="03FC87C67B25FFB5FF6CFF15FA9BDB0D" docLanguage="en" docName="0090.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2009 (90)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Speyeria callippe" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FFC5FFBE7B32FFADFFACFFD0FFFED816" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1699186102529" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="9013FD73D570658E588FD8AEB6F3B4E4">Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6564E76D55CAA886FD23E1A298ABF0A1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EAA811A573BF310AC175C680CC945586">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D7053D1515A97F9839552EE59E810C86">Dunford, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C73355FF37BA7F05A9DF36DE029A4112">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="30D7A89FF5A6986BD2A37A6A228847E2">
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<mods:date id="13529C40918533AF6129D8312DA4C284">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0F4EF9B3DF56362C849649C7F3AF0AE4">2009-09-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="921245B7F569A0C906DA1FEA8878E41C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1CFE85107706F3D9DAE79AF08C1D9994">2009</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BA1F207BCB8EFA05ACB59864656CC846" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E8C0CD11A180BDE7B173DA7D49CF2CC0">90</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="154C219F0D4A22EFD1CFB6E716456EA0">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="FFF56AF331126C891C2F5509F3562053">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F8D86E3EA3C485DCFC078D8273D221F1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5352660</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8CD99E99D3A77592F7F93F5CD5DE4F27" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F0336053880E152EC4722DD1569D564D" type="Zenodo-Dep">5352660</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FC87C67B25FFB5FF6CFF15FA9BDB0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B25FFB5FF6CFF15FA9BDB0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87C67B25FFB5FF6CFF15FA9BDB0D" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B25FFBAFF6CFF15FD69D8CD" box="[192,663,195,220]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFF15FD69D8CD" blockId="23.[192,663,195,251]" box="[192,663,195,220]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0A281BC7B25FFBAFF6CFF15FD69D8CD" bold="true" box="[192,663,195,220]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFF6CFF15FD69D8CD" ID-CoL="4YKGB" authority="(Boisduval, 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[192,663,195,220]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFF15FD69D8CD" bold="true" box="[192,663,195,220]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFF15FE54D8CA" bold="true" box="[192,426,197,220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Speyeria callippe</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFE14FF13FD70D8CD" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[440,654,195,219]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="275 - 324" refId="ref34530" refString="Boisduval, J. B. A. D. 1852. Lepidopteres de la Californie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 10: 275 - 324." type="journal article" year="1852">Boisduval, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B25FFBAFF6CFF33FE88D8ED" box="[192,374,227,251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFF33FE88D8ED" blockId="23.[192,663,195,251]" box="[192,374,227,251]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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(
|
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B25FFBAFF64FF33FEB8D8ED" box="[200,326,227,251]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[200,284,862,884]" captionTargetBox="[192,1446,192,842]" captionTargetId="figure-241@12.[192,1447,192,843]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus images of adult Speyeria spp., each image with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. A) Speyeria diana, male. B) Speyeria diana, female. C) Speyeria zerene gunderi (Comstock), male; Nevada. D) Speyeria callippe harmonia dos Passos and Grey, male; Nevada. E) Speyeria mormonia artonis (Edwards), male; Nevada. Images by James C. Dunford." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352670/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Figure 5D</figureCitation>
|
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,
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B25FFBAFEFCFF33FE90D8ED" box="[336,366,227,251]" captionStart="Figure 16-20" captionStartId="68.[192,276,1600,1622]" captionTargetBox="[192,1443,193,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-19@68.[192,1443,192,1563]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 16-20. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 16) Speyeria callippe lectotype, described as Argynnis callippe, male, NMNH. 17) Speyeria egleis neotype, described as Argynnis egleis, female, NMNH. 18) Speyeria adiaste lectotype, described as Argynnis Adiante, female, NMNH. This specimen is not recognized as the name bearing type. 19) Speyeria adiaste lectotype, described as Argynnis Adiaste, male, CMNH. 20) Speyeria atlantis atlantis lectotype, described as Argynnis Atlantis, male, CMNH. Images 16-18 by Robert Robbins; 19-20 by James C. Dunford." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352676/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">16</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FC7ED94D" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FD64D92D" blockId="23.[192,896,291,347]" box="[192,666,291,315]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511FE7B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FD64D92D" box="[192,666,291,315]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410C17B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FD68D92D" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[192,662,291,315]" page="302" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" year="1852">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FD68D92D" ID-CoL="93QQY" authority="Boisduval, 1852: 302" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityPageNumber="302" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,662,291,315]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFEF4FE6AD92D" box="[192,404,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Argynnis callippe</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFE35FEF3FD68D92D" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[409,662,291,315]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="275 - 324" refId="ref34530" refString="Boisduval, J. B. A. D. 1852. Lepidopteres de la Californie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 10: 275 - 324." type="journal article" year="1852">Boisduval, 1852: 302</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFE94FC7ED94D" blockId="23.[192,896,291,347]" box="[192,896,323,347]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFF6CFE94FDE0D94D" ID-CoL="4YKGB" authority="(Boisduval)" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[192,542,323,347]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFE94FE70D94D" box="[192,398,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Speyeria callippe</emphasis>
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||
(Boisduval)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFD87FE93FC8AD94D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[555,884,323,347]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref35825" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1945 a. A genitalic survey of Argynninae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). American Museum Novitates 1296: 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1945">dos Passos and Grey 1945a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B25FFBAFF6CFE53FC92D98D" box="[192,876,387,411]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFE53FC92D98D" blockId="23.[192,876,387,411]" box="[192,876,387,411]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFE53FE5FD98D" bold="true" box="[192,417,387,411]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Common names.</emphasis>
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Callippe fritillary, callippe silverspot.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B25FFB5FF6CFE13FA9BDB0D" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFE13FDE4D9ED" blockId="23.[192,1440,451,507]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFE13FE65D9CD" bold="true" box="[192,411,451,475]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Type deposited.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3C8D7B25FFBAFE0EFE14FDE4D9ED" location="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B25FFBAFE0EFE14FDE5D9CA" box="[418,539,452,476]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(male) designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFC86FE13FB85D9CD" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[810,1147,451,475]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">dos Passos and Grey (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
at
|
||
<location id="8E8A600B7B25FFBAFB0FFE13FE7BD9ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B25FFB5FF6CFF15FA9BDB0D:8E8A600B7B25FFBAFB0FFE13FE7BD9ED" name="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">National Museum of Natural History</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136E2A557B25FFBAFE3FFE33FDF2D9ED" box="[403,524,483,507]" captionStart="Figure 16-20" captionStartId="68.[192,276,1600,1622]" captionTargetBox="[192,1443,193,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-19@68.[192,1443,192,1563]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 16-20. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 16) Speyeria callippe lectotype, described as Argynnis callippe, male, NMNH. 17) Speyeria egleis neotype, described as Argynnis egleis, female, NMNH. 18) Speyeria adiaste lectotype, described as Argynnis Adiante, female, NMNH. This specimen is not recognized as the name bearing type. 19) Speyeria adiaste lectotype, described as Argynnis Adiaste, male, CMNH. 20) Speyeria atlantis atlantis lectotype, described as Argynnis Atlantis, male, CMNH. Images 16-18 by Robert Robbins; 19-20 by James C. Dunford." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352676/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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||
).
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFDF3FBB0DA6D" blockId="23.[192,1440,547,635]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFDF3FE80DA2D" bold="true" box="[192,382,547,571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B25FFBAFF6CFDF3FEFBDA2D" box="[192,261,547,571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
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||
locality.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFE2BFDF3FDF7DA2D" box="[391,521,547,571]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
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||
. Defined by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFD0AFDF3FBFEDA2D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[678,1024,547,571]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">dos Passos and Grey (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as San Francisco, San Francisco County,
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||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFE84FD93FE54DA4D" box="[296,426,579,603]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
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||
. Although it is now extinct in San Francisco, it likely once flew on the slopes on Mt. Davidson where
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFE25FDB3FD97DA6D" box="[393,617,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFE25FDB3FD97DA6D" box="[393,617,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Viola pedunculata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
has been recorded (Emmel et al. 1998a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFD73FB11DACD" blockId="23.[192,1440,675,732]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3C8D7B25FFBAFF6CFD73FB15DACD" collectionCode="EX" location="Californie" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFD73FE51DAAD" bold="true" box="[192,431,675,699]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B25FFBAFF6CFD73FEFBDAAD" box="[192,261,675,699]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
label data. “
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
Calippe. Boisd. Calif.
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||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFD16FD73FCC3DAAD" box="[698,829,675,699]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Californie</collectingRegion>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFCE7FD73FB50DAAD" authority="Boisduval" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[843,1198,675,699]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">Argynnis Callippe Boisduval</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B25FFBAFB18FD74FB13DAAA" box="[1204,1261,676,700]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED44AE157B25FFBAFB54FD74FAE0DAAD" box="[1272,1310,676,699]" country="Slovenia" name="The Culture Collection of Extremophilic Fungi" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">EX</collectionCode>
|
||
MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL; Oberthur Collection;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B25FFBAFD19FD14FD0CDACA" box="[693,754,708,732]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
callipe Bdv. a/c Hofer; Barnes Collection”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B25FFBAFF6CFCD3FC1ADF2D" blockId="23.[192,1441,771,1851]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CFCD3FD0CDB0D" bold="true" box="[192,754,771,795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Identification, taxonomy, and variation.</emphasis>
|
||
There are several geographic forms (approximately 19 described subspecies) with variable coloration on the wings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFC2AFCF3FBE6DB2D" author="Moeck, A. H." box="[902,1048,803,827]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42977" refString="Moeck, A. H. 1957. Geographic variability in Speyeria: Comments, records and description of a new subspecies (Nymphalidae). Milwaukee Entomological Society Special Publication. 48 p." type="book" year="1957">Moeck 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFB8DFCF4FB56DB2D" author="Howe, W. H." box="[1057,1192,803,827]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41056" refString="Howe, W. H. 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday and Company, Inc.; Garden City, New York. 633 p." type="book" year="1975">Howe 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFB1DFCF4FAB0DB2D" author="Warren, A. D." box="[1201,1358,803,827]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" refId="ref47389" refString="Warren, A. D. 2005. Lepidoptera of North America Vol. 6: Butterflies of Oregon their taxonomy, distribution, and biology. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado. 408 p." type="book" year="2005">Warren 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in the callippe complex. Adult wingspan is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B25FFBAFDD1FC93FD04DB4D" box="[637,762,835,859]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="74.0" valueMin="47.0">47-74 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The dorsal wing surface is generally red-brown to light tawny, depending on geographic location. Dark markings are evenly spaced, providing a distinctive checkered or lattice appearance. The ground coloring on the ventral surface varies from reddish to yellowish brown, sometimes with heavy black scaling. The discal area on the underside is commonly powdered by with green scales (especially in the Plains, Rockies, and Great Basin) but may be brown (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFB33FC13FAE5DBCD" box="[1183,1307,963,987]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southwest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFEACFC33FEA2DBED" box="[256,348,995,1019]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
) in some forms, with spots on the ventral hindwings large and usually silver but may be unsilvered (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFEFEFBD3FE2FDC0D" box="[338,465,1027,1051]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southwest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFD3FFBD3FD11DC0D" box="[659,751,1027,1051]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
) in some forms. A general trend in wing patterning and coloration is apparent west and east of the Cascade-Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFC23FBF3FC10DC2D" box="[911,1006,1059,1083]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountains. Populations east of the mountains have tan, brown, or red-brown ventral ground coloration with either silvered or unsilvered spots and a tan submarginal band in the ventral hindwing. Populations in western North America vary from pale green to deep blue-green ventrally either without a submarginal band or only a narrow yellowgreen band.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFEF4FB74FDDCDCAD" baseAuthorityName="Behr" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[344,546,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFEF4FB74FDDCDCAD" box="[344,546,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Speyeria coronis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFC96FB74FC45DCAD" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[826,955,1187,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFC96FB74FC45DCAD" box="[826,955,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(especially along the central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFA8EFB73FA5EDCAD" box="[1314,1440,1187,1211]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
coast) but hindwing marginal spots on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFD39FB14FCEBDCCD" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[661,789,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFD39FB14FCEBDCCD" box="[661,789,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually triangular shaped and bordered inwardly only by a thin dark border; other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFDF6FB34FD3BDCED" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[602,709,1252,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFDF6FB34FD3BDCED" box="[602,709,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFCE3FB34FC39DCED" baseAuthorityName="Behr" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[847,967,1252,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFCE3FB34FC39DCED" box="[847,967,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. coronis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, usually bear differently shaped spots and darker, wider borders. The pale median and submarginal spots show through the wings above (termed ‘spangles’) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFECFFAF4FE20DD2D" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[355,478,1315,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFECFFAF4FE20DD2D" box="[355,478,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially in females along the Pacific Coast. These spangles provide a two-toned appearance when viewed from above. Geographical variation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFC7CFA94FBAEDD4D" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[976,1104,1347,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFC7CFA94FBAEDD4D" box="[976,1104,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFA83FA93FF00DD6D" author="Hovanitz, W." pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="400 - 425" refId="ref40886" refString="Hovanitz, W. 1943. Geographical variation and racial structure of Argynnis callippe in California. The American Naturalist 77: 400 - 425." type="journal article" year="1943">Hovanitz 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFEA4FAB3FE72DD6D" author="Sette, O. E." box="[264,396,1379,1403]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 20" refId="ref45433" refString="Sette, O. E. 1962. Variation in the silvering of Argynnis (Speyeria) callippe in the interior mountain area of south central California. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 1: 3 - 20." type="journal article" year="1962">Sette 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFE3AFAB3FDD0DD6D" author="Arnold, R. A." box="[406,558,1379,1403]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="929 - 941" refId="ref33777" refString="Arnold, R. A. 1983. Speyeria callippe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Application of information-theoretical and graph - clustering techniques to analyses of geographic variation and evaluation of classifications. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76: 929 - 941." type="journal article" year="1983">Arnold 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFD94FAB3FD89DD6D" author="Arnold, R. A." box="[568,631,1379,1403]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref33824" refString="Arnold, R. A. 1985. Geographic variation in natural populations of Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFD25FAB3FCB2DD6D" author="Hovanitz, W." box="[649,844,1379,1403]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="400 - 425" refId="ref40886" refString="Hovanitz, W. 1943. Geographical variation and racial structure of Argynnis callippe in California. The American Naturalist 77: 400 - 425." type="journal article" year="1943">Hovanitz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFC1FFAB3FBD1DD6D" box="[947,1071,1379,1403]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations and hypothesized that racial or genealogical relationships are more or less the same, and that subspecific taxa there do not provide clear evidence of divergence. He did recognize several main divisions of the callippe complex, namely those in the South Coastal Range, western Sierra Nevadas, and a southern zone of intergradation along the Piute Mountains and Sierra Madre range.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFC91FA33FC2FDDED" author="Sette, O. E." box="[829,977,1507,1531]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="3 - 20" refId="ref45433" refString="Sette, O. E. 1962. Variation in the silvering of Argynnis (Speyeria) callippe in the interior mountain area of south central California. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 1: 3 - 20." type="journal article" year="1962">Sette (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the variation of silvering in the southern zone of intergradation and hypothesized that there may be a “silvering-gene” present during the pupal stage under optimal environmental conditions, and speculated guanine was the substance responsible for silvering in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFDACF994FD82DE4D" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[512,636,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFDACF994FD82DE4D" box="[512,636,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFD25F993FCD8DE4D" author="Arnold, R. A." box="[649,806,1603,1627]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref33824" refString="Arnold, R. A. 1985. Geographic variation in natural populations of Speyeria callippe (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1985">Arnold (1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFC9CF993FC95DE4D" author="Arnold, R. A." box="[816,875,1603,1627]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="929 - 941" refId="ref33777" refString="Arnold, R. A. 1983. Speyeria callippe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Application of information-theoretical and graph - clustering techniques to analyses of geographic variation and evaluation of classifications. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76: 929 - 941." type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) examined the wing characters of 16 subspecies using 75 principle component analyses and graph clustering techniques to describe variation and suggested reducing the number of subspecies to three (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B25FFBAFC26F953FBAEDE8D" author="Hammond, P. C." box="[906,1104,1667,1691]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="197 - 208" refId="ref40070" refString="Hammond, P. C. 1986. A rebuttal to the Arnold classification of Speyeria callippe (Nymphalidae) and defense of the subspecies concept. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 24: 197 - 208." type="journal article" year="1986">Hammond 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larvae are mottled brown and black with black (or paler) dorsal stripes and many orange to yellow or black branching spines. Eggs are pale yellow, becoming pinkish brown. Pupae are whitish, with black markings similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFAB9F914FA66DECD" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1301,1432,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nokomis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFAB9F914FA66DECD" box="[1301,1432,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. nokomis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFF6CF933FEDEDEED" bold="true" box="[192,288,1763,1787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B25FFBAFE34F934FDE6DEED" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1852" box="[408,536,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B25FFBAFE34F934FDE6DEED" box="[408,536,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur from the Pacific Coast from southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFBCEF933FAC9DEED" box="[1122,1335,1763,1787]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
south to northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFEC5F8D3FDDDDF0D" box="[361,547,1795,1819]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northeast through the Great Basin and Rockies to southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFB5EF8D3FA97DF0D" box="[1266,1385,1795,1819]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and to western parts of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFE0AF8F3FDACDF2D" box="[422,594,1827,1851]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFDF7F8F3FD2BDF2D" box="[603,725,1827,1851]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B25FFBAFCC3F8F3FC1EDF2D" box="[879,992,1827,1851]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B2AFFB5FF6CFF13FB1EDA2D" blockId="24.[192,1441,195,571]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FF6CFF13FE97D8CD" bold="true" box="[192,361,195,219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FEC2FF14FDBED8CD" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[366,576,195,219]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FEC2FF14FDBED8CD" box="[366,576,195,219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Speyeria callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in a variety of habitat
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B2AFFB5FC0BFF14FC12D8CA" box="[935,1004,196,220]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, including grasslands, oak and pine woodlands, sagebrush, chaparral, valleys, brushy hillsides, and prairie ridges. Dry-habitat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FAACFF34FF10D90D" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FAACFF34FA97D8ED" box="[1280,1385,228,251]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FEF8FED4FE2BD90D" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[340,469,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FEF8FED4FE2BD90D" box="[340,469,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
delay laying most of their eggs until late August or September and they usually oviposit in places where the violets have dried up for the year. Eggs are laid mainly under shrubs where violets will appear the following season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FD15FE93FCAED94D" author="Scott, J. A." box="[697,848,323,347]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref44819" refString="Scott, J. A. 1986 b. The butterflies of North America: A natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press; Stanford, California. 583 p." type="book" year="1986">Scott 1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In most areas males patrol hilltops to wait for females, but in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B2AFFB5FED7FEB3FE06D96D" box="[379,504,355,379]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
males tend to patrol grasslands and avoid hillsides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FBD9FEB3FA6DD96D" author="Opler, P. A. & A. B. Wright" box="[1141,1427,355,379]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref43436" refString="Opler, P. A., and A. B. Wright. 1999. A field guide to Western butterflies. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston, Massachusetts. 540 p." type="book" year="1999">Opler and Wright 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FF6CFE53FEA8D98D" author="Scott, J. A." box="[192,342,387,411]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref44669" refString="Scott, J. A. 1975. Mate-locating behavior of western North American butterflies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 14: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1975">Scott (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that in the Front Range of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B2AFFB5FD51FE53FC91D98D" box="[765,879,387,411]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, males patrol close to the ground all day and occasionally perch on shrubs. Populations with green and brown ventral hindwings interbreed along the eastern edge of the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B2AFFB5FE57FE13FDA7D9CD" box="[507,601,451,475]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Cascade Mountains. Flight period is from April through September, and in many areas, these are the first greater fritillaries flying each season.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FBDDFE34FA5ED9ED" authority="callippe" box="[1137,1440,483,507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="callippe" subSpecies="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FBDDFE34FA5ED9ED" box="[1137,1440,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Speyeria callippe callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as endangered and nearly extinct in coastal northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B2AFFB5FC32FDD3FBE7DA0D" box="[926,1049,515,539]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(i.e., San Francisco Bay Area) by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34276407B2AFFB5FF42FDF4FED7DA2D" box="[238,297,547,571]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">U. S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Fish and Wildlife Service (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FDC3FDF3FC19DA2D" author="Hammond, P. C. & D. V. McCorkle" box="[623,999,547,571]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="217 - 224" refId="ref40215" refString="Hammond, P. C., and D. V. McCorkle. 1984. The decline and extinction of Speyeria populations resulting from human environmental disturbances (Nymphalidae: Argynninae). The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 22: 217 - 224." type="journal article" year="1984">Hammond and McCorkle 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FC5EFDF3FB2ADA2D" author="Connor, E. F. & J. Hafernik & J. Levy & V. L. Moore & J. K. Rickman" box="[1010,1236,547,571]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="247 - 259" refId="ref35359" refString="Connor, E. F., J. Hafernik, J. Levy, V. L. Moore, and J. K. Rickman. 2002. Insect conservation in an urban biodiversity hotspot: The San Francisco Bay area. Journal of Insect Conservation 6: 247 - 259." type="journal article" year="2002">Connor et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B2AFFB5FF6CFDB3FC44DAAD" blockId="24.[192,1441,611,700]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FF6CFDB3FE44DA6D" bold="true" box="[192,442,611,635]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Larval host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FE13FDB3FD7EDA6D" box="[447,640,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beckwithii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FE13FDB3FD7EDA6D" box="[447,640,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Viola beckwithii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FD20FDB4FCE5DA6D" box="[652,795,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FD20FDB4FCE5DA6D" box="[652,795,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V. douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FC8AFDB4FC57DA6D" box="[806,937,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nuttallii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FC8AFDB4FC57DA6D" box="[806,937,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V. nuttallii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FC19FDB4FB94DA6D" box="[949,1130,611,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pedunculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FC19FDB4FB94DA6D" box="[949,1130,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V. pedunculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FBDAFDB4FAFBDA6D" box="[1142,1285,612,635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Echinacea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FBDAFDB4FAFBDA6D" box="[1142,1285,612,635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V. purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FABDFDB4FEA9DA8D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Echinacea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="purpurea" subSpecies="quercetorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FABDFDB4FEA9DA8D" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">V. purpurea quercetorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FEC8FD53FDD6DA8D" author="Hammond, P. C." box="[356,552,643,667]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref40139" refString="Hammond, P. C. 1995. Conservation of biodiversity in native prairie communities in the United States. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1995">Hammond 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FD9EFD53FCD8DA8D" author="Robinson, G. S. & P. R. Ackery & I. J. Kitching & G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernandez" box="[562,806,643,667]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref44274" refString="Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2002. Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Vol. 69. 824 p." type="book" year="2002">Robinson et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FC94FD54FBABDA8D" authority="(Compositae)" baseAuthorityName="Compositae" box="[824,1109,643,667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FC94FD54FC51DA8D" box="[824,943,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Artemisia</emphasis>
|
||
(Compositae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FB22FD53FAD3DA8D" author="Durden, C. J." box="[1166,1325,643,667]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="186 - 187" refId="ref36311" refString="Durden, C. J. 1965. Speyeria callippe and Artemisia, a possible foodplant. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 19: 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1965">Durden 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)-this was very likely an oviposition site (Jonathan Pelham, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B2AFFB5FF6CFD33FA9BDB0D" blockId="24.[192,1440,739,795]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FF6CFD33FE19DAED" bold="true" box="[192,487,739,763]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Adult food resources.</emphasis>
|
||
Thistles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FDF3FD33FD22DAED" author="Pyle, R. M." box="[607,732,739,763]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref43836" refString="Pyle, R. M. 1995. Field guide to North American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; New York, New York. 924 p." type="book" year="1995">Pyle 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B2AFFB5FD43FD34FC5CDAED" author="Warren, A. D." box="[751,930,739,763]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref47389" refString="Warren, A. D. 2005. Lepidoptera of North America Vol. 6: Butterflies of Oregon their taxonomy, distribution, and biology. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado. 408 p." type="book" year="2005">Warren (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FBFEFD34FB2DDAED" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1106,1235,739,763]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callippe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FBFEFD34FB2DDAED" box="[1106,1235,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">S. callippe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
visit a variety of flowers, and some subspecies can be observed congregating by the hundreds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B2AFFB5FBD1FCD4FB00DB0D" box="[1149,1278,772,795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Apocynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B2AFFB5FBD1FCD4FB00DB0D" box="[1149,1278,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Apocynum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flowers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |