561 lines
73 KiB
XML
561 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="1B2B76400D8BB7E8747BC55625AE72B3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.197932" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0c85c88f-ec4a-4b02-8a08-11cdc9da0479" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="197932" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460281974961" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sutcliffe, Patricia R., Hooper, John N. A. & Pitcher, Roland" docDate="2010" docId="03E487C40565D453FF33FE1EFAADFA7B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02616p030.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2616" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paracornulum fistulosum Sutcliffe, Hooper & Pitcher, 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFDDFFBC0573D449FFA4FFA9FFFEFFF9" masterDocTitle="The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698249704513" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="584C0BF265AF50C6CD0B5ED53F8E59F7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3CE10B05E33B7C69B35CA3B64633BCA3">
|
||
<mods:title id="F7453444506E05CA45E7C0AD1A42C585">The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="FF0222066E30432A0C4968444C995669" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="7D3A877940CEE8CDC626C0DA26788D9D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="781AFF5CF7229EC69CBC195438C94224">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="36016BA94348B2BF9B67AD1B52443BB3">Sutcliffe, Patricia R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="861BC80DF750B8D3E08A64702B79C9A6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BDA9F939DB9B70E2ED9D6A2D2F14C27C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="42329361FFBCD006DA54A48683D2E397">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="6A55CA773A219FFDF4249A5BE50AFF3F">Hooper, John N. A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="57F4BEFE25D6C0BA808E1320E5BF6535" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="2FF52276B118BA71EDFCCB93F18D784A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BCD9BEC63AA4F8D1BC1EED96BDFC71C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1ACDC42B4EE1BA35CA089602E605E996">Pitcher, Roland</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="8512E17C5159780A8588974C18CBD89D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="BDD012DAC22D4FB6AC6BD4329BD97081" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D2B0C3245A5DBDAEEDB501F2E06B52D9">
|
||
<mods:title id="31D754B3ED26CE98BDF65DA7929267B2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="1C1D6637D7CEC4A21F49E4C9D836D1AB">
|
||
<mods:date id="829C30CBCC8A1160F2A6ED096D404426">2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="46EA2C8AF0746EE8A58F8BE8E97F4E5E" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="A69DC14097B0D4FCB4411ACDC4060456">2616</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="53F629026629017485FA48869719CCEC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5EC3D2BA3E954D359DF9955FBEE6028B">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="99DF830E34B19172F939CB4EAC9F8245">30</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="9AE22A19AAC8F2FFB62BFFD92EB83B51">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CAD4E4DEDE0D83EAD0DAF1B27E5D4F33" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.197932</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4012E9776857CDB2D33620341958590F" type="GBIF-Dataset">0c85c88f-ec4a-4b02-8a08-11cdc9da0479</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="42AC2D62A93C80C7D68CCF3D4F0400E5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6DD66D6A9BACB82518594605EE0B15C2" type="Zenodo-Dep">197932</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03E487C40565D453FF33FE1EFAADFA7B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6198497" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119396882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6198497" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C40565D453FF33FE1EFAADFA7B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487C40565D453FF33FE1EFAADFA7B" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765590565D45FFF33FE1EFE57FE0D" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF33FE1EFDCDFE28" blockId="22.[151,563,439,500]" box="[151,563,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<heading id="D0BA81BE0565D45FFF33FE1EFDCDFE28" bold="true" box="[151,563,439,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF33FE1EFDCDFE28" bold="true" box="[151,563,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D510565D45FFF33FE1EFE31FE28" ID-CoL="75NDF" box="[151,463,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF33FE1EFE31FE28" bold="true" box="[151,463,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Paracornulum fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57BB0565D45FFE72FE1EFDCDFE28" box="[470,563,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF33FE73FE57FE0D" blockId="22.[151,563,439,500]" box="[151,425,474,500]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFF3BFE73FEEDFE0D" box="[159,275,474,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CF03690565D45FFE84FE73FE7AFE0D" box="[288,388,474,500]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,234,481]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 5. Measurement of spicules for Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov., as range (and mean) of length x width in μm, N = 30." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36">Tables 5</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CF03690565D45FFE35FE73FE5EFE0D" box="[401,416,474,500]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="25.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,234,394]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 6. Comparisons in spicule composition and size ranges for species of Paracornulum Hallmann, 1920 (data from original descriptions)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36">6</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765590565D45FFF33FD8CFE20FD03" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF33FD8CFBC7FD9D" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF33FD8CFE72FDC6" bold="true" box="[151,396,549,575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFE37FD8CFDFBFDC6" box="[403,517,549,575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: QMG329109 (SBD504571), seabed near Arlington Reef, Cairns, 16° 42΄ 17ʺ S 146° 0 7΄ 30 E,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFEFAFDE3FE6FFD9D" box="[350,401,586,612]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="47.0">47m</quantity>
|
||
depth, epibenthic sled,
|
||
<date id="FFF310120565D45FFD0CFDE3FCD1FD9D" box="[680,815,586,612]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2003-09-30">30 ix. 2003</date>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFCD2FDE3FBCDFD9A" box="[886,1075,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">RV Lady Basten</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61FDD9FE20FD03" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFF61FDD9FEC5FD73" box="[197,315,624,650]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: QMG329280 (SBD537201), seabed between mainland and Gould Reef (No. 1), 19° 37΄ 30ʺ S 148° 0 5΄
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7950150565D45FFEA0FD3CFEC1FD56" box="[260,319,661,687]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="0.083333336">0 5 E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFEEFFD3CFE76FD56" box="[331,392,661,687]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</quantity>
|
||
depth, epibenthic sled,
|
||
<date id="FFF310120565D45FFD01FD3CFCCEFD56" box="[677,816,661,687]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2005-11-28">28 xi. 2005</date>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFCDDFD3CFBC7FD57" box="[889,1081,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">RV Lady Basten</emphasis>
|
||
. QMG329191 (SBD518733), seabed near Noddy Reef No. 3, Cape York, 13° 37΄ 30ʺ S 143° 53΄ 42 E,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFBB0FD13FBB7FD2D" box="[1044,1097,698,724]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="31.0">31m</quantity>
|
||
depth, epibenthic sled,
|
||
<date id="FFF310120565D45FFAC8FD13FF2AFD03" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2005-02-08">8 ii. 2005</date>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFEBFFD49FE29FD00" box="[283,471,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">RV Lady Basten</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765590565D45EFF62FCACFE1AF865" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF62FCACFC65FCBD" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF62FCACFEA1FCE6" bold="true" box="[198,351,773,799]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFEC3FCACFE48FCE7" box="[359,438,773,798]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Shape.</emphasis>
|
||
Small, elongated globules from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFC9FFCACFC45FCE6" box="[827,955,773,799]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 15 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length observed. Thin papery fistules rise to a distance of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFD96FC83FD77FCBD" box="[562,649,810,836]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the body surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61FCF9FC99FC76" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF61FCF9FEE0FC90" box="[197,286,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Colour.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark brown detachable ectosome, uniform in colour. Main body of sponge is also brown, some specimens with a slightly yellow interior, oxidising to brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61FC33FB39FC06" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF61FC33FED3FC4A" box="[197,301,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oscules.</emphasis>
|
||
Papery fistules are erect on the upper surfaces of globules. Fistules are open with a terminal oscule approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFE3DFC69FE22FC23" box="[409,476,960,986]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, composed of a thin wall less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370565D45FFBA4FC69FBBAFC23" box="[1024,1092,960,986]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick. Fistules collapse when preserved, but still recognised in most specimens, flattened along the surface of the sponge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61FBA3FAC1FBB3" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF61FBA3FD81FBDA" box="[197,639,1034,1059]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Texture and surface characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
Surface covered with a paper-like detachable crust of tangential tylotes. Specimens are brittle and easily broken due to the dominance of sand within the choanosome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61FBFCFEDFF966" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF61FBFCFE4FFB97" box="[197,433,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Skeletal structure.</emphasis>
|
||
Given its small, agglutinating growth form the skeletal structure can only be determined accurately using untreated or barely treated histological preparations under scanning electron microscopy. The basal skeletal architecture is hymedesmioid with acanthostyles erect and embedded in a basal layer of spongin coating the biogenic coralline substrate. These acanthostyles appear to be patchy, as observed under SEM (presumably related to the distribution of basal spongin) with acanthostyles barely present in some places, but forming dense clumps in other places, such as areas where bioerosion of the calcite appears to be occurring (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFDE7FA9CFD4BFAB6" box="[579,693,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
C showing a worm tube with pitted surface and paratangential acanthostyles conforming with these cavities). Arising from this hymedesmioid basal skeleton are dense tracts of tylotes forming the majority of the choanosomal skeleton, also with some thinner tylotes (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFA9AFA29FA81FA63" box="[1342,1407,1408,1434]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I) incorporated. Spicule tracts loosely ascend to the surface, with a less well-developed reticulate component. Under SEM many tracts appear to be paratangential (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFC9CFA63FC54FA1D" box="[824,938,1482,1508]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A), but this is possibly due to compression of the choanosomal skeleton during preservation (e.g. collapse of the fistules), and chemical preparation for histology. The ectosomal skeleton is a dense feltwork of tangentially arranged, apically spined tylotes forming a thin layer, clearly distinct from the choanosomal skeleton (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFC23F993FBFCF9AD" box="[903,1026,1594,1620]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B), producing the parchment-like ectosomal peel. Both choanosomal and ectosomal skeletons are highly spiculose with a poorer spongin component.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61F902FE61F886" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00565D45FFF61F902FEA6F93D" box="[197,344,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CF03690565D45FFEC3F903FE3FF93D" box="[359,449,1706,1732]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,234,481]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 5. Measurement of spicules for Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov., as range (and mean) of length x width in μm, N = 30." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Apically spined tylotes (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFD5CF903FCCAF93D" box="[760,820,1706,1732]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II) are the primary spicules of this species, found in both the ectosomal and choanosomal skeletons. Terminal and subterminal spination is variable, ranging from large, irregular spines concentrated in the tyle region, to finer, more blunt spines extending partially down the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFF46F8B3FEA9F8CD" box="[226,343,1818,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H). Smooth tylotes (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFDD5F8B3FD50F8CD" box="[625,686,1818,1844]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I) are also incorporated within the choanosomal skeleton, are much thinner than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700565D45FFE14F8E9FE13F8A3" box="[432,493,1856,1882]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II tylotes and differ only from strongyles by the presence of slight terminal swelling (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A570565D45FFEADF8CCFE80F886" box="[265,382,1893,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,255,1618,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[159,1440,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. (QMG 329109 (SBD 504571 )). A, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm). B, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm). C, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm). D, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm). E, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm). F, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm). G, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm). H, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm). I, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20565D45FFF61F823FE44F816" blockId="22.[151,1437,549,2031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Acanthostyles are heavily spined at the head, with irregularly spaced but nonetheless continuous spines along the length of the shaft. Tips of the acanthostyles may be spiny or smooth, usually mirroring the degree of spination on the shaft.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF32665A0564D45EFF33F9FBFC4EF8F1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197943/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[159,1436,194,1595]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20564D45EFF33F9FBFC4EF8F1" blockId="23.[151,1436,1618,1802]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF33F9FBFED6F993" bold="true" box="[151,296,1618,1642]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D510564D45EFE8BF9FBFDBDF990" box="[303,579,1618,1641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFE8BF9FBFDBDF990" box="[303,579,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Paracornulum fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFDEEF9FBFD5EF993" bold="true" box="[586,672,1618,1642]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57BB0564D45EFDEEF9FBFD5EF993" box="[586,672,1618,1642]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(QMG329109 (SBD504571)).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFC51F9FBFBF6F993" bold="true" box="[1013,1032,1618,1642]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Multispicular tracts forming plumoreticulation throughout the choanosome (scale bar 300 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFC81F9DBFCC9F973" bold="true" box="[805,823,1650,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B</emphasis>
|
||
, View of spicule arrangement at the ectosome (scale bar 300 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF5BF93BFEECF953" bold="true" box="[255,274,1682,1706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Acanthostyles echinating the basal skeleton coating biogenic substratum with evidence of bioerosion (scale bar 500 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFE8AF91BFEBFF933" bold="true" box="[302,321,1714,1738]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Holotype (scale bar 3 cm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFDDBF91BFD6FF933" bold="true" box="[639,657,1714,1738]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Tylote (Type I) with smooth tips (scale bar 100 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFB4AF91BFB02F933" bold="true" box="[1262,1276,1714,1738]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Acanthostyle (scale bar 25 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFEC5F97BFE8DF913" bold="true" box="[353,371,1746,1770]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Tylote (Type II), heavily spined at both ends (scale bar 50 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFB94F97BFBBBF913" bold="true" box="[1072,1093,1746,1770]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H</emphasis>
|
||
, Tylote (Type II) (scale bar 100 μm).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF74F95BFF24F8F3" bold="true" box="[208,218,1778,1802]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">I</emphasis>
|
||
, Tylote (Type II) head, showing detailed spination (scale bar 5 μm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20564D45EFF61F891FE3BF8A8" blockId="23.[151,1436,1847,2023]" box="[197,453,1847,1873]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF61F891FEA2F8A8" box="[197,348,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
. Absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20564D45EFF61F8F5FE1AF865" blockId="23.[151,1436,1847,2023]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF61F8F5FDF8F88F" bold="true" box="[197,518,1884,1910]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was collected from depths greater than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B370564D45EFB21F8F4FB3CF88E" box="[1157,1218,1885,1911]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
in the central and northern Great Barrier Reef.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35765590564D45EFF62F80EFF0CF81E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20564D45EFF62F80EFF0CF81E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1847,2023]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00564D45EFF62F80EFEADF838" bold="true" box="[198,339,1959,1985]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named for the fistules which are characteristic and protrude from the upper surface of the sponge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" ID-Table-UUID="DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[151,1436,234,481]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF33FF3EFF25FF36" blockId="24.[151,1436,150,207]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF33FF3EFEF6FF56" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">TABLE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurement of spicules for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FDE2FF31FCA8FF56" box="[582,854,152,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FDE2FF31FCA8FF56" box="[582,854,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Paracornulum fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FCF8FF3EFC4FFF56" bold="true" box="[860,945,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57BB056BD451FCF8FF3EFC4FFF56" box="[860,945,151,175]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, as range (and mean) of length x width in μm, N=30.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF3BFF43FB45FE18" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<table id="F94DC472056B2BB6FF33FF43FA62FE18" box="[151,1436,234,481]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056B2BB6FF33FF43FA62FEF8" box="[151,1436,234,257]" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FF33FF43FE9EFEF8" box="[151,352,234,257]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Specimen number</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FE7BFF43FD72FEF8" box="[479,652,234,257]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tylotes (Type I)</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FC84FF43FC2AFEF8" box="[800,980,234,257]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tylotes (Type II)</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FBC5FF43FA62FEF8" box="[1121,1436,234,257]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Acanthostyles</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056B2BB6FF33FEBCFA62FEB5" box="[151,1436,277,332]" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FF33FEBCFE9EFEB5" box="[151,352,277,332]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">QMG329109 (SBD504571)</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FE7BFEBCFD72FEB5" box="[479,652,277,332]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">200–400 x 3–8 (300 x 5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FC84FEBCFC2AFEB5" box="[800,980,277,332]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">300–450 x 2–6 (400 x 4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FBC5FEBCFA62FEB5" box="[1121,1436,277,332]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">70–130 x 2–5 (95 x 3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056B2BB6FF33FEC9FA62FE6E" box="[151,1436,352,407]" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FF33FEC9FE9EFE6E" box="[151,352,352,407]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">QMG329280 (SBD537201)</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FE7BFEC9FD72FE6E" box="[479,652,352,407]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">145–400 x 4–10 (235 x 5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FC84FEC9FC2AFE6E" box="[800,980,352,407]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">350–470 x 3–7 (400 x 5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FBC5FEC9FA62FE6E" box="[1121,1436,352,407]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">90–130 x 2–5 (100 x 3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056B2BB6FF33FE03FA62FE18" box="[151,1436,426,481]" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FF33FE03FE9EFE18" box="[151,352,426,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">QMG329191 (SBD518733)</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FE7BFE03FD72FE18" box="[479,652,426,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">200–400 X 4–8 (350 X 6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FC84FE03FC2AFE18" box="[800,980,426,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">330–400 X 3–7 (350 X 4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056B2BB6FBC5FE03FA62FE18" box="[1121,1436,426,481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">65–150 X 2–3 (88 X 3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3576559056BD451FF62FD8EFE30FD9E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF62FD8EFE30FD9E" blockId="24.[151,1437,551,1922]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF62FD8EFEBEFDB8" bold="true" box="[198,320,551,577]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Allocation of this species within the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FC3FFD81FBEDFDBB" box="[923,1043,552,578]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Acarnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains problematic, showing similarities to three genera
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3576559056BD453FF61FDDBFAADFA7B" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF61FDDBFCB7FC4E" blockId="24.[151,1437,551,1922]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FF61FDDBFE1AFD75" ID-CoL="84MJR" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[197,484,626,652]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Cornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF61FDDBFEBFFD72" box="[197,321,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FEEEFDDBFE1AFD75" author="Carter" box="[330,484,626,652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) On Deep-Sea Sponges from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18 (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68870056BD451FE52FDDBFDD3FD75" box="[502,557,626,652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FD3CFDDBFBF0FD75" ID-CoL="YGFK" authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" box="[664,1038,626,652]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Cornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="textile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FD3CFDDBFC97FD72" box="[664,873,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulum textile</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FCD6FDDBFBF0FD75" author="Carter" box="[882,1038,626,652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Carter, H. J. (1876) On Deep-Sea Sponges from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 18 (105), 226 - 240; (106), 307 - 324; (107), 388 - 410; (108), 458 - 479, pls XII - XVI." type="journal article" year="1876">Carter, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has a plumo-reticulate skeletal structure slightly similar to the new species, but lacks acanthostyles and has palmate isochelae. The genus was recently redefined to exclude
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FDA7FD14FD48FD2F" box="[515,694,701,726]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Cornulotrocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FDA7FD14FD48FD2F" box="[515,694,701,726]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulotrocha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68870056BD451FD62FD14FD02FD2E" box="[710,764,701,727]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FCC0FD14FA93FD2E" authority="Topsent, 1927" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1927" box="[868,1389,701,727]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Cornulotrocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cheliradians">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FCC0FD14FB46FD2F" box="[868,1208,701,726]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulotrocha cheliradians</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FB64FD14FA93FD2E" author="Topsent" box="[1216,1389,701,727]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, (502), 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1927">Topsent, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FF33FD4BFE75FD05" box="[151,395,738,764]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hajdu, E., Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Willenz, P. (2006) Clathria (Cornulotrocha) rosetafiordica sp. nov. from a southeast Pacific fjord (Chilean Patagonia) (Microcionidae: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 957 - 961." type="journal article">
|
||
Hajdu
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF4FFD4BFED5FD02" box="[235,299,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Hooper (2002) had allocated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FCADFD4BFC3FFD02" box="[777,961,738,763]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Cornulotrocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FCADFD4BFC3FFD02" box="[777,961,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulotrocha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FB04FD4BFAE3FD02" ID-CoL="84MJR" box="[1184,1309,738,763]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Cornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FB04FD4BFAE3FD02" box="[1184,1309,738,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on similarities in skeletal structure and also on the original published description whereby megascleres were described as diactinal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FE1AFC84FD43FCBE" box="[446,701,813,839]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hajdu, E., Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Willenz, P. (2006) Clathria (Cornulotrocha) rosetafiordica sp. nov. from a southeast Pacific fjord (Chilean Patagonia) (Microcionidae: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 957 - 961." type="journal article">
|
||
Hajdu
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FDB0FC84FDA8FCBF" box="[532,598,813,838]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, (2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
subsequently found that these megascleres were actually monactinal, and together with possession of acanthostyles reallocated it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FBEBFCFBFAF8FC95" ID-CoL="84KHR" box="[1103,1286,850,876]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Microcionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FA96FCFBFEA0FC68" ID-CoL="84MDX" authority="(Cornulotrocha)" baseAuthorityName="Cornulotrocha" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Clathria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FA96FCFBFEA0FC68" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Clathria (Cornulotrocha)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the present species the tylotes are clearly diactinal, and together with the presence of acanthostyles, the species does not fit well with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FD6FFC34FCBCFC4F" ID-CoL="84MJR" box="[715,834,925,950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Cornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FD6FFC34FCBCFC4F" box="[715,834,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cornulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF62FC6BFC2AFA3B" blockId="24.[151,1437,551,1922]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FF62FC6BFEE8FC22" ID-CoL="84VTV" box="[198,278,962,987]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF62FC6BFEE8FC22" box="[198,278,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zyzzya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is excavating, with a choanosomal skeletal structure consisting of irregular or plumose and widely spaced tracts of tylotes. Palmate isochelae may be present or absent (absent in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68870056BD451FB05FC41FAF3FBFB" box="[1185,1293,1000,1026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68870056BD451FAC3FC41FA62FBFB" box="[1383,1436,1000,1026]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FEA6FBA4FE5FFBDF" ID-CoL="5DDTX" box="[258,417,1037,1062]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FEA6FBA4FE5FFBDF" box="[258,417,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Z. fuliginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but otherwise present in other populations; Hooper, 2002: 431), interpreted as a secondary loss, common amongst other poecilosclerids (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FCFEFB9BFC00FBB5" author="Hooper" box="[858,1022,1074,1100]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1 - 626." type="journal article" year="1996">Hooper, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FBB6FB9BFB9CFBB2" ID-CoL="84VTV" box="[1042,1122,1074,1099]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FBB6FB9BFB9CFBB2" box="[1042,1122,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zyzzya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a strong apomorphy in the form of characteristically verticillate-spined acanthostrongyles that form a prominent secondary isodictyal reticulate skeleton. These acanthostrongyles are quite different to the category of echinating acanthostyles in the new species described here, forming the hymedesmioid basal skeleton.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FBA0FB0BFAF1FB45" box="[1028,1295,1186,1212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hajdu, E., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1994) Proposal for a phylogenetic subordinal classification of poecilosclerid sponges. In: van Soest, R. W. M., van Kempen, Th. M. G. & Braekman, J. - C. (Eds), Sponges in Time and Space. (Balkema: Rotterdam), pp. 123 - 139." type="book chapter">
|
||
Van Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FBDBFB0AFB44FB45" box="[1151,1210,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported on a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7642056BD451FF0BFB61FF20FB1B" box="[175,222,1224,1250]" name="Fiji" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimen allocated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FDB0FB61FD41FB18" ID-CoL="5DDTX" box="[532,703,1224,1249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FDB0FB61FD41FB18" box="[532,703,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Z. fuliginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that had rare acanthostyles and no proper verticillated acanthostrongyles, with its allocation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FD67FB44FC90FAFF" ID-CoL="5DDTX" box="[707,878,1261,1286]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FD67FB44FC90FAFF" box="[707,878,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Z. fuliginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirmed by the common possession of makaluvamines, a pyridoacridine alkaloid class of compound typical of this species. Consequently we checked the chemical profile of our new species, which was found not to contain makaluvamines (Mary Kay Harper & Chris
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7642056BD451FEFEFAF4FE4FFA8E" box="[346,433,1373,1399]" name="Ireland" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pers.comm.). Thus, its potential allocation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FC44FAF4FBCFFA8F" ID-CoL="84VTV" box="[992,1073,1373,1398]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FC44FAF4FBCFFA8F" box="[992,1073,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zyzzya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tenuous at best, lacking the primary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FF5AFA2AFEAEFA65" ID-CoL="84VTV" box="[254,336,1411,1436]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Zyzzya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF5AFA2AFEAEFA65" box="[254,336,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zyzzya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apomorphy of verticillate-spined acanthostrongyles in isodictyal reticulation but having an unequivocal basal hymedesmioid skeleton of echinating acanthostyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF61FA64FAA2F95B" blockId="24.[151,1437,551,1922]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
This new species appears to fit best with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FD08FA64FCA9FA1F" ID-CoL="84RL6" box="[684,855,1485,1510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FD08FA64FCA9FA1F" box="[684,855,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Paracornulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis that amongst
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FB37FA64FAF5FA1E" ID-CoL="84JTS" box="[1171,1291,1485,1511]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Acarnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
it possesses true acanthostyles and diactinal spicules. The new species is similar in this respect to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68870056BD451FB45FA5BFAEBF9F5" box="[1249,1301,1522,1548]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FA22FA5AFE2FF9CB" ID-CoL="6TNDF" authority="Hentschel, 1912" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dubium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FA22FA5AFF11F9C8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. dubium</emphasis>
|
||
, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056BD451FEA2F9B1FE37F9CB" author="Hentschel" box="[262,457,1560,1586]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen Senckenbergiana naturforschende Gessellschaft, 295 - 448." type="book chapter" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with acanthostyles echinating a basal spongin skeleton, but differs from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FF33F994FEBDF9AF" ID-CoL="84RL6" box="[151,323,1597,1622]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FF33F994FEBDF9AF" box="[151,323,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Paracornulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking microscleres (interpreted as a secondary loss), and having a choanosomal skeleton that is plumose but compressed and therefore plumo-reticulate rather than radial. A comparison of spicule composition and sizes between this new and the known species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FC07F921FBB0F958" ID-CoL="84RL6" box="[931,1102,1672,1697]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FC07F921FBB0F958" box="[931,1102,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Paracornulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is provided in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CF0369056BD451FB5AF921FAA6F95B" box="[1278,1368,1672,1698]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="25.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,234,394]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 6. Comparisons in spicule composition and size ranges for species of Paracornulum Hallmann, 1920 (data from original descriptions)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" tableUuid="DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056BD451FF61F904FC49F87B" blockId="24.[151,1437,551,1922]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Initial collections of this species from the GBR seabed included two other, cryptically similar species within a single OTU, which subsequent more detailed taxonomy revealed as a heterogeneous species complex. Although extremely similar in external morphology, the spicule components and skeletal structures were found to be clearly different. We have therefore not included associated widespread GBR distribution and biophysical data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056BD451FE18F8EAFDACF8A5" ID-CoL="75NDF" box="[444,594,1859,1884]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056BD451FE18F8EAFDACF8A5" box="[444,594,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until all of the many hundreds of specimens originally included within this OTU have been examined and assigned to an appropriate taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" ID-Table-UUID="DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF32665A056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1436,234,394]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FF33FF3EFE7FFF36" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,207]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF33FF3EFEF6FF56" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">TABLE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparisons in spicule composition and size ranges for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FC7DFF31FAD8FF56" ID-CoL="84RL6" authority="Hallmann, 1920" authorityName="Hallmann" authorityYear="1920" box="[985,1318,152,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FC7DFF31FB8BFF56" box="[985,1141,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Paracornulum</emphasis>
|
||
Hallmann, 1920
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(data from original descriptions).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FE25FF43FAACFE92" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="F94DC472056A2BB6FF33FF43FA62FE73" box="[151,1436,234,394]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FF43FA62FF06" box="[151,1436,234,255]" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FF43FDCEFF06" box="[151,560,234,255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tylotes</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FF43FCC6FF06" box="[610,824,234,255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acanthostyles Styles</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FF43FB27FF06" box="[1005,1241,234,255]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Chelae Toxas</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FF43FA62FF06" box="[1301,1436,234,255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Microrhabds</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FEB8FA62FEBD" box="[151,1436,273,324]" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FEB8FDCEFEBD" box="[151,560,273,324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FF3BFEBBFF02FEDE" ID-CoL="6TNDF" box="[159,252,274,295]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dubium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF3BFEBBFF02FEDE" box="[159,252,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P.dubium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hentschel, 216–440 μm 1912) (type species) (Two size classes)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FEB8FCC6FEBD" box="[610,824,273,324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">96–152 μm absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FEB8FB27FEBD" box="[1005,1241,273,324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">14–16 μm 80–150 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FEB8FA62FEBD" box="[1301,1436,273,324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FEFFFA62FE73" box="[151,1436,342,394]" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FEFFFDCEFE73" box="[151,560,342,394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF3BFEF1FEF7FE94" box="[159,265,344,365]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. c o h e re n s</emphasis>
|
||
Levi, 250–300 x 10 μm 1963
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FEFFFCC6FE73" box="[610,824,342,394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">150–275 x absent 12–14 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FEFFFB27FE73" box="[1005,1241,342,394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">20 μm absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FEFFFA62FE73" box="[1301,1436,342,394]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">12 μm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FF3BFE34FEE5FC18" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<table id="F94DC472056A2BB6FF33FE32FA62FC18" box="[151,1436,411,993]" gridcols="7" gridrows="4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FE32FA62FDF3" box="[151,1436,411,522]" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FE32FE95FDF3" box="[151,363,411,522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FF3BFE34FEE7FE4B" ID-CoL="75NDF" box="[159,281,413,434]" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF3BFE34FEE7FE4B" box="[159,281,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FEBBFE34FE95FE4B" bold="true" box="[287,363,413,434]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20A57BB056AD450FEBBFE34FE95FE4B" box="[287,363,413,434]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FE25FE32FDBCFDF3" box="[385,578,411,522]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">145–400 x 3–10 μm (Type I) 300–470 x 2–7 μm (Type II)</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FE32FD42FDF3" box="[610,700,411,522]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">65–150 x 2–5 μm</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FD5FFE32FC30FDF3" box="[763,974,411,522]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FE32FBB0FDF3" box="[1005,1102,411,522]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FBC8FE32FAFEFDF3" box="[1132,1280,411,522]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</th>
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FE32FA62FDF3" box="[1301,1436,411,522]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Absent</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FDB2FA62FD3D" box="[151,1436,539,708]" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FDB2FE95FD3D" box="[151,363,539,708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FF3BFDB4FED3FD95" ID-CoL="75NDG" authority="Bergquist & Fromont, 1988" authorityName="Bergquist & Fromont" authorityYear="1988" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sinclairae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF3BFDB4FEE8FDCB" box="[159,278,541,562]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. sinclairae</emphasis>
|
||
Bergquist & Fromont, 1988
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FE25FDB2FDBCFD3D" box="[385,578,539,708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">205–260 x 5.5–7 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FDB2FD42FD3D" box="[610,700,539,708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FD5FFDB2FC30FD3D" box="[763,974,539,708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">285–515 x 7.5–16 μm (Type I) 160–215 x 6–11 μm (Type II) 295–340 x 4–6.5 μm (Type III)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FDB2FBB0FD3D" box="[1005,1102,539,708]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">23–26 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FBC8FDB2FAFEFD3D" box="[1132,1280,539,708]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">70–140 x 1–2.5 μm (Type I) 113–125 (Type II)</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FDB2FA62FD3D" box="[1301,1436,539,708]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FD7FFA62FC9B" box="[151,1436,726,866]" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FD7FFE95FC9B" box="[151,363,726,866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FF3BFD71FED7FCF3" ID-CoL="6TNDH" authority="Dendy, 1922" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1922" class="Demospongiae" family="Acarnidae" genus="Paracornulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strepsichela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FF3BFD71FED7FD14" box="[159,297,728,749]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. strepsichela</emphasis>
|
||
(Dendy, 1922)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also reported in Bergquist & Fromont, 1988)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FE25FD7FFDBCFC9B" box="[385,578,726,866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">380 x 9 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FDC6FD7FFD42FC9B" box="[610,700,726,866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FD5FFD7FFC30FC9B" box="[763,974,726,866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FC49FD7FFBB0FC9B" box="[1005,1102,726,866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">16 μm</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FBC8FD7FFAFEFC9B" box="[1132,1280,726,866]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FAB1FD7FFA62FC9B" box="[1301,1436,726,866]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357D3490056A2BB6FF33FC6EFA62FC18" box="[151,1436,967,993]" gridrow="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76AC5DEC056A2BB6FF33FC6EFE95FC18" box="[151,363,967,993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FF33FBB9FEA9FAF3" blockId="25.[151,1438,1040,2036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Aside from the intrinsic value of discovering two new species amongst the five most common sponges on the GBR, the most significant contribution this study has made is to tell us how much we still do not know about the now relatively well-explored GBR. It is clear that our previous understanding of sponge biodiversity within the GBR is predominantly based on the reefal faunas, which comprise only about 7% of the GBRWHA. These five most common sponges exhibit widespread distributions and are predominantly located in sand or calcium carbonate dominated benthic habitats, as opposed to muddy, patch reef or rocky outcrop benthic habitats.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FF61FABCFAE0F9CD" blockId="25.[151,1438,1040,2036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The presence of species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D51056AD450FDE2FABCFD38FAD7" box="[582,710,1301,1326]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FDE2FABCFD38FAD7" box="[582,710,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. xanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that incorporate detritus into the skeleton, becoming a major structural component of the sponge, provides stabilisation to the benthos as it spreads through the sediment, agglutinating the biogenic rubble and inorganic substrata. This has an important follow-on effect of providing a new habitat for other species to subsequently colonise. By its very fragile nature and relatively shallow depth this community is at significant risk through both anthropogenic and naturally caused impacts. The potential loss of these habitat stabilising species through activities such as trawling, will have compounding effects on other species, with a conservation management implication. Thus, the GBR Seabed Biodiversity Project has collected data crucial to the conservation and management strategies of the GBRWHA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D2056AD450FF61F9E9FEAFF80D" blockId="25.[151,1438,1040,2036]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Of the several environmental covariates recorded in this study, depth was found to have little relative correlation with species distributions. Conversely, substrate composition was repeatedly a highly influential factor in determining the presence of these species. For example it was mostly the presence of mud, sand or carbonate that correlated positively or negatively with particular species distributions. This contrasts with a previous study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B23056AD450FEC0F97CFDA6F916" author="Cleary" box="[356,600,1749,1775]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Cleary, D. F. R., Becking, L. E., de Voogd, N. J., Renema, W., de Beer, M., van Soest, R. W. M. & Hoeksema, B. W. (2005) Variation in the diversity and composition of benthic taxa as a function of distance offshore, depth and exposure in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 65, 557 - 570." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Cleary
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC0056AD450FE60F97CFDFBF917" box="[452,517,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of the benthos of the Spermonde Archipelago,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7642056AD450FB67F97CFABCF916" box="[1219,1346,1749,1775]" name="Indonesia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which concluded that coral reef associated sponges had differing community structures between inshore and offshore reefs, with depth being the most important physical characteristic defining variation in diversity. However, similar to the seabed fauna of the GBR, the foraminifera, which can live in sandy, inter reef seabed habitats, were broadly distributed across the shelf and were more affected by exposure and habitat. Thus, our prior generalisations concerning trends in the distributions of sponges in coral reef ecosystems, and the environmental and physical parameters that influence these distributions, are incomplete and therefore not entirely correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20569D453FF61FF31FED2FDFB" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
This prior knowledge of sponge distributions shows they are highly spatially heterogenous (e.g. see summary in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FE93FF14FDA1FF2E" author="Hooper" box="[311,607,189,215]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. & Ekins, M. (2004) Collation and validation of museum collection databases related to the distribution of marine sponges in northern Australia. (Report to the National Oceans Office Contract C 2004 / 020). (June 2004) (Queensland Museum: Brisbane). Technical Reports of the Queensland Museum Number 0 0 2, pp 1 - 224 (published online 2009: http: // www. qm. qld. gov. au / organisation / publications / technical _ reports / index. asp)." type="journal article" year="2004">Hooper & Ekins, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While this spatial variation cannot be completely explained by environmental variability, general influences include substrate
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F688700569D453FCD1FF4BFC59FF05" box="[885,935,226,252]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FC4DFF4BFB0AFF05" author="Duckworth" box="[1001,1268,226,252]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Duckworth, A. R., Wolff, C., Evans-Illidge, E., Whalan, S. & Lui, S. (2008) Spatial variability in community structure of Dictyoceratida sponges across Torres Strait, Australia. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 2168 - 2173." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Duckworth
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FBD0FF4BFB50FF02" box="[1140,1198,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), reproductive methods and dispersal capabilities (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FDCCFEA1FCDFFEDB" author="Uriz" box="[616,801,264,290]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Uriz, M. J., Maldonado, M., Turon, X. & Marti, R. (1998) How do reproductive output, larval behaviour and recruitment contribute to adult spatial patterns in Mediterranean encrusting sponges? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 167, 137 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Uriz
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FD06FEA1FD22FED8" box="[674,732,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), depth and distance from shore, where factors such as light intensity, turbidity, nutrient and sediment content are influential (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FBBAFE84FA8CFEBE" author="Wilkinson" box="[1054,1394,301,327]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Wilkinson, C. R. & Cheshire, A. C. (1989) Patterns in the distribution of sponge populations across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 8, 127 - 134." type="journal article" year="1989">Wilkinson & Cheshire 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FF33FEFBFE8CFE95" author="Voogt" box="[151,370,338,364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Voogt, N. J. de, Cleary, D. F. R., Hoeksema, B. W., Noo, A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2006) Sponge beta diversity in the Spermonde Archipelago, SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 309, 131 - 142." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Voogt
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FF4CFEFBFED8FE92" box="[232,294,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neighbouring coral reef systems have been found to have up to 85% dissimilarity in species composition, with relatively few species displaying widespread distributions. The most highly correlated factor determining the distribution of widespread species was the presence/absence of niche habitats, such as caves, reef flats, spurs and grooves or particular inter reef regions (eg. Hooper, 1994;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FAE0FE6BFEE1FDFB" author="Hooper" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hooper, J. N. A., Kennedy, J. A., List-Armitage, S. E., Cook, S. De & Quinn, R. (1999) Biodiversity, species composition and distribution of marine sponges in northeast Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museumi, 44, 263 - 274." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Hooper
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FF33FE41FF2FFDF8" box="[151,209,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20569D453FF61FDA4FB73FCFE" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Despite the significance of numerous environmental variables on the distribution of sponges at smaller scales, analysis of sponge diversity of the tropical Australian fauna at the continental scale found the tropical east coast to constitute a single province, with the Great Barrier Reef showing transitional zones only at Mackay/Townsville and in the far Northern region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FCBEFDD4FBCDFD6E" author="Hooper" box="[794,1075,637,663]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. & Ekins, M. (2004) Collation and validation of museum collection databases related to the distribution of marine sponges in northern Australia. (Report to the National Oceans Office Contract C 2004 / 020). (June 2004) (Queensland Museum: Brisbane). Technical Reports of the Queensland Museum Number 0 0 2, pp 1 - 224 (published online 2009: http: // www. qm. qld. gov. au / organisation / publications / technical _ reports / index. asp)." type="journal article" year="2004">Hooper & Ekins 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This has been supported by genetic differences found within populations of the widespread species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D510569D453FC43FD0BFB1CFD42" ID-CoL="6PRLF" box="[999,1250,674,699]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucettidae" genus="Leucetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chagosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FC43FD0BFB1CFD42" box="[999,1250,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Leucetta chagosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which showed significant differences between haplotypes at a line between the Whitsunday Islands and the Swain Reefs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FF3AFD44FE63FCFE" author="Worheide" box="[158,413,749,775]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Worheide, G., Hooper, J. N. A. & Degnan, B. M. (2002) Phylogeography of western Pacific Leucetta ' chagosensis' (Porifera: Calcarea) from ribosomal DNA sequences: implications for population history and conservation of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Australia). Molecular Ecology, 11, 1753 - 1768." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Wörheide
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FEBFFD44FEA8FCFF" box="[283,342,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most of these conclusions are based on coral reef species data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20569D453FF61FCBBFB09FBAE" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
While patch reefs and rocky outcrops are interspersed throughout the continental shelf of the GBR, they are disjointed and often isolated, sometimes with little or haphazard connectivity between them as seen previously for local sponge populations (e.g. Hooper, 1994). In contrast, seabed habitats have a far higher level of continuity over large distances, where there are no well-defined physical barriers. In the GBRSBD study predicted distributions of these species are based on analyses of the most influential physical parameters thought to affect the known distributions of seabed populations. These maps show that with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D510569D453FF33FC5BFEE4FBF2" box="[151,282,1010,1035]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC00569D453FF33FC5BFEE4FBF2" box="[151,282,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. xanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the predicted presence and biomass of these species are largely continuous along a latitudinal gradient. This suggests that continuous areas of similar seabed habitats provide corridors for widespread species distribution, at least for those species that are adapted to live in these inter-reef habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D20569D453FF61FBCBFAADFA7B" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,1410]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Based predominantly on the previously known coral reef associated faunas, it was shown that the Great Barrier Reef could be divided into regions based on species distributions and species ‘turnover points’ (betadiversity) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B230569D453FEB3FB04FDD7FB3E" author="Hooper" box="[279,553,1197,1223]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. & Ekins, M. (2004) Collation and validation of museum collection databases related to the distribution of marine sponges in northern Australia. (Report to the National Oceans Office Contract C 2004 / 020). (June 2004) (Queensland Museum: Brisbane). Technical Reports of the Queensland Museum Number 0 0 2, pp 1 - 224 (published online 2009: http: // www. qm. qld. gov. au / organisation / publications / technical _ reports / index. asp)." type="journal article" year="2004">Hooper & Ekins, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a latitudinal turnover of the sponge fauna at the Townsville/Mackay region and in the far north of the GBR. Few coral reef associated species exhibited widespread distributions, with less than 20 reef species found in more than 12 locations (0.1%). In significant contrast to the reefassociated faunas, the inter-reef seabed species’ distributions occupy genetically connected corridors along the entire length and breadth of the GBRWHA, not previously known for any of the GBR sponges. These combined reef and inter-reef datasets represent a valuable and globally unique future research resource.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |