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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5131739" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09f66541-18e3-4044-b553-7aab04763396" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733950" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5131739" checkinTime="1616760176976" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Menezes, Naércio A. &amp; de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S." docDate="2014" docId="03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.12.2.193-228.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2)" docSource="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1679-62252014000200193&amp;lng=en&amp;tlng=en" docStyle="DocumentStyle:85A40B78B715C4497F837D9D78407CE5.4:NeotropIchthyol.2003-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="85A40B78B715C4497F837D9D78407CE5" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2003-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Charax apurensis Lucena 1987" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="198" masterDocId="FFFDA140347A3F42FFFBFE69FFCB6623" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="228" masterPageNumber="193" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" updateTime="1634698513480" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Menezes, Naércio A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2014-06-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>12</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>193</mods:start>
<mods:end>228</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1679-62252014000200193&amp;lng=en&amp;tlng=en</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-20130175</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">09f66541-18e3-4044-b553-7aab04763396</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4638995</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2CFAB1CE-D283-483B-8C2B-87D95AEADE70</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5131739" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183733950" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5131739" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="198" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<subSubSection box="[280,634,783,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="4.[280,634,783,839]" box="[280,634,783,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<heading box="[280,634,783,807]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" reason="2">
<taxonomicName authority="Lucena, 1987" authorityName="Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[280,634,783,807]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[280,634,783,807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[280,478,783,807]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
Lucena, 1987
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="197" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[280,634,783,839]" box="[428,486,815,839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<figureCitation box="[428,486,815,839]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,167,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[129,1452,174,781]" captionTargetId="figure-292@5.[129,1452,174,781]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6. Charax apurensis, MZUSP 110669, female, 104 mm SL." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4639007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4639007/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,879,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<taxonomicName authority="Lucena, 1987: 30" authorityName="Lucena" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1987" box="[136,506,879,903]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[136,322,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
Lucena, 1987: 30
</taxonomicName>
(original description,
<typeStatus box="[733,778,880,904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry box="[268,382,911,935]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, Estado
<collectingRegion box="[469,539,911,935]" country="Venezuela" name="Apure" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Apure</collectingRegion>
, road San Fernando to Cunaviche, río
<collectorName box="[329,426,943,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">el Canito</collectorName>
); -
<collectorName box="[448,493,943,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Vari</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName box="[522,587,944,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Howe</collectorName>
, 1991: 13 (listed in
<typeStatus box="[174,220,976,1000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">type</typeStatus>
catalog). -Provenzano
<emphasis box="[472,519,975,999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">et al</emphasis>
., 1998: 5 (listed in
<typeStatus box="[732,778,976,1000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">type</typeStatus>
catalog). -
<collectorName box="[291,379,1008,1031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Lucena</collectorName>
, 1987: 30 (diagnosis; description; comparisons; distribution; etimology). -
<collectorName box="[584,666,1040,1063]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Lucena</collectorName>
, 1989: 104 (in key to species). -
<collectorName box="[417,501,1072,1095]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Lucena</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName box="[545,647,1072,1095]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Menezes</collectorName>
, 2003: 201 (maximum length; distribution).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="197" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,1167,1351]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1459,177,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,255,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[265,463,1167,1191]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[265,463,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is included to the group of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[136,216,1199,1223]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[136,216,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with relatively larger orbital diameters (30.1- 38.4% of head length,
<figureCitation box="[377,440,1231,1255]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[127,166,1939,1963]" captionTargetId="figure-97@3.[306,1270,1259,1938]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4. Orbital diameter as a function of head length for species of Charax." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5131737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5131737/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) that can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName box="[136,337,1263,1287]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudimaculatus">
<emphasis box="[136,154,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[166,337,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">caudimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[386,516,1263,1287]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notulatus">
<emphasis box="[386,404,1264,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[416,516,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">notulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have smaller orbital diameters (25-28.5% of head length). Among the species having larger orbital diameters,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[478,614,1328,1351]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[478,496,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[509,614,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName box="[754,912,177,1351]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="michaeli">
<emphasis box="[754,772,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[816,912,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">michaeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[912,916,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[926,1111,177,201]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauciradiatus">
<emphasis box="[926,944,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[961,1111,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">pauciradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1129,1259,177,201]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbosus">
<emphasis box="[1129,1147,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1163,1259,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">gibbosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1368,178,201]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis box="[1276,1294,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1311,1368,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leticiae">
<emphasis box="[1434,1452,178,201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[816,896,209,233]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">leticiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kner" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[990,1143,209,233]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis box="[990,1008,210,233]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1023,1143,209,233]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 20-21 (
<emphasis box="[1349,1371,210,233]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs</emphasis>
. 16-19) scale rows around the caudal peduncle.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[1263,1459,241,265]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[1263,1459,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kner" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[948,1097,273,297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis box="[948,966,274,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[978,1097,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having 54-62 perforated scales along the lateral line (
<emphasis box="[1046,1076,306,329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs.</emphasis>
63-65). It can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName box="[816,1001,337,361]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemigrammus">
<emphasis box="[816,1001,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. hemigrammus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gery &amp; Knopel" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1017,1122,337,361]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condei">
<emphasis box="[1017,1122,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. condei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[1184,1341,338,361]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenopterus">
<emphasis box="[1184,1341,338,361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. stenopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the lateral line complete (
<emphasis box="[1079,1108,370,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs.</emphasis>
lateral line incomplete), and from
<taxonomicName box="[816,953,402,425]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupununi">
<emphasis box="[816,953,402,425]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. rupununi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (21
<emphasis box="[955,984,434,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs.</emphasis>
12).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[1034,1218,433,457]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[1034,1218,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1350,1452,433,457]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tectifer">
<emphasis box="[1350,1452,433,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. tectifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[816,910,466,489]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metae">
<emphasis box="[816,910,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. metae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[965,1075,465,489]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delimai">
<emphasis box="[965,1075,465,489]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. delimai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the anal-fin origin always anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (
<emphasis box="[1371,1400,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs.</emphasis>
analfin origin on the vertical, or slightly posterior to, the dorsalfin origin) and ectopterygoid teeth absent (
<emphasis box="[1275,1304,562,585]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">vs.</emphasis>
ectopterygoid teeth present).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="198" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,657,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,961,657,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Description</emphasis>
. Morphometrics of examined specimens presented in
<tableCitation box="[970,1059,689,713]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[132,195,1289,1313]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Morphometrics of Charax apurensis. Specimens are from MZUSP 27947, 40699and 27890." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1238A6347C3F44FF7FFB60FDDE6362" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" tableUuid="DF1238A6347C3F44FF7FFB60FDDE6362">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Body elongate, moderately large compared to congeners (
<quantity box="[1089,1218,721,745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="6.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" unit="mm" value="86.0" valueMax="104.0" valueMin="68.0">68-104 mm</quantity>
SL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal head with body profile slightly convex on tip of snout, straight from posterior border of posterior nostril to vertical through posterior border of pupil, slightly concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, strongly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through posterior border of orbit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,657,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8-9, 8.9; posteriormost ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv, branched rays 41-50, 46.5. Pectoral-fin rays i,13-15, 14. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays almost reaching vertical through anal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i,7. Longest pelvicfin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin in mature females 93 and
<quantity box="[988,1078,1425,1449]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" unit="mm" value="104.0">104 mm</quantity>
SL. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/
<quantity box="[852,892,1457,1481]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
all specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,657,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
Lateral line complete; perforated scales 54-62, 58.8. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 19- 20, 19.5. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral lateral line 11-12, 11.2. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 14-19, 16.2. Predorsal scales 55-70, 62.2. Scale rows around caudal peduncle
<quantity box="[1198,1251,1649,1673]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.334" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" unit="in" value="21.0">21 in</quantity>
all specimens. One scale row extending on both sides for about ¾ of anal-fin base slightly beyond middle of anal-fin base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[816,1460,657,1961]" lastBlockId="5.[129,771,871,1023]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="198" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by a set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 12-14, 13. Maxillary teeth conical, 62-70, 65.5, larger specimens in general with higher counts. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 4- 6, 4.5 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and a posterior row of 27-34, 29.2 conical teeth. Vertebrae 33 and
<quantity box="[129,185,903,927]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" unit="in" value="34.0">34 in</quantity>
two specimens. Seven to 9, 8.3 gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4639005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4639005" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4639005/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" startId="4.[136,175,1904,1928]" targetBox="[140,767,1395,1880]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,779,1904,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,207,1904,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Snout length as a function of head length for
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudimaculatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">Charax caudimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[364,499,1937,1961]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notulatus">
<emphasis box="[364,499,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="197">C. notulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4639007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4639007" box="[129,791,810,834]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4639007/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" startId="5.[129,167,810,834]" targetBox="[129,1452,174,781]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,791,810,834]" box="[129,791,810,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,196,810,834]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority=", MZUSP" authorityName="MZUSP" box="[201,486,810,834]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[201,387,810,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
, MZUSP
</taxonomicName>
110669, female, 104 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,772,1063,1631]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,320,1063,1087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally due to more dense concentration of dark chromatophores.Ventral portion of body lighter with scattered dark chromatophores especially anteriorly. Irregularly shaped dark blotch at humeral region encompassing 5 scales of longitudinal rows and 4 scales of transverse rows. Dorsal part of head, snout and tip of lower jaw darker than remaining portions of head. Dark coloration extending to anterior upper portion of maxilla and first, second and left marginal portion of third infraorbitals. Opercle with scattered dark chromatophores. Faint dark stripe extending from posterodorsal part of humeral blotch to caudal base enlarged posteriorly in form of caudal blotch not extending to base of caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal, caudal and anal fins hyaline with dark chromatophores especially concentrated on interradial membranes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4639009" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4639009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4639009/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" startId="5.[809,847,1648,1672]" targetBox="[809,1452,819,1618]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[809,1452,1648,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,875,1648,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
Map of South America showing the collecting sites of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[809,887,1681,1705]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[809,887,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Charax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and the type locality of
<taxonomicName box="[1212,1373,1681,1705]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delimai">
<emphasis box="[1212,1373,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Charax delimai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(purple circle).
<taxonomicName box="[886,1070,1713,1737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[886,1070,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- yellow square;
<taxonomicName box="[1245,1438,1713,1737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudimaculatus">
<emphasis box="[1245,1262,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1274,1438,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">caudimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- white circle;
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gery &amp; Knopel" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[950,1052,1745,1769]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condei">
<emphasis box="[950,968,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[983,1052,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">condei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- white square;
<taxonomicName box="[1232,1357,1745,1769]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbosus">
<emphasis box="[1232,1250,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1265,1357,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">gibbosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- purple triangle;
<taxonomicName box="[899,1074,1777,1801]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemigrammus">
<emphasis box="[899,916,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[927,1074,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">hemigrammus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- red star;
<taxonomicName box="[1177,1282,1777,1801]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leticiae">
<emphasis box="[1177,1195,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1206,1282,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">leticiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- black circle;
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kner" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
<emphasis box="[1427,1444,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[809,920,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">macrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- black triangle;
<taxonomicName box="[1079,1166,1809,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metae">
<emphasis box="[1079,1166,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. metae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- yellow triangle;
<taxonomicName box="[1339,1452,1809,1833]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="michaeli">
<emphasis box="[1339,1452,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. michaeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- yellow circle;
<taxonomicName box="[963,1045,1841,1864]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
<emphasis box="[963,1045,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. niger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- blue triangle;
<taxonomicName box="[1200,1322,1841,1865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notulatus">
<emphasis box="[1200,1322,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. notulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- blue circle;
<taxonomicName box="[809,987,1873,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauciradiatus">
<emphasis box="[809,987,1873,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. pauciradiatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- red triangle;
<taxonomicName box="[1153,1282,1873,1896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupununi">
<emphasis box="[1153,1282,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. rupununi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- red circle;
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenopterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. stenopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- green triangle;
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1118,1224,1905,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tectifer">
<emphasis box="[1118,1224,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">C. tectifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- green circle. Some symbols may represent more than one locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="198" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,771,1671,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,276,1671,1695]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[281,471,1671,1695]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apurensis">
<emphasis box="[281,471,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Charax apurensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from tributaries of río Orinoco,
<collectingCountry box="[260,369,1703,1727]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation box="[381,443,1703,1727]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[809,847,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[809,1452,819,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-305@5.[809,1452,815,1618]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig.7. Map of SouthAmerica showing the collecting sites of the Charax species, and the type locality of Charax delimai (purple circle). Charax apurensis - yellow square; C. caudimaculatus - white circle; C. condei - white square; C. gibbosus - purple triangle; C. hemigrammus - red star; C. leticiae - black circle;C. macrolepis-black triangle;C.metae-yellow triangle;C.michaeli - yellow circle;C.niger -blue triangle; C.notulatus - blue circle; C. pauciradiatus - red triangle; C. rupununi - red circle; C. stenopterus - green triangle; C. tectifer - green circle. Some symbols may represent more than one locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4639009" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4639009/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[129,772,1766,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,352,1766,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3326898307" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Venezuela" location="Cano" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" specimenCode="MZUSP 27947, 2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guarico">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[360,472,1767,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<collectingCountry box="[360,468,1767,1788]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[480,631,1767,1788]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">MZUSP 27947</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode box="[643,657,1767,1788]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">2</specimenCode>
,
<quantity box="[669,771,1766,1788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" metricValueMax="9.3" metricValueMin="6.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" unit="mm" value="78.0" valueMax="93.0" valueMin="63.0">63-93 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingRegion box="[172,253,1795,1817]" country="Venezuela" name="Guarico" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Guarico</collectingRegion>
, lagoons W of
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A:8EB23EF5347F3F47FE66F96AFE1B613B" box="[413,464,1795,1816]" country="Venezuela" name="Cano" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" stateProvince="Guarico">Caño</location>
<collectingRegion box="[474,543,1795,1817]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Falcón</collectingRegion>
, not precisely located
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3326898332" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Venezuela" county="Marisela" location="Cano" municipality="Cano Marisela" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" specimenCode="MZUSP 40699, 1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Apure">
<specimenCode box="[129,282,1824,1846]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">MZUSP 40699</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode box="[296,308,1824,1845]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">1</specimenCode>
,
<quantity box="[324,396,1824,1846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingRegion box="[449,513,1824,1845]" country="Venezuela" name="Apure" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Apure</collectingRegion>
, estación
<collectingCounty box="[617,706,1824,1846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Marisela</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality pageId="5" pageNumber="198">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A:8EB23EF5347F3F47FD34F949FCC86116" box="[719,771,1824,1845]" country="Venezuela" county="Marisela" municipality="Cano Marisela" name="Cano" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" stateProvince="Apure">Caño</location>
Marisela
</collectingMunicipality>
, approximately
<quantity box="[373,434,1853,1875]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
from road
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A:8EB23EF5347F3F47FDE5F954FD6E6170" box="[542,677,1853,1875]" country="Venezuela" county="Marisela" municipality="Cano Marisela" name="San Fernando" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" stateProvince="Apure">San Fernando</location>
de
<collectingRegion box="[710,771,1853,1874]" country="Venezuela" name="Apure" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Apure</collectingRegion>
to
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A:8EB23EF5347F3F47FF60F933FEDA6153" box="[155,273,1882,1904]" country="Venezuela" county="Marisela" municipality="Cano Marisela" name="Puerto Paez" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" stateProvince="Apure">Puerto Páez</location>
, not precisely located
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3326898353" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Venezuela" latitude="8.85" location="rio Orinoco" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="-61.433334" municipality="Guargapo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" specimenCode="MZUSP 27890" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Delta Amacuro">
<specimenCode box="[503,654,1882,1903]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">MZUSP 27890</specimenCode>
,
<quantity box="[665,772,1882,1903]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.104" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" unit="mm" value="1104.0">1, 104 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingRegion box="[172,326,1911,1933]" country="Venezuela" name="Delta Amacuro" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Delta Amacuro</collectingRegion>
, stream
<collectingMunicipality box="[414,512,1911,1932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="198">Guargapo</collectingMunicipality>
, tributary of
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C4D938347E3F47FEE3FD66FE08618A:8EB23EF5347F3F47FD72F91EFD3461AE" box="[649,767,1911,1933]" country="Venezuela" latitude="8.85" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="-61.433334" municipality="Guargapo" name="rio Orinoco" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" stateProvince="Delta Amacuro">río Orinoco</location>
, approximately
<geoCoordinate box="[278,349,1939,1961]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" precision="925" value="8.85">8°51’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[357,448,1939,1961]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="198" precision="925" value="-61.433334">61°26’W</geoCoordinate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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