222 lines
30 KiB
XML
222 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="1C45CC48F0A1D3FEEBD0B99C88A5245F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030434" ID-ZooBank="9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1686605028597" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Elmberg, Johan" docDate="2023" docId="03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5301.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5301 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Vipera berus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="324" masterDocId="FF87FFB3FF8D4A62B81F7D24450EFF81" masterDocTitle="Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)" masterLastPageNumber="335" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="322" updateTime="1686605656092" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="25CCB2485A6E05D52501CE2DE67FA898" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3407DE41A84431BE0D974543AAA48F0E">
|
||
<mods:title id="93979024006BDCB77DB0F3A48A6C08FD">Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="FD6ED6106A9486DE37A4961F80063A00" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="78A0EE6D67A500A477CF36EF3BDB9D64">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="1F109E47D0BE577EA7487B6A74B59E4F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="863577D17C09D10376076A829D5B0F4E">Elmberg, Johan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A5A2E03E984A90C3FD1803E8DCB36727">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F5129F4B2A3C12372DE76ED8039ACA05" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="240BE63D992E95A3BFB89ED0A20AEF60">
|
||
<mods:title id="3D7A0720C27CFBCB00D80BD34B41E635">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="41BD888D9DBE51BF6D2C82E38EE59266">
|
||
<mods:date id="4211DD4A15E47B3EB00F22D42B827F66">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D052CA815D84FF58C3B450BA84C24D7B" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="267B7262AF18F85F3484CE7C763D9043">2023-06-12</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C16A0C761BFC8D522B1C254E31D06E46" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="4ABC8FF2C750283CC3ED452FF6CDB2B7">5301</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="95D4F7C3AC30D25067A191A515724BBD" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="24625340D8C8BBA64BC19342E07F60DD">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="1EF4899CDA40F9E3FF4F2CC6E4DE465F" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="EE6D9192EF96F645EB3881DFFDA393C8">301</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="AB6EE1EE7BC5D8C6FAE8B4D1A0EA8CC3">335</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="68FF0ADC19E67B4D35543F9B104ADD16">
|
||
<mods:url id="F819BB2DA81E153BEB4CF452EDF46178">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="21CFEFED9891DCB343EC9FC815A15863">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7E35B012D99E50705C6AE0CA7EF5DF40" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FE5B8105B125BA0AE4BB05715CF51185" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F7DEB455F8A0BDFF1EADA767A4B47899" type="Zenodo-Dep">8030434</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="00ECC9E642447BE369784F0FA359BCA5" type="ZooBank">9A64620A-5346-459A-9330-7E8AE9EBEBDE</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030436" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF984A77B8887E3A4756FCB9" box="[151,600,798,825]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8887E3A4756FCB9" blockId="21.[151,600,798,825]" box="[151,600,798,825]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<heading id="D0E081B1FF984A77B8887E3A4756FCB9" bold="true" box="[151,600,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8887E3A4756FCB9" bold="true" box="[151,600,798,825]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Adder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77B8F17E3B4756FCB9" authority="(Linneaus 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[238,600,798,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8F17E3B4486FCB8" bold="true" box="[238,392,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linneaus 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30D6556FF984A75B8887E42473EFDE0" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8887E424000FC24" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8887E424427FC01" bold="true" box="[151,297,870,896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B9217E4344BBFC00" box="[318,437,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distribution of Vipera berus in North Sweden. Colored parts of the Baltic in Ångermanland, Västerbotten, and Norrbotten represent areas with widespread occurrence on offshore islands. Triangles at sea in Medelpad and Hälsingland represent more singular offshore occurrences. Question marks denote areas where the western range limit is poorly known." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030466/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Included records from
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BAFF7E43466DFC00" box="[736,867,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Artportalen</emphasis>
|
||
(N=1250): all reports have been included. Any confusion between melanistic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77B9F47EAF4774FC24" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[491,634,907,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B9F47EAF4774FC24" box="[491,634,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BAAE7EAF464CFC25" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[689,834,907,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Natricidae" genus="Natrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BAAE7EAF464CFC25" box="[689,834,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Natrix natrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would not affect the distribution pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87E8B4183FBB4" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Common and widespread in the Southern and Middle Boreal. Widespread and locally common in the Northern Boreal, where often found in areas of varied topography with south-facing slopes that offer early snowmelt and dependable hibernacula (Andersson 2003;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77BA697ED347E8FB90" box="[630,742,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[196,1392,1074,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-60@31.[196,1392,1071,1844]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 20. Talus slopes and screes provide communal hibernation sites for Vipera berus, offering frost-free conditions also in case of early winter weather with little insulating snow cover. Such sites invariably face SW–SE and have early snowmelt that permits earlier spring emergence than in surrounding areas. Mating usually takes place here, after which vipers disperse to summer habitats visible in the background. This picture is from one of the northernmost known hibernation sites in Sweden at 68oN. Etnoluhtinvaara, Torne lappmark, Northern Boreal region. Photo: Stefan Andersson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scattered observations have been made in the Subalpine and Low-Alpine zones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77B96A793F4755FBB4" author="Curry-Lindahl, K." box="[373,603,1050,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref15934" refString="Curry-Lindahl, K. (1975) Groddjur och kraldjur i farg. Alla Europas arter. AWE / Gebers, Stockholm, 198 pp. [in Swedish]" type="book" year="1975">Curry-Lindahl 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77BA78793F46DCFBB4" author="Frislid, R. & Semb-Johansson, A." box="[615,978,1051,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref16404" refString="Frislid, R. & Semb-Johansson, A. (Eds.) (1981) Norges Dyr 3. Fisker, amfibier, krypdyr. J. W. Cappelens Forlag, Oslo, pp 362 - 408. [in Norwegian]" type="book" year="1981">Frislid & Semb-Johansson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77BBC1793F418EFBB4" author="Elmberg, J." box="[990,1152,1050,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="57 - 82" refId="ref16209" refString="Elmberg, J. (1995) Groddjurens och kraldjurens utbredning i Norrland. Natur i Norr, 15 (2), 57 - 82. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1995">Elmberg 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D8791B402EFB68" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
The highest reported occurrences show a slightly decreasing altitude from south to north:
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77BCA9791B41F0FBD8" box="[1206,1278,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="m" value="940.0">940 m</quantity>
|
||
in Härjedalen (Flatruet),
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77B90E79474454FBFC" box="[273,346,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF984A77B99E794744E8FBFC" box="[385,486,1123,1149]" country="Sweden" name="Jamtland" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Jämtland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Oviksfjällen),
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77BA83794747EBFBFC" box="[668,741,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="m" value="720.0">720 m</quantity>
|
||
in Lycksele lappmark (Kraipe), but
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77BC99794741C1FBFC" box="[1158,1231,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="m" value="820.0">820 m</quantity>
|
||
in Lule lappmark (Aktse). Most of these concern south-facing sites in the upper Subalpine zone, but also above treeline in the Low-Alpine zone. In the upper reaches of the river Lilla Luleälv (Lule lappmark) there are many records in the Aktse and Tarradalen areas (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77B98979EB4743FB68" author="Cederberg, B." box="[406,589,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="5" refId="ref15617" refString="Cederberg, B. (1974) Inventering av vegetationen pa Ritokkammen Sareks Nationalpark. Meddelanden, Vaxtbiologiska Institutionen, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala, 1974, 5. [in Swedish]" type="journal article" year="1974">Cederberg 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting widespread occurrence in the Subalpine zone there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D879D74747FAF8" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Widespread and locally abundant on many offshore islands along much of the Baltic coast of North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BD5B79D74093FA8C" box="[1348,1437,1267,1293]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B8807833441DFAB0" box="[159,275,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[161,1426,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distribution of Vipera berus in North Sweden. Colored parts of the Baltic in Ångermanland, Västerbotten, and Norrbotten represent areas with widespread occurrence on offshore islands. Triangles at sea in Medelpad and Hälsingland represent more singular offshore occurrences. Question marks denote areas where the western range limit is poorly known." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030466/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), as is the case across the sea in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BAB57833460EFAB0" box="[682,768,1303,1329]" name="Finland" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF984A77BB0C783346CFFAB0" author="Terhivuo, J." box="[787,961,1303,1329]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="139 - 164" refId="ref18416" refString="Terhivuo, J. (1981) Provisional atlas and population status of the Finnish amphibian and reptile species with special reference to their ranges in northern Europe. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 18, 139 - 164." type="journal article" year="1981">Terhivuo 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An illustrative example is the Holmön archipelago in Västerbotten, where this species is abundant on islands>
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77BBAB781F46F4FAD4" box="[948,1018,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
from the mainland. This implies high dispersal capacity over brackish water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D878A74179FA1C" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" box="[199,1143,1410,1437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">There are no indications of large-scale changes in distribution over the last 50 years.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87882446BF960" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B8D8788244E8FA40" bold="true" box="[199,486,1446,1473]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Habitat and movements</emphasis>
|
||
. Males typically emerge from hibernation two weeks before females. Mating occurs near the hibernaculum, after which snakes disperse to summer habitats. The latter are largely the same as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77B88878CB4459F989" box="[151,343,1519,1544]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Zootoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B88878CB4459F989" box="[151,343,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Zootoca vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: forest edges, forest clearings, stony slopes, rock outcrops, shrubbery, and shores of lakes, rivers, and the sea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B9017B374483F9AC" box="[286,397,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[152,255,1188,1212]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,192,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-15@25.[151,1436,192,1156]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Ongoing post-glacial land uplift creates open habitats along the Baltic coast of North Sweden. Rock pools (foreground) serve as breeding sites for Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo, occasionally also for Lissotriton vulgaris. Brushy areas along the forest edge (background) are typical summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Tjäruskär, Ångermanland, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030472/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the vast interior of North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BACB7B374623F9AC" box="[724,813,1555,1581]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
summer habitats also include margins of bogs and mires (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B8807B13441EF9D0" box="[159,272,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1903,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetId="figure-78@26.[151,1435,1272,1880]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 14. Vast areas of North Sweden’s interior are covered by level open bogs with permanent water. Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo breed in the pool depressions (foreground) and come ashore to forage in grassy areas in summer. More elevated and drier string parts of the bogs offer protective vegetation and summer habitat för Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Photo: Jonas Grahn." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030480/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Areas providing a combination of basking sites and hiding places are favored. Anthropogenic habitats are widely used, too, for example clearings under powerlines, clear-cuts, edges of fields and meadows, and stone walls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B8FF7B5B4454F918" box="[224,346,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1151,1175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,178,1127]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 13. Recently abandoned hayfields are prime summer habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, Bufo bufo, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus. The forest edge in the background is typical habitat also for Zootoca vivipara. Baggböle, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030476/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figures 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77B9797B5B448BF918" box="[358,389,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="31.[152,255,989,1013]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,965]" captionTargetId="figure-15@31.[193,1394,178,965]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 19. Clear-cuts offer summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus for a decade or so until planted conifers grow tall enough to shade the ground. Robertsfors, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030496/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Very rarely found in closed forest, but sometimes in mature pine forest with natural gaps and clearings. It also occurs regularly in dense
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BA9F7B874666F93D" box="[640,872,1699,1724]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BA9F7B874666F93D" box="[640,872,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Juniperus communis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thickets and in tall grass, where prey animals are likely to be found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A77B8D87BCF4613F814" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
There are not any telemetry data available from North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF984A77BB597BCF46AFF884" box="[838,929,1771,1797]" name="Sweden" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but judging from field observations
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BD4D7BCF45DBF8A8" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BD4D7BCF45DBF8A8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be more mobile in summer than are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BAE27A2B46B1F8A9" box="[765,959,1807,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Zootoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BAE27A2B46B1F8A9" box="[765,959,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Zootoca vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77BBE67A2B41AFF8A8" authorityName="Linneaus, Grass Snake" authorityYear="1758" box="[1017,1185,1807,1833]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Anguis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77BBE67A2B41AFF8A8" box="[1017,1185,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Anguis fragilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, Andersson (2003) reported from the Northern Boreal that pregnant females may remain close to the hibernaculum throughout summer. The distance from summer habitats to hibernation sites can be up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CEF9B38FF984A77BC0C7A734140F8F0" box="[1043,1102,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
(Andersson 2003), a journey during which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF984A77B92C7A5F44CCF814" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[307,450,1915,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF984A77B92C7A5F44CCF814" box="[307,450,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in other habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF984A75B8D87ABB47B5FF78" blockId="21.[151,1437,870,2013]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Hibernation usually occurs in open south-facing locations with abundant crevices and underground access. Typical sites are talus slopes, stony moraine ridges (cf.Andersson 2003) and screes in the forest landscape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132C2A58FF984A77BD3E7AE74081F85C" box="[1313,1423,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[196,1392,1074,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-60@31.[196,1392,1071,1844]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 20. Talus slopes and screes provide communal hibernation sites for Vipera berus, offering frost-free conditions also in case of early winter weather with little insulating snow cover. Such sites invariably face SW–SE and have early snowmelt that permits earlier spring emergence than in surrounding areas. Mating usually takes place here, after which vipers disperse to summer habitats visible in the background. This picture is from one of the northernmost known hibernation sites in Sweden at 68oN. Etnoluhtinvaara, Torne lappmark, Northern Boreal region. Photo: Stefan Andersson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030500/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Figure 20</figureCitation>
|
||
), but also cairns if big and deep enough. Good hibernation sites are always well-drained and can attract individuals from a large surrounding area. There are reports from North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F300764DFF9A4A75BB5E7D9F4694FF54" box="[833,922,187,213]" name="Sweden" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
that a single hibernaculum can host hundreds of individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF864B2CFF9A4A75B95F7DFB47A0FF78" author="Frislid, R. & Semb-Johansson, A." box="[320,686,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref16404" refString="Frislid, R. & Semb-Johansson, A. (Eds.) (1981) Norges Dyr 3. Fisker, amfibier, krypdyr. J. W. Cappelens Forlag, Oslo, pp 362 - 408. [in Norwegian]" type="book" year="1981">Frislid & Semb-Johansson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF686655FF9B4A74B8877AB34078F879" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8030466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8030466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8030466/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" startId="22.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[161,1426,181,1920]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9B4A74B8877AB34078F879" blockId="22.[151,1437,1943,2040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9B4A74B8877AB34428F82E" bold="true" box="[152,294,1943,1967]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C174D5EFF9B4A74B9D37ABC4740F831" baseAuthorityName="Linneaus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[460,590,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Vipera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9B4A74B9D37ABC4740F831" box="[460,590,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Vipera berus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North Sweden. Colored parts of the Baltic in Ångermanland, Västerbotten, and Norrbotten represent areas with widespread occurrence on offshore islands. Triangles at sea in Medelpad and Hälsingland represent more singular offshore occurrences. Question marks denote areas where the western range limit is poorly known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9A4A75B8D87C2641EEFE74" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B963EACFFF9A4A75B8D87C264753FE9C" bold="true" box="[199,605,258,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Abundance estimates and trends</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7F3C80FF9A4A75BA707C2741D2FE74" county="There" latitude="63.8" location="Elmberg" longLatPrecision="1011" longitude="21.0" municipality="Umea area" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" specimenCount="100" specimenCount-adult="100" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62C94E51FF9A4A75BA707C2747BEFE9C" box="[623,688,259,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">There</collectingCounty>
|
||
are not any published abundance data, but estimates based on extensive field work in the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCCACA7FF9A4A75B9CB7C024741FEC0" box="[468,591,294,321]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Umeå area</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF9A4A75BA407C0347FCFEC0" box="[607,754,295,321]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
|
||
) 1975–1994 run in the neighborhood of 50–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D11FD54FF9A4A75BCEB7C024069FEC0" box="[1268,1383,294,321]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="adult">100 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
/km
|
||
<superScript id="7C629B95FF9A4A75BD8B7C024092FEB5" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,294,308]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8EC86006FF9A4A75B8807C6F440DFEE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0:8EC86006FF9A4A75B8807C6F440DFEE4" box="[159,259,331,357]" county="There" latitude="63.8" longLatPrecision="1011" longitude="21.0" municipality="Umea area" name="Elmberg" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">Elmberg</location>
|
||
, unpublished). A mark-recapture study on the far offshore island
|
||
<location id="8EC86006FF9A4A75BBC77C6F4184FEE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE87CBFF984A75B8887E3A473EFDE0:8EC86006FF9A4A75BBC77C6F4184FEE4" box="[984,1162,331,357]" county="There" latitude="63.8" longLatPrecision="1011" longitude="21.0" municipality="Umea area" name="Stora Fjaderagg" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" stateProvince="Vasterbotten">Stora Fjäderägg</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF9A4A75BC877C6F4023FEE4" box="[1176,1325,331,357]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF9A4A75BD277C6F4096FEE4" box="[1336,1432,331,357]" degrees="63" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="925" value="63.8">
|
||
63
|
||
<superScript id="7C629B95FF9A4A75BD4B7C6F4052FED8" attach="none" box="[1364,1372,331,345]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">o</superScript>
|
||
48’N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE23501AFF9A4A75B8887C4B45FBFE08" box="[151,245,367,393]" degrees="21" direction="east" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="925" value="21.0">
|
||
21
|
||
<superScript id="7C629B95FF9A4A75B8AC7C4B45B5FEFC" attach="none" box="[179,187,367,381]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">o</superScript>
|
||
00’E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; area ca 170 hectares) suggests an average abundance of ca. 0.6 adults/hectare (60/km
|
||
<superScript id="7C629B95FF9A4A75BCAF7C4A41B6FEFD" attach="left" box="[1200,1208,366,380]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
) (Stefan Andersson, unpublished). However, studies by Stefan Andersson on the mainland suggest that abundance estimates for larger areas are particularly difficult to make in this species; adults occur within a certain radius of hibernacula, but between the latter there may be large areas of good summer habitat more or less devoid of adders
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA836DDFF9A4A75B8D87CDB473EFDE0" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
There are not any true monitoring data for any period of the last 50 years, but recurrent visits to known sites of occurrence in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D3F83FFF9A4A75B9837F074725FDBC" box="[412,555,547,573]" country="Sweden" name="Vasterbotten" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Västerbotten</collectingRegion>
|
||
indicate a steady and significant drop in abundance from the late 1970’s to the present day (Elmberg, unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |