3406 lines
550 KiB
XML
3406 lines
550 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7244BF140258748D57D320CEA86EDDB1">Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="343B7CBDE8B0B8A2C9686E67EF50FB71">Thomas D. Carr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E6B14A8D60D2DDD565112A28A22FBA7">Thomas E. Williamson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F497209F9942A321C7716DA051C12FAC">2004</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38DEAFE40FAE6FE2E" blockId="2.[885,1345,353,440]" box="[899,1331,416,440]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38DEAFE40FAE6FE2E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[899,1331,416,440]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38DEAFE40FBA8FE20" box="[899,1149,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38DEAFE40FB9CFE2E" box="[899,1097,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">TYRANNOSAURUS</emphasis>
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REX
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38AE7FE41FAE6FE2E" author="Osborn HF." box="[1166,1331,416,440]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref16869" refString="Osborn HF. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">OSBORN, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C336650BEA19FFB38D4EFE30FC35FCC0" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFE30FCA5FD93" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFE30FCA5FD93" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFE30FCB9FD93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483014" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" genus="Aublysodon" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567-FFFF-5F2E-FD4F-7FCED756F84D " kingdom="Animalia" page="325" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="molnaris" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFE30FB68FE71" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[807,1213,465,487]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnaris">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFE30FBC9FE70" box="[807,1052,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon molnaris</emphasis>
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(Leidy, 1868)
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A89FE30FAB9FE71" author="Paul GS." box="[1248,1388,465,487]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 325
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFDEFFB6CFDD4" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFDEFFB6CFDD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFDEFFB60FDD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4561766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4561766" authorityName="Molnar & Carpenter" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" genus="Aublysodon" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D5B047F-4035-4646-2FE8-FA8CFA0712EB " page="447" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="cf. A. mirandus" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFDEFFAD5FDB2" authority="(Leidy, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[807,1280,526,548]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFDEFFC7EFDB5" box="[807,939,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
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||
cf.
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||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38DBCFDEFFBB7FDB5" box="[981,1122,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">A. mirandus</emphasis>
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(Leidy, 1868)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
-
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38B76FDEFFC2EFDD4" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
: figs 1-4, p. 447
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFDADFBBCFD16" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFDADFBBCFD16" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFDADFBB1FD16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483053" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483053" authorityName="Olshevsky & Ford" authorityYear="1995" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" genus="Stygivenator" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9306B-F077-ED06-A1F5-34A34459E577 " kingdom="Animalia" page="116" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="molnari" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym" year="1995">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFDADFB18FDF7" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[807,1229,587,609]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Stygivenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnari">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFDADFBF5FDF6" box="[807,1056,587,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Stygivenator molnari</emphasis>
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||
(Paul, 1988b)
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A9FFDAAFC68FD16" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 36, p. 116
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFD68FC59FD2B" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFD68FC59FD2B" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFD68FC5DFD2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483079" authorityName="Molnar" authorityYear="1980" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039987C0-8F72-FFAA-060F-F5A0FA3FFAB1" kingdom="Animalia" page="102" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="cf. A. lancensis" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFD68FACAFD08" authorityName="Molnar" authorityYear="1980" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[807,1311,649,671]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cf. a. lancensis">
|
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFD68FC13FD08" box="[807,966,649,670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D9AFD68FBAFFD08" box="[1011,1146,649,670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">A. lancensis</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38AEDFD68FACAFD08" author="Molnar RE." box="[1156,1311,649,671]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
: figs 1-7, p. 102
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFD27FA9EFD4D" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" box="[807,1355,710,732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFD27FA9EFD4D" box="[807,1355,710,732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFD27FA9EFD4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483014" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[807,1355,710,732]" genus="Albertosaurus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB9567-FFF7-5F21-FCAC-73B1D711FD29" kingdom="Animalia" page="333" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="megagracilis" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFD27FB27FD4A" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[807,1266,710,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFD27FBB5FD4D" box="[807,1120,710,731]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Albertosaurus megagracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A00FD27FB27FD4A" author="Paul GS." box="[1129,1266,710,732]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 333.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFD04FB03FC8F" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFD04FB03FC8F" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFD04FB07FC8F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483102" authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" genus="Nanotyrannus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1879D-FFD0-FFE9-5E7F-F664FEA6A618 " kingdom="Animalia" page="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="lancensis" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFD04FBEBFD6C" baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[807,1086,741,762]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFD04FBEBFD6C" box="[807,1086,741,762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A20FD04FCAFFC8F" author="Bakker RT & Williams M & Currie PJ." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref15634" refString="Bakker RT, Williams M, Currie PJ. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1: 1 - 30." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker, Williams, & Currie, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
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: pls. 1-4, figs 1-7, 11, 12, p. 2
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFCC2FC35FCC0" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11AEEA19FFB38D4EFCC2FC35FCC0" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D1091EA19FFB38D4EFCC2FC0EFCC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483057" authorityName="Olshevsky & Ford" authorityYear="1995" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" genus="Dinotyrannus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9306B-F075-ED04-A1C7-34AF456BE7DF " kingdom="Animalia" page="117" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" rank="species" species="megagracilis" treatmentCitationLabel="synonym" year="1995">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFCC2FA5EFCAE" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[807,1419,802,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFCC2FBB5FCA1" box="[807,1120,802,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Dinotyrannus megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A05FCC3FA5EFCAE" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[1132,1419,802,824]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: fig. 37, p. 117
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA19FFB38D4EFC81FA93FCE3" box="[807,1350,863,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFC81FA93FCE3" blockId="2.[807,1423,465,885]" box="[807,1350,863,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54978822EA19FFB38D4EFC81FC8AFCE3" box="[807,863,864,885]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38DAEFC81FA97FCE3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[967,1346,863,885]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38DAEFC81FB4BFCE3" box="[967,1182,864,885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38ACEFCBEFA97FCE3" author="Osborn HF." box="[1191,1346,863,885]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref16869" refString="Osborn HF. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA19FFBE8D4EFC20FE91FBC4" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="494" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFC20FB86FC43" blockId="2.[807,1423,960,1903]" box="[807,1107,960,982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFC20FB86FC43" box="[807,1107,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Discussion and description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFB38D4EFC3EFC67FAF3" blockId="2.[807,1423,960,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
|
||
The first skeletal material referred to cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38B62FC3EFA5AFC62" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1291,1423,991,1012]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38B62FC3EFA5AFC62" box="[1291,1423,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an isolated frontal (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA19FFB38A31FC1FFB0DFBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835509" collectionCode="TMP" country="Canada" formation="Dinosaur Park Formation" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" preparations="isolated frontal" specimenCode="TMP 80.16.485" stateProvince="Alberta">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA19FFB38A31FC1FFB44FB85" box="[1112,1169,1022,1043]" collectionName="Taiwan [Republic of China], Taipei, Taiwan Provincial Museum" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">TMP</collectionCode>
|
||
80.16.485) from the Dinosaur Park Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E8F862EA19FFB38AEBFBFCFB0DFBA5" box="[1154,1240,1053,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A85FBFCFA56FBA5" author="Currie PJ." box="[1260,1411,1053,1075]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currie tentatively referred the frontal to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38B62FBDAFA5AFBC6" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1291,1423,1083,1104]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38B62FBDAFA5AFBC6" box="[1291,1423,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because, in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38A25FBBBFA81FBF9" box="[1100,1364,1114,1135]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38A25FBBBFA81FBF9" box="[1100,1364,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the frontal is relatively thin and narrow for a given length. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38A2CFB76FB1CFB3A" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1093,1225,1175,1196]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38A2CFB76FB1CFB3A" box="[1093,1225,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Dinosaur Park Formation was supported by the presence of isolated nondenticulate premaxillary teeth and ‘gracile’ denticulate maxillary and dentary teeth, thought to be referable to the taxon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38A5FFAF3FB20FABE" author="Currie PJ." box="[1078,1269,1298,1320]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987: 55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currie suggested that the Jordan Theropod might be referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EFAAEFC7EFAF2" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[807,939,1359,1380]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EFAAEFC7EFAF2" box="[807,939,1359,1380]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA19FFBB8D29FA8FFDA2FE58" blockId="2.[807,1423,960,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[143,759,195,1903]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="489" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38D29FA8FFAC0FA12" author="Lehman TM & Carpenter K." box="[832,1301,1390,1412]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="1026 - 1032" part="64" refId="ref16494" refString="Lehman TM, Carpenter K. 1990. A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 64: 1026 - 1032." title="A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1990">Lehman and Carpenter (1990: 1026</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA19FFB38B46FA8FFA52FA12" box="[1327,1415,1390,1412]" captionStart-0="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 1" captionStart-1="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 2" captionStart-2="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 3" captionStart-3="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 4" captionStart-4="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 5" captionStart-5="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 6" captionStartId-0="1.[1305,1413,1685,1717]" captionStartId-1="2.[221,329,1583,1615]" captionStartId-2="3.[219,328,1470,1502]" captionStartId-3="3.[1321,1430,1181,1213]" captionStartId-4="4.[195,302,1587,1619]" captionStartId-5="5.[218,326,1587,1619]" captionTargetBox-0="[1334,2352,316,1653]" captionTargetBox-1="[229,2354,336,1548]" captionTargetBox-2="[220,1251,329,1442]" captionTargetBox-3="[1332,2358,326,1135]" captionTargetBox-4="[226,2332,318,1549]" captionTargetBox-5="[217,1258,321,1538]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionTargetPageId-3="3" captionTargetPageId-4="4" captionTargetPageId-5="5" captionText-0="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 1—Preserved skull fragments ofNew Mexico Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). 7, parts of the frontal-parietal mass; 2, 3, left postorbital; 4, left dentary. General skull outline adapted from Russell (1970). Scale bar 10 cm " captionText-1="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 2—Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). Frontal-parietal mass in 1, dorsal view, and 2, right lateral view; left postorbital in 3, medial view, and 4, lateral view; left dentary in 5, medial view, and 6, lateral view. Abbreviations: cl, cleft in frontal; fr, frontal and suture for frontal; j, suture for jugal; lsp, suture for laterosphenoid; p, parietal; po, suture for postorbital; sq, broken squamosal process. Scale bar 10 cm. " captionText-2="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 3—Comparison of tyrannosaurid frontal bones in dorsal view. 1, Aublysodon mirandus (LACM 28471). 2, cf. Aublysodon sp. (TMP 80.16.485). 3, Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). 4, Nanotyrannus lancensis (CMNH 5741). 5, Albertosaurus libratus (AMNH 5664). 6, Albertosaurus libratus (USNM 12814). 7, Daspletosaurus torosus (NMC 8506). Sutures for adjacent bones are shown: f, frontal; fn, notch in frontal (also indicated by arrow); 1, lacrimal; n, nasal; p, parietal; pf, prefrontal; po, postorbital; stf, border of supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar 10 cm. 1 and 5 are adapted from Molnar (1978), 2 from Currie (1987), 4 from Bakker et al. (1988), 6 and 7 from Russell (1970). " captionText-3="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 4—Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). Premaxillary tooth in 1, lateral view, and 2, posterior view; 3, cross sections at indicated levels with anterior end to the right. Scale bar 10 mm " captionText-4="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 5—Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). Left femur in 1, anterior view, and 2, posterior view; 3, right tibia in anterior view; 4, left metatarsal IV in lateral view; 5, left metatarsal III in lateral view; 6, left metatarsals III and IV articulated in anterior view; 7, pubic foot in right lateral view. Scale bar 10 cm " captionText-5="Lehman and Carpenter 1990: Figure 6—Comparison of distal end of right tibia and astragalus. 1, 2, Aublysodon cf. A. mirandus (OMNH 10131). 3, A. libratus (AMNH 5432). 4, A. sarcophagus (NMC 5601). An interpretive outline of the astragalus is shown by the dotted line in 2, as is the extent ofthe tibia behind the astragalus in 4. Abbreviations: a, astragalar facet; 1, lateral malleolus; m, medial malleolus. Scale bar 10 cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3248946/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1038183/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1038185/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3248948/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3248950/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3248952/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">figs 1–6</figureCitation>
|
||
) referred a partial skeleton to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38A1CFA6CFB2CFA34" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1141,1273,1421,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38A1CFA6CFB2CFA34" box="[1141,1273,1421,1442]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is likely referable to a new genus of basal tyrannosauroid.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38B32FA4AFB87FA76" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described aspects of the specimen,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA19FFB38DCCFA08FB93FA68" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035449" box="[933,1094,1513,1534]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="489" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA19FFB38DCCFA08FC25FA68" box="[933,1008,1513,1534]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, pertinent to a revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EF9E6FC7EF98A" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[807,939,1543,1564]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EF9E6FC7EF98A" box="[807,939,1543,1564]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Their referral of the specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38B53F9E6FC8BF9AD" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38B53F9E6FC8BF9AD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38DEFF9C7FBC6F9AD" box="[902,1043,1574,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38DEFF9C7FBC6F9AD" box="[902,1043,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on the presence of an associated nondenticulate premaxillary tooth. The specimen provided the opportunity to ascribe skeletal characters to the taxon. In their abstract,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA19FFB38B74F963FBF4F921" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989: 445)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed one skeletal and one dental character to characterize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38AE9F95EFAD1F942" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1152,1284,1727,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38AE9F95EFAD1F942" box="[1152,1284,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a ‘peculiar first dentary tooth’ and a V-shaped frontoparietal suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA19FFB38DE2F91CFBFBF884" box="[907,1070,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetBox="[206,1383,199,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">Fig. 2A, B, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their revised diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA19FFB38D4EF8FDFC61F8A6" box="[807,948,1819,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="481" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA19FFB38D4EF8FDFC61F8A6" box="[807,948,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="481">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included the following additional characters: slender dentaries, an emargination in the dentary caudal to the third alveolus, and an acute angle between the dorsal and rostroventral margins of the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8E9FFF00FEBCFF61" box="[246,361,225,247]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). They also listed additional dental characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8F55FEE1FE1CFE83" box="[316,457,256,277]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8F55FEE1FE1CFE83" box="[316,457,256,277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the mesial carina of the first dentary tooth is displaced lingually (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8C19FEFEFD11FEA3" box="[624,708,287,309]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
), all dentary teeth but the first (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8FB4FEDCFD86FEC5" box="[477,595,317,339]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) are laterally compressed as well as those of the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8C10FEBDFD27FEE4" box="[633,754,348,370]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Figs 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8EE6FE9AFF4BFE07" box="[143,158,379,401]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[143,221,1852,1871]" captionTargetBox="[145,1415,198,1818]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[779,956,953,1015]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of LACM 28471 in comparison with that of another juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (CMNH 7541). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960923/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), denticles extend midway down the mesial carina and to the base on the distal carina and the mesial denticles are smaller than the distal ones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA18FFB28EF5F928FED0F881" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="482" startId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" targetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA18FFB28EF5F928FED0F881" blockId="3.[156,1435,1737,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="482">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA18FFB28EF5F928FED1F94A" bold="true" box="[156,260,1737,1756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="482">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Facial bones of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA18FFB28FDCF928FD91F94A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376313" box="[437,580,1737,1756]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="3" pageNumber="482" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA1FFFB58EE6F8BBFEA5F8FB" blockId="4.[143,368,1882,1901]" box="[143,368,1882,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="483">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA1FFFB58EE6F8BBFF22F8FB" bold="true" box="[143,247,1882,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="483">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA1EFFB48EF5F91AFB3EF8F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="484" startId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" targetBox="[206,1383,199,1751]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA1EFFB48EF5F91AFB3EF8F0" blockId="5.[156,1436,1787,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA1EFFB48EF5F91AFED1F898" bold="true" box="[156,260,1787,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="484">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal skull roof of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA1EFFB48FB0F91AFDB0F898" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376398" box="[473,613,1787,1806]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="5" pageNumber="484" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="E2A32F6BEA1DFFB78EE6F8F4FEA5F8BE" box="[143,368,1813,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="485" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA1DFFB78EE6F8F4FEA5F8BE" box="[143,368,1813,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA1DFFB78EE6F8F4FF22F8BE" bold="true" box="[143,247,1813,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="485">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA1DFFB78F6AF8F4FEA5F8BE" box="[259,368,1813,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="485">Continued</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA1CFFB68EF5F8A0FACDF8E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="486" startId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" targetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA1CFFB68EF5F8A0FACDF8E7" blockId="7.[156,1435,1857,1906]" pageId="7" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA1CFFB68EF5F8A0FED1F8C2" bold="true" box="[156,260,1857,1876]" pageId="7" pageNumber="486">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandibular bones of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA1CFFB68F82F8A0FDA2F8C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376445" box="[491,631,1857,1876]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="7" pageNumber="486" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA13FFB98EE6F8DDFB62F8FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960923/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="487" startId="8.[143,221,1852,1871]" targetBox="[145,1415,198,1818]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA13FFB98EE6F8DDFB62F8FA" blockId="8.[143,1421,1852,1901]" pageId="8" pageNumber="487">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA13FFB98EE6F8DDFF22F8D9" bold="true" box="[143,247,1852,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="487">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA13FFB98DE8F8DDFBDBF8D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376360" box="[897,1038,1852,1871]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="8" pageNumber="487" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
in comparison with that of another juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA13FFB98E83F8BBFE7AF8FA" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[234,431,1882,1900]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="487" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA13FFB98E83F8BBFE7AF8FA" box="[234,431,1882,1900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="487">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA13FFB98FD4F8B8FD93F8FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836508" box="[445,582,1881,1900]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="487" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA12FFB88EF5F8E3FAB5F883" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960925" box="[156,1376,1794,1813]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="488" startId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" targetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA12FFB88EF5F8E3FAB5F883" blockId="9.[156,1376,1794,1813]" box="[156,1376,1794,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA12FFB88EF5F8E3FED1F883" bold="true" box="[156,260,1794,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="488">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA12FFB88C90F8E3FC50F883" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376304" box="[761,901,1794,1813]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="9" pageNumber="488" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8EC1FE36FEE5FC41" blockId="10.[143,759,195,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
Comparison of the Jordan theropod (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8C3AFE36FD3BFE7B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376340" box="[595,750,471,493]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8C3AFE36FD75FE7A" box="[595,672,471,492]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) with tyrannosaurid material weakens the validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8EE6FDF5FEC9FDBF" box="[143,284,532,553]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8EE6FDF5FEC9FDBF" box="[143,284,532,553]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All tyrannosaurids, except adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8CC8FDF5FF24FDDE" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8CC8FDF5FF24FDDE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8F40FDD2FE03FDDE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[297,470,563,584]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8F40FDD2FE03FDDE" box="[297,470,563,584]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have V-shaped frontoparietal sutures. Slender dentaries are typical of juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8F26FD91FE19FD10" author="Carr TD." box="[335,460,624,646]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Regarding the emargination in the dentary, in tyrannosaurids the alveolar margin is convex adjacent to the rostral four or five teeth and is then concave through the midlength of the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8EBAFD0AFEC1FC97" box="[211,276,747,769]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ‘step’ is the transition point between these margins, and in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8FF5FCEBFDE2FC89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035521" box="[412,567,778,799]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 23871">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8FF5FCEBFE32FC89" box="[412,487,778,799]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23871
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
this is exaggerated by the fragmentary nature of both bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8EFEFCA6FF0EFCCA" box="[151,219,839,861]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E, 5).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8F2EFCA6FD11FCCB" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[327,708,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989: 447)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cite the ‘rostroventral border of dentaries with an acute angle relative to alveolar border’ as unique. However, this condition is typical of small tyrannosaurid dentaries (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8E88FC20FEF7FC41" box="[225,290,961,983]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8EC1FC01FD6CFAF0" blockId="10.[143,759,195,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8EC1FC01FE3BFC60" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[168,494,992,1014]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the extent and coarseness of denticles to be diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8EE6FBFFFEC9FBA4" box="[143,284,1053,1075]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8EE6FBFFFEC9FBA4" box="[143,284,1053,1075]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They stated that in the dentary and maxillary teeth of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8F0EFBDDFDD7FBC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376446" box="[359,514,1084,1105]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8F0EFBDDFE67FBC7" box="[359,434,1084,1105]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the mesial denticles only extend halfway down their carinae and the entire extent of the distal carinae is denticulate. We find that this character is typical of most tyrannosaurids, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8E8FFB56FE21FB5A" box="[230,500,1207,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8E8FFB56FE21FB5A" box="[230,500,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Daspletosaurus torosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the mesial carina reaches the crown base, and is therefore not diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8F57FB15FE1EFA9F" box="[318,459,1268,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8F57FB15FE1EFA9F" box="[318,459,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, the condition of mesial denticles being finer than the distal denticles is typical of tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8FAEFAD3FD25FADE" author="Carr TD & Williamson TE." box="[455,752,1329,1352]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="113 - 146" part="17" refId="ref15883" refString="Carr TD, Williamson TE. 2000. A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 113 - 146." title="A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="journal article" year="2000">Carr & Williamson, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is not a diagnostic character of any species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8EC1FA8EFEB9F963" blockId="10.[143,759,195,1903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
The partial skull of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8FCBFA8EFDEAFA12" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376442" box="[418,575,1391,1412]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8FCBFA8EFE38FA12" box="[418,493,1391,1412]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
displays many characters typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8FEDFA6CFD9EFA35" box="[388,587,1421,1443]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The frontal is diagnostic among Late Cretaceous theropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8CCDFA4DFF1CFA77" author="Currie PJ." editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The bone displays most of the diagnostic tyrannosaurid features, including the following: separate joint surfaces of the lateral and medial frontal processes of the nasal; short orbital rim; expanded frontopostorbital suture with a buttress (although undeveloped in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8F08F985FDDDF9EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376356" box="[353,520,1636,1658]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8F08F985FE79F9EF" box="[353,428,1636,1657]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and caudolateral suture; frontals separated on the midline by the parietals; frontals flat between the orbits; dorsotemporal fossa covering much of the dorsal surface of the frontals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8EA3F93EFE8AF963" box="[202,351,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 2A- E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8EC1F91FFA58FD55" blockId="10.[143,759,195,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[807,1423,195,707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8EC1F91FFE9FF885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376438" box="[168,330,1790,1811]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8EC1F91FFF26F885" box="[168,243,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
displays additional tyrannosaurid characters, including a first maxillary tooth that is small and incisiform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8FE7F8DAFDDDF8C6" box="[398,520,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Figs 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8C7FF8DAFDF1F8C7" box="[534,548,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[143,221,1852,1871]" captionTargetBox="[145,1415,198,1818]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[779,956,953,1015]" captionText="Figure 4. Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of LACM 28471 in comparison with that of another juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (CMNH 7541). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960923/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a subconical first dentary tooth that is the smallest member of the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8DC5FF22FC3FFF4E" box="[940,1002,195,217]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E). In lateral view, a large neurovascular foramen pierces the maxilla rostral to the antorbital fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8D87FEE1FB94FE80" box="[1006,1089,256,278]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), the alveolar margin of the maxilla is convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8D97FEFEFBA5FEA2" box="[1022,1136,287,309]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) and that of the dentary is concave caudally and convex rostrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8B65FEDCFA9EFEC5" box="[1292,1355,317,339]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E); the rostral-most neurovascular foramen that pierces the lateral surface of the dentary is the largest of its row and is situated ventral to the first alveolus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8D46FE59FCBBFE58" box="[815,878,440,462]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). This foramen is also in dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8D46FE36FC15FE7B" author="Paul GS." box="[815,960,471,493]" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="1 - 9" part="2" refId="ref17037" refString="Paul GS. 1988 a. The small predatory dinosaurs of the mid- Mesozoic: The horned theropods of the Morrison and Great Oolite - Ornitholestes and Proceratosaurus - and the sickleclaw theropods of the Cloverly, Djadokhta and Judith River - Deinonychus, Velociraptor and Saurornitholestes. Hunteria 2: 1 - 9." title="The small predatory dinosaurs of the mid- Mesozoic: The horned theropods of the Morrison and Great Oolite - Ornitholestes and Proceratosaurus - and the sickleclaw theropods of the Cloverly, Djadokhta and Judith River - Deinonychus, Velociraptor and Saurornitholestes" type="journal article" year="1988">Paul, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the nasals are constricted at midlength between the maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8B47FE14FCEFFDBC" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 1A– C</figureCitation>
|
||
); the parietals are wedge-shaped and bear a prominent sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8A4BFDD2FB41FDDF" box="[1058,1172,563,585]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF921040EA11FFBB8A3DFDD2FBBEFDDF" box="[1108,1131,563,585]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">2I</date>
|
||
–M
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, in ventral view, the parietals possess a plug-like process on the rostral midline for apposition with the frontals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8D46FD6EFC5CFD33" box="[815,905,655,677]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, there are no characters that contradict assignment of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8A6BFD4FFB4EFD55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376322" box="[1026,1179,686,707]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8A6BFD4FFB98FD55" box="[1026,1101,686,707]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8AA8FD4CFA5CFD55" box="[1217,1417,685,707]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8D4EFCEBFC2EFC88" blockId="10.[807,1424,777,1627]" box="[807,1019,777,799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D4EFCEBFC2EFC88" box="[807,1019,777,799]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Taxonomic identity</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8D4EFCC9FC0EFB5A" blockId="10.[807,1424,777,1627]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D02FCC9FBA1FCA8" box="[875,1140,808,830]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D02FCC9FBA1FCA8" box="[875,1140,808,830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Daspletosaurus torosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8AD9FCC8FA52FCA8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1200,1415,809,830]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8AD9FCC8FA52FCA8" box="[1200,1415,809,830]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lingual surface of each of the third left and right maxillary crowns in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8A75FC87FB63FCED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376338" box="[1052,1206,870,891]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8A75FC87FBB2FCED" box="[1052,1127,870,891]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
bear a prominent apicobasal ridge that creates a crease adjacent to the mesial carina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8DB2FC42FBCBFC2F" box="[987,1054,931,953]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[143,221,1852,1871]" captionTargetBox="[145,1415,198,1818]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[779,956,953,1015]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of LACM 28471 in comparison with that of another juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (CMNH 7541). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960923/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In other tyrannosaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D4EFC20FC13FC40" box="[807,966,961,982]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D4EFC20FC13FC40" box="[807,966,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), this ridge and sulcus are absent. As in juvenile (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8DA7FC01FBB3FC60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035525" box="[974,1126,992,1014]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8DA7FC01FBF5FC63" box="[974,1056,992,1013]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and adult (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8B54FC01FC8AFB83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849034892" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8B54FC01FA5AFC63" box="[1341,1423,992,1013]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D06FC1EFC79FB82" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[879,940,1023,1044]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D06FC1EFC79FB82" box="[879,940,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the rugose lateral surface of the maxilla stops far short of the proximal end of the ascending process of the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8A58FBDDFB52FBC7" box="[1073,1159,1084,1106]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8AFAFBDDFB77FBC4" box="[1171,1186,1084,1106]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">6</figureCitation>
|
||
), indicating that the antorbital fossa reached the nasal suture. Also, the sagittal crest is present on the frontals, a state absent in tyrannosaurids other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8ACAFB79FA86FB3B" box="[1187,1363,1176,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8ACAFB79FA86FB3B" box="[1187,1363,1176,1197]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D4EFB56FC01FB5A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[807,980,1207,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D4EFB56FC01FB5A" box="[807,980,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8D29FB34FB01F9CD" blockId="10.[807,1424,777,1627]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
Several characters of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8A50FB37FB04FB7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376422" box="[1081,1233,1238,1259]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8A50FB37FB51FB7D" box="[1081,1156,1238,1259]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
are shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D4EFB14FCB1FA9C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[807,868,1269,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D4EFB14FCB1FA9C" box="[807,868,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8A7FFB14FB81FA9C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1046,1108,1269,1290]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8A7FFB14FB81FA9C" box="[1046,1108,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8AF9FB15FAF7FA9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834508" box="[1168,1314,1268,1290]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8AF9FB15FB37FA9F" box="[1168,1250,1268,1289]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the rostral third of the nasals are set at abrupt angles to one another, such that the bones are angular in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8B44FAB1FA57FAF0" box="[1325,1410,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is also found in dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8A9DFA8EFA56FA13" author="Paul GS." box="[1268,1411,1391,1413]" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="1 - 9" part="2" refId="ref17037" refString="Paul GS. 1988 a. The small predatory dinosaurs of the mid- Mesozoic: The horned theropods of the Morrison and Great Oolite - Ornitholestes and Proceratosaurus - and the sickleclaw theropods of the Cloverly, Djadokhta and Judith River - Deinonychus, Velociraptor and Saurornitholestes. Hunteria 2: 1 - 9." title="The small predatory dinosaurs of the mid- Mesozoic: The horned theropods of the Morrison and Great Oolite - Ornitholestes and Proceratosaurus - and the sickleclaw theropods of the Cloverly, Djadokhta and Judith River - Deinonychus, Velociraptor and Saurornitholestes" type="journal article" year="1988">Paul, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nasals do not separate the distal ends of the nasal processes of the premaxillae by a pair of median ridges, indicating that the processes were appressed through their entire length, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8AD7FA0BFB2EFA69" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1214,1275,1514,1535]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8AD7FA0BFB2EFA69" box="[1214,1275,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8B54FA0BFCB5F988" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376321" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8B54FA0BFA5AFA69" box="[1341,1423,1514,1535]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8D1AF9E9FBDBF988" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836507" box="[883,1038,1544,1566]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8D1AF9E9FC10F98B" box="[883,965,1544,1565]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA11FFBB8A48F9E9FBB7F988" box="[1057,1122,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[143,221,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[173,1394,199,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@12.[212,1389,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 7. Comparison of tyrannosaurid snouts in dorsal view, showing the appressed state of the nasal processes of the premaxilla in Tyrannosaurus rex. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960929/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the basis of these shared derived characters, we consider
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8A9CF9C6FA5AF9AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376358" box="[1269,1423,1575,1596]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8A9CF9C6FA95F9AA" box="[1269,1344,1575,1596]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
to be referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA11FFBB8D9CF9A7FB19F9CD" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1013,1228,1606,1627]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D9CF9A7FB19F9CD" box="[1013,1228,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBB8D4EF940FC3CF921" blockId="10.[807,1423,1697,1903]" box="[807,1001,1697,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8D4EF940FC3CF921" box="[807,1001,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">Ontogenetic stage</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA11FFBF8D4EF920FE8EFEA2" blockId="10.[807,1423,1697,1903]" lastBlockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">
|
||
In addition to its small size (estimated skull length: ~450.0 mm),
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA11FFBB8DD5F93EFB81F962" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376352" box="[956,1108,1759,1780]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="10" pageNumber="489" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA11FFBB8DD5F93EFBD2F962" box="[956,1031,1759,1780]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
shares many features that typify juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA11FFBB8AF3F91FFB0CF885" box="[1178,1241,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="489">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA11FFBB8A8AF91FFAB4F882" author="Carr TD." box="[1251,1377,1790,1812]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="489" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In general, the teeth are labiolingually narrow (‘bladelike’) and the cranial remains are lightly built, especially those of the dorsal skull roof such as the nasals, frontals, and parietals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8FF5FF22FE2BFF4F" box="[412,510,195,217]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionStartId-1="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionStartId-2="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox-0="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetBox-1="[206,1383,199,1751]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetId-2="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." captionText-1="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." captionText-2="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8C7AFF22FD7EFF4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376316" box="[531,683,195,216]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8C7AFF22FD8BFF4E" box="[531,606,195,216]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
represents a tyrannosaurid growth stage that precedes that of ‘small Stage 1’ described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8F93FEE1FD54FE80" author="Carr TD." box="[506,641,256,278]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8CDAFEE1FE86FEA2" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8CDAFEE1FE86FEA2" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA10FFBA8EF5F8E4FA49F8A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="490" startId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" targetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA10FFBA8EF5F8E4FA49F8A0" blockId="11.[156,1436,1797,1846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA10FFBA8EF5F8E4FED1F88E" bold="true" box="[156,260,1797,1816]" pageId="11" pageNumber="490">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA10FFBA8C48F8C2FD73F8A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376408" box="[545,678,1827,1846]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="11" pageNumber="490" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA10FFBA8D20F8C2FC0AF8A0" author="Osborn HF." box="[841,991,1827,1846]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="490" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, CMN 8506 modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA10FFBA8A96F8C2FA4DF8A0" author="Russell DA." box="[1279,1432,1827,1846]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="490" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA17FFBD8EE6F8E2FAA6F8A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960929/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="491" startId="12.[143,221,1795,1814]" targetBox="[173,1394,199,1760]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA17FFBD8EE6F8E2FAA6F8A2" blockId="12.[143,1422,1795,1844]" pageId="12" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA17FFBD8EE6F8E2FF22F881" bold="true" box="[143,247,1795,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="491">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of tyrannosaurid snouts in dorsal view, showing the appressed state of the nasal processes of the premaxilla in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA17FFBD8F4CF8C0FE3CF8A5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[293,489,1825,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA17FFBD8F4CF8C0FE3CF8A5" box="[293,489,1825,1843]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="491">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA17FFBD8F9FF8C0FDAFF8A2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376301" box="[502,634,1825,1844]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="12" pageNumber="491" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA17FFBD8D77F8C0FC60F8A2" author="Osborn HF." box="[798,949,1825,1844]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="491" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, CMN 8506 modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA17FFBD8ABFF8C0FABAF8A2" author="Russell DA." box="[1238,1391,1825,1844]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="491" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA16FFBC8EF5F8E2FCCFF8A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="492" startId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" targetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA16FFBC8EF5F8E2FCCFF8A2" blockId="13.[156,1435,1795,1844]" pageId="13" pageNumber="492">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA16FFBC8EF5F8E2FED1F880" bold="true" box="[156,260,1795,1814]" pageId="13" pageNumber="492">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA16FFBC8CDCF8E2FC97F880" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836510" box="[693,834,1795,1814]" pageId="13" pageNumber="492">LACM 28345</materialsCitation>
|
||
with other tyrannosaurids.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA16FFBC8A1CF8E2FB29F880" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376423" box="[1141,1276,1795,1814]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="13" pageNumber="492" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA16FFBC8EF5F8C1FEE4F8A2" author="Osborn HF." box="[156,305,1824,1844]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="492" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and CMN 8506 modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA16FFBC8C14F8C1FCC3F8A2" author="Russell DA." box="[637,790,1824,1844]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="492" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8EC1FEDCFDA4FDDF" blockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8EC1FEDCFEA7FEC2" author="Molnar RE." box="[168,370,317,340]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978: 74)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the joint surface for the maxilla on the nasal is smooth and favourably compared this with dromaeosaurids in contrast to the ‘dentate appearance’ of this region in tyrannosaurids. A serrate nasomaxillary suture is characteristic of large adult tyrannosaurids and that of subadult and juvenile specimens is a smooth tongue-in-groove contact (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8EA6FDF5FE9AFDBC" author="Carr TD." box="[207,335,532,554]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the smooth state in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8CC2FDF5FF01FDDE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376308" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8CC2FDF5FD23FDBF" box="[683,758,532,553]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is a juvenile character (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8F84FDD2FDB0FDDF" box="[493,613,563,585]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8EC1FDB0FE2BFC0C" blockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
The frontal process of the nasal is not constricted between the lacrimals in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8FAAFD91FD8AFD13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376361" box="[451,607,624,645]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8FAAFD91FDDBFD13" box="[451,526,624,645]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8C1AFD91FD3EFD10" box="[627,747,624,646]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The same is also true for juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8C78FD6EFD14FD32" box="[529,705,655,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8C78FD6EFD14FD32" box="[529,705,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. TMP 94.143.1) in contrast to the constricted state in adults (e.g. CMN 8506, TMP 85.62.1). An unconstricted nasal is present in a juvenile individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8EE6FCEBFF19FC89" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,204,778,799]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8EE6FCEBFF19FC89" box="[143,204,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8F78FCEBFE73FC89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376364" box="[273,422,777,799]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8F78FCEBFEB6FC89" box="[273,355,778,799]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) where only the unmodified right lateral frontal process is preserved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8CFBFCC9FF1DFCCB" author="Gilmore CW." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="1 - 19" part="106" refId="ref16307" refString="Gilmore CW. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 106: 1 - 19." title="A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8EBDFCA6FE65FCCA" author="Bakker RT & Williams M & Currie PJ." box="[212,432,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref15634" refString="Bakker RT, Williams M, Currie PJ. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1: 1 - 30." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Bakker
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8F58FCA6FEBCFCCA" box="[305,361,839,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8FD4FCA6FDEDFCCB" author="Carr TD." box="[445,568,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8CDBFCA6FD25FCCA" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[690,752,839,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8CDBFCA6FD25FCCA" box="[690,752,839,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the process is compressed to a pair of rods between the lacrimals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8F60FC65FE71FC0F" author="Osborn HF." box="[265,420,900,922]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8FD9FC65FE24FC0C" box="[432,497,900,922]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8EC1FC42FE90FA9C" blockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
As in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8F22FC42FE5DFC2E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[331,392,931,952]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8F22FC42FE5DFC2E" box="[331,392,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8FAAFC42FD81FC2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376375" box="[451,596,931,953]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8FAAFC42FDC0FC2E" box="[451,533,931,952]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the nasals of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8EE6FC23FEFCFC41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376344" box="[143,297,962,983]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8EE6FC23FF0FFC41" box="[143,218,962,983]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
are not rugose, their condition in large adult specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8F0BFC01FE02FC60" box="[354,471,992,1014]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). This smooth condition differs from a small juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8F94FC1EFDA0FB82" box="[509,629,1023,1044]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8F94FC1EFDA0FB82" box="[509,629,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. TMP 86.144.1), in which the nasals are rugose. As in juvenile and adult tyrannosaurids, the internasal suture is open along the rostral and caudal extremities of the bone, but the remainder is closed in external view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8EFEFB79FEDFFB38" box="[151,266,1176,1198]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, growth of this bone was not inhibited by closure of this suture and indicates the functional importance of a stable snout for small juvenile tyrannosaurids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8EC1FAF2FDAEF8A4" blockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
The maxilla, as in juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8CD5FAF2FF1DFADE" author="Carr TD." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is dorsoventrally shallow and transversely narrow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8EA1FAB1FE88FAF0" box="[200,349,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1A, D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
), indicating a long, low snout of delicate construction. The triangular profile of the maxilla noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8F6FFA6CFE7AFA32" author="Molnar RE." box="[262,431,1421,1444]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
typifies the proportions of this bone in juveniles and all small theropods and is not taxonomically diagnostic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8F85FA2AFD27FA77" author="Currie PJ & Dong Z." box="[492,754,1483,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="1753 - 1766" part="38" refId="ref16128" refString="Currie PJ, Dong Z. 2001 b. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1753 - 1766." title="New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie & Dong, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8EE6FA08FF05FA69" box="[143,208,1513,1535]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Molnar observed that the angle of the ventral and rostrodorsal margins converge at a low angle (50°) in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8EC4F9C6FE9DF9AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376354" box="[173,328,1575,1596]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8EC4F9C6FF2DF9AA" box="[173,248,1575,1596]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. In contrast to larger tyrannosaurids, this difference is growth related, juvenile tyrannosaurids having shallower snouts than adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8C19F985FD39F9EC" author="Carr TD." box="[624,748,1636,1658]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is also indicated by the low angle of the margins of the maxilla, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8FE0F940FD80F92E" author="Molnar RE." box="[393,597,1697,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978: 73)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8EC6F921FEF2F943" box="[175,295,1728,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8EC6F921FEF2F943" box="[175,295,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The low angle in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8C69F921FD4EF943" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376441" box="[512,667,1728,1749]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8C69F921FD9EF943" box="[512,587,1728,1749]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, in contrast to the higher angle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8C65F93EFD51F962" box="[524,644,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8C65F93EFD51F962" box="[524,644,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(70°), is undoubtedly related to the fact that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8C45F91FFD16F885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376388" box="[556,707,1790,1811]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8C45F91FFDA2F885" box="[556,631,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
was the smallest specimen in Molnar’s sample.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8EC1F8DAFC06FE39" blockId="14.[143,760,195,1903]" lastBlockId="14.[807,1423,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
The term ‘maxillary flange’, used herein, refers to the convex ala that extends dorsally from the dorsolateral margin of the maxilla, which overlaps the ventrolateral surface of the nasal. The flange represents the lateral half of a deep longitudinal slot in the maxilla that receives a blade-like process from the ventral surface of the nasal. As in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8AA8FEDFFB2BFEC5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1217,1278,318,339]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8AA8FEDFFB2BFEC5" box="[1217,1278,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. CMNH 7541), the maxillary flange of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8A16FEBDFAC2FEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376310" box="[1151,1303,348,369]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8A16FEBDFB1FFEE7" box="[1151,1226,348,369]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is present but is not as prominent as that of larger specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8D46FE78FC7CFE39" box="[815,937,409,431]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Figs 1D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8DDFFE78FC13FE39" box="[950,966,409,431]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8D29FE59FAB1FC60" blockId="14.[807,1423,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
Comparable to juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8A3AFE58FAD5FE58" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1107,1280,441,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8A3AFE58FAD5FE58" box="[1107,1280,441,462]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8B54FE59FCB5FE7B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835507" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8B54FE59FA5AFE5B" box="[1341,1423,440,461]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, PIN 552–2) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8A3CFE36FAD0FE7A" box="[1109,1285,471,492]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8A3CFE36FAD0FE7A" box="[1109,1285,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. TMP 94.143.1), the rostral margin of the maxillary fenestra in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8D2CFDF5FC08FDBF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376346" box="[837,989,532,553]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8D2CFDF5FC45FDBF" box="[837,912,532,553]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
does not approach the rostral margin of the external antorbital fenestra as it does in adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8D46FDB0FC7DFDF1" box="[815,936,593,615]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Figs 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8DDFFDB0FC10FDF1" box="[950,965,593,615]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). In adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8A28FDB3FBABFDF1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1089,1150,594,615]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8A28FDB3FBABFDF1" box="[1089,1150,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the maxillary fenestra extends medial to the rostral margin of the external antorbital fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8A7EFD6EFB8DFD33" box="[1047,1112,655,677]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8AB6FD6EFA5AFD32" box="[1247,1423,655,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8AB6FD6EFA5AFD32" box="[1247,1423,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults, a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8DF2FD4FFBD6FD54" box="[923,1027,685,707]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8DF2FD4FFBD6FD54" box="[923,1027,685,707]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
juvenile (GIN 100/177), and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54978822EA15FFBF8D4EFD2DFC5DFD74" box="[807,904,716,738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8DC6FD2DFBDBFC97" authority="Currie & Dong, 2001a" authorityName="Currie & Dong" authorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Avetheropoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8DC6FD2DFA9CFD77" box="[943,1353,716,737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8B35FD2DFBD2FC97" author="Currie PJ & Dong Z." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="1729 - 1737" part="38" refId="ref16087" refString="Currie PJ, Dong Z. 2001 a. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1729 - 1737." title="New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie & Dong, 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the maxillary fenestra is separated from the margin of the external antorbital fenestra by a narrow rim of bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8AA8FCC9FAD6FCA8" box="[1217,1283,808,830]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="11.[156,234,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[183,1408,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@11.[221,1398,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960927/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also as in juvenile tyrannosaurids, in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8A00FCA6FAD6FCCA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376410" box="[1129,1283,839,860]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8A00FCA6FB61FCCA" box="[1129,1204,839,860]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
a low ridge encircles the rostroventral margin of the antorbital fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8D18FC65FC11FC0C" box="[881,964,900,922]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the ventral foramen within the fossa of the subnarial foramen opens rostroventrally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8D46FC23FC7AFC41" author="Carr TD." box="[815,943,962,983]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8DA9FC20FBC7FC4E" box="[960,1042,961,984]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
); in subadults and adults, this foramen is large and opens rostrally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8AB3FC01FA8DFC60" author="Carr TD." box="[1242,1368,992,1014]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBF8D29FC1EFC06FA54" blockId="14.[807,1423,195,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
The dorsotemporal fossa of the frontal is present in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8D4EFBFFFC68FBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376339" box="[807,957,1054,1075]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8D4EFBFFFCA7FBA5" box="[807,882,1054,1075]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and, as in juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8B3DFBFFFCB5FBC4" author="Carr TD." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the rostral margin of the depression is indistinct (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8DFEFBBAFBFDFBE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835508" box="[919,1064,1115,1137]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8DFEFBBAFC3CFBE6" box="[919,1001,1115,1136]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8A5AFBBAFB77FBE6" box="[1075,1186,1115,1137]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) whereas the rostral margin of the dorsotemporal fossa is distinct in large and mature specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8A2FFB79FB52FB38" box="[1094,1159,1176,1198]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in other juvenile tyrannosaurids (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8A7AFB56FB73FB5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834509" box="[1043,1190,1207,1229]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8A7AFB56FBB0FB5A" box="[1043,1125,1207,1228]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), most of the rostral margin of the fossa is not delimited by a distinct ridge and sulcus, except in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8A41FB15FB17FA9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376367" box="[1064,1218,1268,1289]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8A41FB15FBA6FA9F" box="[1064,1139,1268,1289]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
where these features are present at the lateral extent of the fossa in both bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8DC6FAD0FBF4FAD1" box="[943,1057,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, the sutural surface of the postorbital is not modified into a dorsoventrally deep abutting and peg-in-socket contact as in larger specimens, but is composed of deep grooves and ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8D46FA4DFC13FA54" box="[815,966,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA15FFBE8D29FA2AFECBFEA3" blockId="14.[807,1423,195,1903]" lastBlockId="15.[156,772,195,1106]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="494" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">
|
||
In dorsal view, the joint surface of the lacrimal is rostrocaudally elongate and transversely narrow, as in juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA15FFBF8A23F9E9FB12F98B" author="Carr TD." box="[1098,1223,1544,1565]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8ABDF9E9FA9DF988" box="[1236,1352,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is unlike adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8D90F9C6FB7CF9AA" box="[1017,1193,1575,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8D90F9C6FB7CF9AA" box="[1017,1193,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8A8BF9C9FA5AF9AB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1250,1423,1576,1597]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8A8BF9C9FA5AF9AB" box="[1250,1423,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the frontal, caudal to the lacrimal, is transversely wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8DA7F985FBDAF9EC" box="[974,1039,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The same is also true for the prefrontal- frontal suture in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8A1EF965FB60F90F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1143,1205,1668,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8A1EF965FB60F90F" box="[1143,1205,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8AAEF962FAD2F90F" box="[1223,1287,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8B2AF962FCBBF921" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376320" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8B2AF962FA5BF90E" box="[1347,1422,1667,1688]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the joint surfaces of the medial and lateral frontal process of the nasal are separate in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA15FFBF8D46F93EFC75F962" box="[815,928,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in other tyrannosaurids. In adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA15FFBF8B38F901FA5AF963" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1361,1423,1760,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA15FFBF8B38F901FA5AF963" box="[1361,1423,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8D0FF91FFBD6F885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035447" box="[870,1027,1789,1811]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8D0FF91FFC6DF885" box="[870,952,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8A73F91FFB43F885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035526" box="[1050,1174,1790,1811]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="BHI 3033">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8A73F91FFB9FF885" box="[1050,1098,1790,1811]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
3033
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8AC5F91FFAFDF885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035529" box="[1196,1320,1790,1811]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="BHI 4100">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8AC5F91FFB09F885" box="[1196,1244,1790,1811]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
4100
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA15FFBF8B57F91FFC56F8A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849035524" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="493" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8B57F91FFA5BF885" box="[1342,1422,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA15FFBF8D4EF8FDFC9EF8A4" box="[807,843,1820,1842]" pageId="14" pageNumber="493">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the medial frontal process of the nasal is displaced ventrally out of view and the lateral frontal process itself is compressed toward the midline beneath the lacrimal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8FF0FF22FE0FFF4F" box="[409,474,195,217]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus in adults, the joint surface of the medial frontal process is pinched out below and between the compressed nasal processes of the frontal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8EDDFEDFFE0DFDF1" blockId="15.[156,772,195,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
As in other juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8C3AFEDFFD19FEC2" author="Carr TD." box="[595,716,318,340]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the muscle attachment area on the lateral surface of the surangular, ventral to the glenoid fossa, is a shallow groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8E9FFE78FE9FFE26" box="[246,330,409,432]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In larger and more mature individuals this is a dorsoventrally deep and rugose scar. The shallow dentary of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8FEFFE36FDF6FE7A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376306" box="[390,547,471,492]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8FEFFE36FE04FE7A" box="[390,465,471,492]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
also indicates the juvenile status of the specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8C66FE14FD5CFD9D" box="[527,649,501,523]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Figs 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8CFFFE14FD70FD9D" box="[662,677,501,523]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). In tyrannosaurid growth, dentary depth exhibits positive allometry; in the smallest juveniles, the width of the bone approaches its height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8EDDFD91FE91FBC4" blockId="15.[156,772,195,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8EDDFD91FE8FFD10" author="Molnar RE." box="[180,346,624,646]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claimed that the dentary of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8CDEFD91FF34FD32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376369" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8CDEFD91FCD7FD13" box="[695,770,624,645]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is unique with regard to the shallow angle of the symphysis and the slope of the alveolar margin in lateral view. In our view, the low angle of the ventral margin of the symphyseal region relative to the ventral margin of the bone is typical of juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8F69FCC9FEAFFCA8" box="[256,378,808,830]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Figs 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8FEEFCC9FE40FCA8" box="[391,405,808,830]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">5</figureCitation>
|
||
), as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8C51FCC9FD09FCA8" author="Molnar RE." box="[568,732,808,830]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8EF5FCA6FEC1FCCA" box="[156,276,839,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8EF5FCA6FEC1FCCA" box="[156,276,839,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8F3AFCA6FDB7FCCB" author="Currie PJ & Dong Z." box="[339,610,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="1729 - 1737" part="38" refId="ref16087" refString="Currie PJ, Dong Z. 2001 a. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1729 - 1737." title="New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie & Dong (2001a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8CFFFCA6FED0FCED" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Avetheropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8CFFFCA6FED0FCED" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Shanshanosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A steep rostroventral margin of the dentary typifies larger and deeper-jawed specimens. In tyrannosaurids, the alveolar margin of the dentary, in lateral view, is generally concave and becomes convex lateral to the rostral four alveoli (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8C4EFC01FDBCFC60" box="[551,617,992,1014]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is also the case in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8F77FC1EFE60FB82" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376380" box="[286,437,1023,1044]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8F77FC1EFEBCFB82" box="[286,361,1023,1044]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8FADFC1EFDE8FB82" box="[452,573,1023,1045]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Figs 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8C23FC1EFD8CFB83" box="[586,601,1023,1045]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, on the basis of these features,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8FB8FBFFFDBDFBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376407" box="[465,616,1054,1075]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8FB8FBFFFDC9FBA5" box="[465,540,1054,1075]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
exemplifies a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8E96FBDCFEE9FBC4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[255,316,1085,1106]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8E96FBDCFEE9FBC4" box="[255,316,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA14FFA08F39FB6EFDEEFC41" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="496" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8F39FB6EFD9AFB33" blockId="15.[156,772,1167,1903]" box="[336,591,1167,1190]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA14FFBE8F39FB6EFD9AFB33" allCaps="true" box="[336,591,1167,1190]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" reason="4">REVISED DESCRIPTION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8EF5FB56FE14F988" blockId="15.[156,772,1167,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
We differ from previous workers in our interpretation of some aspects of the osteology of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8C0BFB37FCD7FB7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376365" box="[610,770,1238,1259]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8C0BFB37FD78FB7D" box="[610,685,1238,1259]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA14FFBE8ECAFB15FF23FA9C" box="[163,246,1268,1290]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="16.[148,212,195,214]" captionTargetBox="[148,1422,283,1273]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Table 1. Differences in opinion of the osteology of LACM 28471 between previous authors and the interpretations presented in this paper" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" tableUuid="DF536608EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, we have discovered several details that supplement the previous descriptions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8CC3FAF2FF00FAD1" author="Molnar RE." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8E86FAD0FE53FAD1" author="Paul GS." box="[239,390,1329,1351]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8FC8FAD0FCD5FAD1" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[417,768,1329,1351]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8EF5FAB1FE60FAF0" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[156,437,1360,1382]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We were able to verify that the shallow concavity reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8C77FA8EFD6AFA13" author="Molnar RE." box="[542,703,1391,1413]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
along the rostrodorsal margin of the left maxilla is the fossa of the subnarial foramen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8FB9FA4DFDF0FA54" box="[464,549,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral margin of the naris would have been delimited by the maxillary processes of the premaxilla and nasal, which are missing in this specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8EDDF9C6FA49FEC5" blockId="15.[156,772,1167,1903]" lastBlockId="15.[820,1436,195,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
The transverse curvature of the nasals indicates that they were deep and vaulted rostrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8CE3F9A4FF65F9EC" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1A, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The caudal third of the bone, reported here for the first time, is a flat plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8FA6F962FD91F90F" box="[463,580,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the conjoined bones are constricted at midlength and expand rostrally toward the maxillary processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8CEAF921FD22F940" box="[643,759,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the joint surface for the maxilla extends dorsolaterally behind the maxillary process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8ECDF8FDFF23F8A4" box="[164,246,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). All of these features are present in other tyrannosaurids. Toward the midlength of the unit, the nasals are inclined dorsally toward the midline, forming a low sagittal ridge along the internasal suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8D55FF00FC5BFF6E" box="[828,910,225,248]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in juvenile (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8AECFF03FACCFF61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835506" box="[1157,1305,225,247]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8AECFF03FB02FF61" box="[1157,1239,226,247]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and adult (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8D01FEE1FC2CFE80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376337" box="[872,1017,256,278]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8D01FEE1FC6FFE83" box="[872,954,256,277]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8A61FEE0FB90FE80" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1032,1093,257,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8A61FEE0FB90FE80" box="[1032,1093,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A raised internasal suture is present in other tyrannosaurids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8B75FEFEFA40FEA2" box="[1308,1429,287,308]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8B75FEFEFA40FEA2" box="[1308,1429,287,308]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8D5DFEDFFC4EFEC4" box="[820,923,317,339]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8D5DFEDFFC4EFEC4" box="[820,923,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but this extends further rostrally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA14FFBE8B3EFEDFFA41FEC5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1367,1428,318,339]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA14FFBE8B3EFEDFFA41FEC5" box="[1367,1428,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8D25FEBDFA86FC97" blockId="15.[820,1436,195,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
The rostral margin of the antorbital fossa of the maxilla is preserved and it shows the conventional tyrannosaurid contours of a rostrodorsally orientated ventral margin that abruptly extends caudodorsally to form the rostral margin of the fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8A95FE36FA84FE7B" box="[1276,1361,471,493]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This pattern is retained in other juveniles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA14FFBE8A83FE14FCAFFDBC" author="Currie PJ & Dong Z." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="494" pagination="1753 - 1766" part="38" refId="ref16128" refString="Currie PJ, Dong Z. 2001 b. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1753 - 1766." title="New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie & Dong, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; fig. 1). A portion of the ascending process for the maxilla is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8A33FDD2FB19FDDF" box="[1114,1228,563,585]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsolateral surface of the bone bears the joint surface for the nasal that distally transfers onto the medial surface deep to the maxillary flange. The medial surface of the process is incised by the dorsoventrally deep joint surface for the lacrimal that tapers rostrally and is situated above the ventral margin of the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8A99FD0AFA93FC97" box="[1264,1350,747,769]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFBE8D25FCEBFB9AFADE" blockId="15.[820,1436,195,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8D1AFCEBFBC6FC89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376433" box="[883,1043,778,799]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8D1AFCEBFC6BFC89" box="[883,958,778,799]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the caudolateral margin of the right frontal is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8A25FCC9FB4BFCA8" box="[1100,1182,808,830]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and between the left and right bones the entire joint surface for the postorbital is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8A61FC84FB49FCEA" box="[1032,1180,869,892]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2C–E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The postorbital overlaps the frontal as in other tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8B4BFC65FC9FFC2F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B–E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The joint surface for the postorbital consists of two principal components: a rostral buttress and a caudal shelf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8D12FC01FC05FC60" box="[891,976,992,1014]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the rostral buttress is represented by a dorsoventrally deep and transversely shallow cleft. Low ridges that trend caudoventrally to rostrodorsally reinforce this surface. In larger specimens, this surface is dorsoventrally deep and flat, forming an abutting surface that faces caudolaterally and is floored ventrally by a narrow shelf. In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8B39FB79FCAEFB5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376362" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8B39FB79FA4EFB3B" box="[1360,1435,1176,1197]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, this cleft faces laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8AC1FB56FAF5FB5A" box="[1192,1312,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The floor of the rostral half of the surface continues caudally, and is incised by a deep slot that is overlapped by the caudal shelf. Thus, the caudal shelf fits into a slot in the postorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8D84FAD0FB96FADE" box="[1005,1091,1329,1352]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA14FFA18D25FAB0FE10FA54" blockId="15.[820,1436,195,1903]" lastBlockId="16.[143,759,1391,1904]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="495" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">
|
||
In dorsal view, the caudal half of the joint surface for the postorbital in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8A6BFA8EFB4FFA12" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376432" box="[1026,1178,1391,1412]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8A6BFA8EFB98FA12" box="[1026,1101,1391,1412]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8B4BFA8EFAA2FA13" box="[1314,1399,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). A slot incises the lateral surface of the bone, whose floor extends laterally in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8ADCFA4DFAFCFA54" box="[1205,1321,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The slot receives a medial process from the postorbital that extends caudally. In larger specimens, the slot is modified into a series of sockets to receive peg-like processes from the postorbital. In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA14FFBE8AE5F9C6FAF1F9AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376378" box="[1164,1316,1575,1596]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="15" pageNumber="494" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA14FFBE8AE5F9C6FB02F9AA" box="[1164,1239,1575,1596]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the slot is concealed in dorsal view by a laterally extending shelf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8D55F985FC7AF9EC" box="[828,943,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal surface of the shelf bears the joint surface, indicating that the structure is clasped dorsally and ventrally by the postorbital. As in other tyrannosaurids, the joint surface is inset relative to the dorsal surface of the bone to abut the medial edge of the portion of the postorbital that overlaps the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA14FFBE8D0FF8FDFC0FF8A4" box="[870,986,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="494">Fig. 2B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, unlike larger tyrannosaurid specimens (e.g. ROM 1247) in which the postorbital underlaps the caudoventral surface of the frontal, the joint surface of the parietal extends to the lateral edge of the caudal surface of the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18C2BFA6FFD43FA32" box="[578,662,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
); this is also found in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0BFFA18F44FA4DFE14FA54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837505" box="[301,449,1452,1474]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0BFFA18F44FA4DFEAAFA57" box="[301,383,1452,1473]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62" ID-Table-UUID="DF536608EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62" ID-Zenodo-Dep="-2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" startId="16.[148,212,195,214]" targetBox="[148,1422,283,1273]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FEBCFF62" blockId="16.[148,1426,195,244]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0BFFA18EFDFF22FF3BFF40" bold="true" box="[148,238,195,214]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Differences in opinion of the osteology of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0BFFA18CDFFF22FC96FF40" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834505" box="[694,835,195,214]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
between previous authors and the interpretations presented in this paper
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0BFFA18EFDFED4FACAFB6F" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<table id="F92CC420EA0B004E8EFDFEFAFA5BFB6F" box="[148,1422,283,1273]" gridcols="4" gridrows="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFEFAFA5BFEDE" box="[148,1422,283,328]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFEFAFDD4FEDE" box="[148,513,283,328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0BFFA18EFDFED4FEFFFEDE" author="Molnar RE." box="[148,298,309,328]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FEFAFC97FEDE" box="[543,834,283,328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0BFFA18C76FED4FC97FEDE" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[543,834,309,328]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FEFAFBD7FEDE" box="[863,1026,283,328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0BFFA18D36FEFAFC0DFED1" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FEFAFA5BFEDE" box="[1055,1422,283,328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">This paper</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFE8EFA5BFE15" box="[148,1422,367,387]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFE8EFDD4FE15" box="[148,513,367,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FE8EFC97FE15" box="[543,834,367,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Emarginated dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FE8EFBD7FE15" box="[863,1026,367,387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FE8EFA5BFE15" box="[1055,1422,367,387]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Damaged transition region</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFE6CFA5BFE36" box="[148,1422,397,416]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFE6CFDD4FE36" box="[148,513,397,416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Dorsotemporal fossa absent</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FE6CFC97FE36" box="[543,834,397,416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FE6CFBD7FE36" box="[863,1026,397,416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FE6CFA5BFE36" box="[1055,1422,397,416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Dorsotemporal fossa present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFE4BFA5BFE41" box="[148,1422,426,471]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFE4BFDD4FE41" box="[148,513,426,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Tract of subnarial foramen may be preserved</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FE4BFC97FE41" box="[543,834,426,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FE4BFBD7FE41" box="[863,1026,426,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FE4BFA5BFE41" box="[1055,1422,426,471]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fossa of subnarial foramen is preserved</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFE00FA5BFE62" box="[148,1422,481,500]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFE00FDD4FE62" box="[148,513,481,500]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Nasals shallow</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FE00FC97FE62" box="[543,834,481,500]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FE00FBD7FE62" box="[863,1026,481,500]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FE00FA5BFE62" box="[1055,1422,481,500]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Nasal deep, but crushed</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFE1FFA5BFDBC" box="[148,1422,510,554]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFE1FFDD4FDBC" box="[148,513,510,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Frontoparietal suture serrate</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FE1FFC97FDBC" box="[543,834,510,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FE1FFBD7FDBC" box="[863,1026,510,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FE1FFA5BFDBC" box="[1055,1422,510,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Frontoparietal suture serrate laterally</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFDD4FA5BFDF7" box="[148,1422,565,609]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFDD4FDD4FDF7" box="[148,513,565,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of laterosphenoid on the frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FDD4FC97FDF7" box="[543,834,565,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FDD4FBD7FDF7" box="[863,1026,565,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FDD4FA5BFDF7" box="[1055,1422,565,609]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the postorbital on the frontal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFD8AFA5BFD0E" box="[148,1422,619,664]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFD8AFDD4FD0E" box="[148,513,619,664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the prefrontal on the frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FD8AFC97FD0E" box="[543,834,619,664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FD8AFBD7FD0E" box="[863,1026,619,664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FD8AFA5BFD0E" box="[1055,1422,619,664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the lacrimal on the frontal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFD43FA5BFD7E" box="[148,1422,674,744]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFD43FDD4FD7E" box="[148,513,674,744]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Absence of ossification of the crista cranii of the frontals with other bones</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FD43FC97FD7E" box="[543,834,674,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FD43FBD7FD7E" box="[863,1026,674,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FD43FA5BFD7E" box="[1055,1422,674,744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Disarticulation and loss of the prefrontal from the frontal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFD13FA5BFC89" box="[148,1422,754,799]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFD13FDD4FC89" box="[148,513,754,799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the prootic on the parietal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FD13FC97FC89" box="[543,834,754,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FD13FBD7FC89" box="[863,1026,754,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FD13FA5BFC89" box="[1055,1422,754,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the laterosphenoid on the parietal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFCC8FA5BFCAA" box="[148,1422,809,828]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFCC8FDD4FCAA" box="[148,513,809,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Lateral buttress of the surangular</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FCC8FC97FCAA" box="[543,834,809,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FCC8FBD7FCAA" box="[863,1026,809,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FCC8FA5BFCAA" box="[1055,1422,809,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Surangular shelf</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFCA7FA5BFCCF" box="[148,1422,838,857]" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFCA7FDD4FCCF" box="[148,513,838,857]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Meckelian groove absent</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FCA7FC97FCCF" box="[543,834,838,857]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FCA7FBD7FCCF" box="[863,1026,838,857]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FCA7FA5BFCCF" box="[1055,1422,838,857]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Meckelian groove present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFC82FA5BFCE1" box="[148,1422,867,887]" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFC82FDD4FCE1" box="[148,513,867,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Interdental plates absent</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FC82FC97FCE1" box="[543,834,867,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FC82FBD7FCE1" box="[863,1026,867,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FC82FA5BFCE1" box="[1055,1422,867,887]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Interdental plates present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFC60FA5BFC3B" box="[148,1422,897,941]" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFC60FDD4FC3B" box="[148,513,897,941]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Premaxillary tooth present</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FC60FC97FC3B" box="[543,834,897,941]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Premaxillary tooth present</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FC60FBD7FC3B" box="[863,1026,897,941]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Premaxillary tooth present</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FC60FA5BFC3B" box="[1055,1422,897,941]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">First maxillary tooth</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFC56FA5BFC5D" box="[148,1422,951,971]" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFC56FDD4FC5D" box="[148,513,951,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">D-shaped first dentary tooth</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FC56FC97FC5D" box="[543,834,951,971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FC56FBD7FC5D" box="[863,1026,951,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FC56FA5BFC5D" box="[1055,1422,951,971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Conical first dentary tooth</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFC34FA5BFB97" box="[148,1422,981,1025]" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFC34FDD4FB97" box="[148,513,981,1025]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FC34FC97FB97" box="[543,834,981,1025]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Caudolateral margin of frontal absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FC34FBD7FB97" box="[863,1026,981,1025]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FC34FA5BFB97" box="[1055,1422,981,1025]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Caudolateral margin of frontal present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFBEEFA5BFBC3" box="[148,1422,1039,1109]" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FBEEFC97FBC3" box="[543,834,1039,1109]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the postorbital on the frontal is absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FBEEFBD7FBC3" box="[863,1026,1039,1109]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FBEEFA5BFBC3" box="[1055,1422,1039,1109]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the postorbital on the frontal is present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFBBEFA5BFB1A" box="[148,1422,1119,1164]" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFBBEFDD4FB1A" box="[148,513,1119,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FBBEFC97FB1A" box="[543,834,1119,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the prefrontal on the frontal</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FBBEFBD7FB1A" box="[863,1026,1119,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FBBEFA5BFB1A" box="[1055,1422,1119,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Joint surface of the lacrimal on the frontal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFB77FA5BFB54" box="[148,1422,1174,1218]" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFB77FDD4FB54" box="[148,513,1174,1218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FB77FC97FB54" box="[543,834,1174,1218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Region of dorsotemporal fossa flat</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FB77FBD7FB54" box="[863,1026,1174,1218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FB77FA5BFB54" box="[1055,1422,1174,1218]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Dorsotemporal fossa concave</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA0B004E8EFDFB2CFA5BFB6F" box="[148,1422,1229,1273]" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8EFDFB2CFDD4FB6F" box="[148,513,1229,1273]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8C76FB2CFC97FB6F" box="[543,834,1229,1273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">V-shaped rostral margin of antorbital fossa</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8D36FB2CFBD7FB6F" box="[863,1026,1229,1273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA0B004E8A76FB2CFA5BFB6F" box="[1055,1422,1229,1273]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Rostral margin of antorbital fossa extends caudodorsally</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0BFFA18EC1FA2AFE7EF9EC" blockId="16.[143,759,1391,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
The dorsal surface of the frontals is not perfectly flat, but concave in the region of the dorsotemporal fossa and flattened at the base of the nasal process, becoming concave again toward the joint surface for the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18F66F9A7FE50F9CD" box="[271,389,1606,1628]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is also found in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0BFFA18EE6F984FF19F9EC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,204,1637,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0BFFA18EE6F984FF19F9EC" box="[143,204,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0BFFA18F62F985FE4AF9EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834506" box="[267,415,1636,1658]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0BFFA18F62F985FE88F9EF" box="[267,349,1636,1657]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0BFFA18EC1F962FC37FA54" blockId="16.[143,759,1391,1904]" lastBlockId="16.[812,1429,1391,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
The frontoparietal suture is serrate laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18EFEF943FED6F921" box="[151,259,1698,1720]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2C, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) and medially the suture consists of interleaving grooves and ridges that lie in the horizontal plane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18E8AF93EFE48F962" box="[227,413,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2A, B, I–M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Laterally, the bones are in secure contact via stout vertical grooves and ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18EFEF8FDFEFCF8A4" box="[151,297,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2C, I–M</figureCitation>
|
||
). In caudal view, the caudal edge of the frontal overlaps the parietal laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18C33F8DAFD3FF8C6" box="[602,746,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2C, I, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, in dorsal view, the parietal overlaps the frontal medially and the frontal overlaps the parietal laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18DD9FA6FFBD1FA32" box="[944,1028,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2L</figureCitation>
|
||
). This pattern is typical of tyrannosaurids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0BFFA18D2CFA2AFC37F8E6" blockId="16.[812,1429,1391,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">
|
||
In lateral view, the joint surface for the prefrontal is the shallow slot that incises the lateroventral surface of the frontal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0BFFA18DB4F9E9FBADF988" author="Molnar RE." box="[989,1144,1544,1566]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is situated rostroventral to the joint surface of the lacrimal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18B7EF9C6FA5DF9AB" box="[1303,1416,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, as in other tyrannosaurids, the joint surface is not dorsolaterally directed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18A18F985FB12F9EC" box="[1137,1223,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, this surface extends rostral to the joint surface for the lacrimal and widens laterally, allowing the prefrontal to emerge onto the dorsal skull roof medial to the lacrimal and lateral to the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0BFFA18AAFF93EFA5DF963" box="[1222,1416,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="495">Fig. 2A, B, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Proximally, the joint surface for the prefrontal is shallow, reflecting the absence of a deep socket noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0BFFA18D37F8DAFB95F8C7" author="Currie PJ." box="[862,1088,1851,1873]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="16" pageNumber="495" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie (1987: 54)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that typifies ‘progressive’ tyrannosaurids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDFF22FDE9FD9A" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
In ventral view, the joint surface for the laterosphenoid on the parietal covers the ventrolateral surface of the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08F64FEE1FE8CFE80" box="[269,345,256,278]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF921040EA0AFFA08F29FEE1FE8CFE80" box="[320,345,256,278]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">2I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), which in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08FB1FEE1FDA5FE83" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376437" box="[472,624,256,277]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08FB1FEE1FDF6FE83" box="[472,547,256,277]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
consists of a series of coarse slots and grooves that trend rostrolaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08E9BFEDCFEBDFEC5" box="[242,360,317,339]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF921040EA0AFFA08F4DFEDFFEE8FEC5" box="[292,317,318,339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">2I</date>
|
||
, M
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The joint surface for the prootic begins caudal to the constricted midregion of the parietal and is represented by longitudinal grooves and ridges. The ventral surface of the parietal fragment is biconcave, with a low transverse ridge that presumably delimits the region of the cerebral hemispheres from that of the midbrain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08FBCFE14FDE4FD9A" box="[469,561,501,524]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDFDF5FDEEFC41" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
A fragment of the medial portion of the nuchal crest is present, which includes the sagittal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08CCBFDD2FF7BFDF1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2N- P</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sagittal crest is thin and bladelike and reaches the dorsal margin of the nuchal crest, as in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08CD8FD91FF06FD33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834503" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08CD8FD91FCD6FD13" box="[689,771,624,645]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08E8AFD6EFE8CFD33" box="[227,345,655,677]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2N, O</figureCitation>
|
||
). The caudal surface of the fragment retains the thin vertical ridge that widens ventrally to contact the supraoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08F9BFD2DFDB0FD74" box="[498,613,716,738]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2O, P</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sagittal crest and caudal ridge are offset by a few mm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08ECDFCE8FF2DFCB6" box="[164,248,777,800]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2O</figureCitation>
|
||
); i.e. they are not directly opposite each other. The dorsal surface of the nuchal crest is smooth, indicating the immature status or small size of the specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08EB2FC84FEE5FCEA" box="[219,304,869,892]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 2O</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fragment is not complete enough to obtain a contact with the rest of the parietal; it is likely the nuchal crest was transversely orientated, as in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08F77FC23FE89FC41" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[286,348,962,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08F77FC23FE89FC41" box="[286,348,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08FF3FC23FDFBFC41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834504" box="[410,558,961,983]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08FF3FC23FE39FC41" box="[410,492,962,983]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA0AFFA78EDDFC01FF27FE58" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="501" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDFC01FCD1FB5B" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08EDDFC01FE83FC60" author="Molnar RE." box="[180,342,992,1014]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
favourably compared the abrupt constriction between the cerebral and olfactory regions of an endocast of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08F38FBFFFE39FBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376440" box="[337,492,1054,1075]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08F38FBFFFE49FBA5" box="[337,412,1054,1075]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08C5CFBFFFD18FBA5" box="[565,717,1054,1075]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08C5CFBFFFD18FBA5" box="[565,717,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and observed that the same passage in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08C4EFBDCFD5AFBC7" box="[551,655,1084,1106]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08C4EFBDCFD5AFBC7" box="[551,655,1084,1106]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08CAFFBDCFCD6FBC4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[710,771,1085,1106]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08CAFFBDCFCD6FBC4" box="[710,771,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ‘less abrupt’ (1978: 77). The state of this feature in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08EF5FB9BFEE0FB19" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376335" box="[156,309,1146,1167]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08EF5FB9BFF32FB19" box="[156,231,1146,1167]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
may simply be attributable to immaturity, but a thorough study of a growth series of tyrannosaurid endocasts is required to falsify this inference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDFB37FE99FA54" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
As reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08F0FFB34FDDFFB7A" author="Molnar RE." box="[358,522,1237,1260]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the glenoid region of the right surangular is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08C7AFB15FD5DFA9C" box="[531,648,1268,1290]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 3A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, caudal to the glenoid, the proximal portion of the joint surface for the articular is preserved and is strengthened by coarse ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08C7AFAB1FDB2FAF0" box="[531,615,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rostral half of this surface is covered by adherent cortical bone of the articular, indicating that this contact was a secure union.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDFA2AFE1CF921" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
The Meckelian groove of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08FB7FA2AFDADFA76" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376396" box="[478,632,1483,1504]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08FB7FA2AFDFCFA76" box="[478,553,1483,1504]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
divides the medial surface of the dentary into lingual and ventral bars. Although shallow, the groove is traceable and terminates rostrally at a rostrocaudally elliptical foramen at the level of the fifth alveolus. This is typical of all tyrannosaurids. The bases of three small interdental plates are preserved in the left dentary and six are present on the right bone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08EDDF920FBC9FDDF" blockId="17.[156,772,195,1903]" lastBlockId="17.[820,1436,195,1597]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
We found that the tooth ‘assumed to be a premaxillary tooth’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08F74F93EFE00F962" author="Molnar RE." box="[285,469,1759,1781]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar,1978: 77</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) does not simply adhere to the maxilla, but is situated directly opposite the first alveolus, from which it is displaced lingually by several mm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08F7CF8DAFEBFF8C7" box="[277,362,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This displacement occurs in the second tooth, but to a lesser extreme. There is no bone interposed between the incisiform tooth and the alveolus, precluding the possibility that the tooth was not originally situated in the first alveolus. These observations indicate this tooth is the first maxillary tooth. Although the tooth is incisiform, it has features that are transitional between premaxillary teeth and blade-like maxillary teeth: the distal carina is situated further distally than the lingually positioned mesial carina, and the apical region of the tooth is mesiodistally flattened, such that this region of the tooth is wider than long in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08AD1FE14FB2EFD9A" box="[1208,1275,501,524]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[143,221,1852,1871]" captionTargetBox="[145,1415,198,1818]" captionTargetId="graphics@8.[779,956,953,1015]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Diagrammatic sketches of cross sections of the dentition of LACM 28471 in comparison with that of another juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex (CMNH 7541). Numbers indicate alveolus position from mesial to distal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960923/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This considered, there are six teeth situated rostral to the antorbital fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08DD3FDD2FBDBFDDF" box="[954,1038,563,585]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08D25FDB3FA8DFB83" blockId="17.[820,1436,195,1597]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
We therefore differ in our opinion from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08B40FDB0FC2FFD10" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of some details of the revised diagnosis and account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08A43FD6EFAF3FD32" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1066,1318,655,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08A43FD6EFAF3FD32" box="[1066,1318,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Aublysodon mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08D5DFD4FFC04FD55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376419" box="[820,977,686,707]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08D5DFD4FFCAAFD55" box="[820,895,686,707]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. The distolabially shifted carina of the ‘more lateral premaxillary teeth’ actually typifies the first maxillary tooth (1989: 447) and the ‘twist’ in the crown is standard for incisiform teeth in tyrannosaurids in which the apex of the crown deviates labially. This is a useful feature for identifying which side of the skull an isolated incisiform tooth initially came from. One character thought to set
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08AB9FC65FA81FC0F" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1232,1364,900,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08AB9FC65FA81FC0F" box="[1232,1364,900,921]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apart from tyrannosaurids is a low ridge on the lingual surface of incisiform teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08A3DFC20FA5AFC4E" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[1108,1423,961,984]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this character is actually typical of tyrannosaurids, including cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08DAEFC1EFBB3FB82" box="[967,1126,1023,1044]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08DAEFC1EFBB3FB82" box="[967,1126,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (e.g. ROM 1422).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08D25FBFFFB26F9AB" blockId="17.[820,1436,195,1597]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
We agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08A6DFBFCFB7EFBA2" author="Molnar RE." box="[1028,1195,1053,1076]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref16668" refString="Molnar RE. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the small first dentary tooth of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08D90FBDDFB46FBC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376332" box="[1017,1171,1084,1105]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08D90FBDDFB91FBC7" box="[1017,1092,1084,1105]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is similar to the symphyseal premaxillary teeth and first dentary tooth of dromaeosaurids. In addition, like dromaeosaurids, the first dentary tooth of tyrannosaurids is the smallest of the tooth row and is conical in form with a linguomesially positioned mesial carina, as in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08A97FB37FA4EFB7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376402" box="[1278,1435,1238,1259]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08A97FB37FA9CFB7D" box="[1278,1353,1238,1259]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08D52FB15FBA1FA9F" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." box="[827,1140,1268,1290]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0AFFA08AEAFB15FB22FA9C" box="[1155,1271,1268,1290]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="7.[156,234,1857,1876]" captionTargetBox="[155,1436,203,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics@7.[188,1423,932,1802]" captionText="Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960921/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the succeeding dentary teeth have the typical laterally compressed form. Also, with few exceptions, mesial denticles in tyrannosaurids tend to extend to the midheight of the crown whereas the denticles of the distal carina always reach the crown base. Smaller mesial than distal denticles is typical of small tyrannosaurid teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08D14FA2AFB49FA77" author="Carr TD & Williamson TE." box="[893,1180,1483,1505]" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="113 - 146" part="17" refId="ref15883" refString="Carr TD, Williamson TE. 2000. A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 113 - 146." title="A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="journal article" year="2000">Carr & Williamson, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the ‘diagnostic’ characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08DBAFA08FB1AFA68" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[979,1231,1513,1534]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08DBAFA08FB1AFA68" box="[979,1231,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Aublysodon mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08A8BFA0BFAF4FA69" box="[1250,1313,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08B42FA08FC38F988" author="Molnar RE & Carpenter K." journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref16718" refString="Molnar RE, Carpenter K. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar & Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are either typical of tyrannosaurids in general or of juveniles in particular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA08D5DF998FA4EF907" blockId="17.[820,1435,1657,1903]" box="[820,1435,1657,1681]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA0AFFA08D5DF998FA4EF907" allCaps="true" box="[820,1435,1657,1681]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" reason="5">
|
||
OTHER PREVIOUS TAXONOMIC WORK ON
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08B69F998FA4EF907" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376413" box="[1280,1435,1657,1681]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08B69F998FA98F907" box="[1280,1357,1657,1681]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0AFFA38D5DF940FD22FE7A" blockId="17.[820,1435,1657,1903]" lastBlockId="18.[143,759,195,953]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="497" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0AFFA08D5DF940FC1EF921" author="Paul GS." box="[820,971,1697,1719]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul (1988b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0AFFA08A0AF943FAD4F921" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376303" box="[1123,1281,1698,1719]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="17" pageNumber="496" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0AFFA08A0AF943FB7BF921" box="[1123,1198,1698,1719]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54978822EA0AFFA08B00F943FA4FF921" box="[1385,1434,1698,1719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08A03F921FAB1F943" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[1130,1380,1728,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08A03F921FAB1F943" box="[1130,1380,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Aublysodon molnaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He referred the specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0AFFA08A3BF93EFB03F962" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[1106,1238,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="496" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0AFFA08A3BF93EFB03F962" box="[1106,1238,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="496">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the low nasals and triangular profile of the maxilla and nondenticulate front teeth. As noted above, the nasals are actually dorsoventrally crushed. The nondenticulate condition of the front teeth is not distinctive and appears to reflect immaturity, as in other theropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38E98FF00FEAFFF60" box="[241,378,225,246]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38E98FF00FEAFFF60" box="[241,378,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. IGM 100/972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38C0FFF00FF1CFE80" author="Norell MA & Clark JM & Dashzeveg D & Barsbold R & Chiappe LM & Davidson AR & McKenna MC & Perle A & Novacek MJ." journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" pagination="779 - 782" part="266" refId="ref16771" refString="Norell MA, Clark JM, Dashzeveg D, Barsbold R, Chiappe LM, Davidson AR, McKenna MC, Perle A, Novacek MJ. 1994. A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs dinosaur eggs. Science 266: 779 - 782." title="A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs dinosaur eggs" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38CD1FF03FD25FF60" box="[696,752,225,247]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38EB5FEE1FE76FE80" author="Paul GS." box="[220,419,256,278]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul (1988b: 324)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
created a new species for the specimen based on its larger size, larger teeth, and ‘more robust snout’ in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38C40FEDCFE32FEE7" authority="Dong, 1977" authorityName="Dong" authorityYear="1977" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Avetheropoda" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38C40FEDCFE87FEE7" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38F08FEBCFE32FEE7" author="Dong Z." box="[353,487,348,370]" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge: Cambridge University Press" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" pagination="59 - 66" part="15" refId="ref16216" refString="Dong Z. 1977. (On the dinosaurian remains from Turpan, Xinjiang.) Vertebrata Palasiatica 15: 59 - 66." title="(On the dinosaurian remains from Turpan, Xinjiang.) Vertebrata Palasiatica" type="journal article" year="1977">Dong, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which he referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EE6FE9AFEC6FE06" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[143,275,379,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EE6FE9AFEC6FE06" box="[143,275,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F0CFE9AFE27FE06" box="[357,498,379,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F0CFE9AFE27FE06" box="[357,498,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, these features are vague and hence are not diagnostic. Based on the diagnostic characters given above, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EE6FE36FEC6FE7A" authorityName="Paul" authorityYear="1988" box="[143,275,471,492]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EE6FE36FEC6FE7A" box="[143,275,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">A. molnaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38CDBFE36FD25FE7A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[690,752,471,492]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38CDBFE36FD25FE7A" box="[690,752,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38EC1FE14FE8AFC2E" blockId="18.[143,759,195,953]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38EC1FE14FE1BFD9D" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[168,462,501,523]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38C29FE17FD0EFD9D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376341" box="[576,731,502,523]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38C29FE17FD5EFD9D" box="[576,651,502,523]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
to a new genus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F46FDF5FDFFFDBF" box="[303,554,532,553]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F46FDF5FDF3FDBF" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[303,550,532,553]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Stygivenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnari">Stygivenator molnari</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
They considered the specimen unique on the basis of its long maxillary teeth and mesiodistally narrow and smaller ‘premaxillary’ tooth, in contrast to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54978822EA09FFA38C21FD90FDACFD10" box="[584,633,625,646]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">type</typeStatus>
|
||
tooth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EE6FD6EFEC9FD32" box="[143,284,655,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EE6FD6EFEC9FD32" box="[143,284,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">A. mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The authors considered the convex rostral end of the alveolar margin of the dentary to be unique; as shown above, this typifies juvenile and small tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38FF6FD0AFE35FC97" box="[415,480,747,769]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="9.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[181,1407,196,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[220,1397,196,1733]" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, they considered the procumbent nature of the rostral three dentary teeth to be diagnostic. However, this can be observed in juvenile and subadult specimens of other tyrannosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F0BFC84FDB9FCEC" box="[354,620,869,890]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F0BFC84FDB9FCEC" box="[354,620,869,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. ROM 1247). In our opinion,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38FE2FC65FDD7FC0F" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[395,514,900,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Stygivenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38FE2FC65FDD7FC0F" box="[395,514,900,921]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">S. molnari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F72FC42FE8DFC2E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[283,344,931,952]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F72FC42FE8DFC2E" box="[283,344,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38F43FC14FD89FB9D" blockId="18.[143,759,1013,1904]" box="[298,604,1013,1037]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA09FFA38F43FC14FD89FB9D" allCaps="true" box="[298,604,1013,1037]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" reason="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38F43FC14FE1FFB9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376343" box="[298,458,1013,1037]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38F43FC14FEA2FB9B" box="[298,375,1013,1037]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
: DISCUSSION
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38EE6FBFFFEB6FBA4" blockId="18.[143,759,1013,1904]" box="[143,355,1053,1075]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EE6FBFFFEB6FBA4" box="[143,355,1053,1075]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Taxonomic identity</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38EE6FBDDFDF0FA12" blockId="18.[143,759,1013,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38EE6FBDDFEE5FBC4" author="Molnar RE." box="[143,304,1084,1106]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the partial skull and skeleton (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38EFFFBBAFEEEFBE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836502" box="[150,315,1115,1137]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38EFFFBBAFF36FBE6" box="[150,227,1115,1136]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) of a medium-sized tyrannosaurid recovered from a quarry adjacent to one containing an adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EB5FB78FECFFB38" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[220,282,1177,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EB5FB78FECFFB38" box="[220,282,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38F5BFB79FE00FB38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376428" box="[306,469,1176,1198]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38F5BFB79FEAAFB3B" box="[306,383,1176,1197]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) on the L. D. Engdahl Ranch in Garfield County, Montana. He referred the specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F47FB34FE18FB7C" box="[302,461,1237,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F47FB34FE18FB7C" box="[302,461,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38C6FFB37FDCBFB7D" box="[518,542,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38C23FB37FD3BFB7D" authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" box="[586,750,1238,1259]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38C23FB37FD3BFB7D" box="[586,750,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EE6FB15FF2DFA9F" box="[143,248,1268,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EE6FB15FF2DFA9F" box="[143,248,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This specimen was later made the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54978822EA09FFA38CFCFB15FD23FA9C" box="[661,758,1268,1290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F32FAF2FD41FABE" box="[347,660,1299,1320]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F32FAF2FD41FABE" box="[347,660,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38CAAFAF2FF32FAD1" author="Paul GS." journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul (1988b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA09FFA38E9AFAD0FDC3FAD1" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[243,534,1329,1351]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed this species in a new genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F2CFAB0FE37FAF0" box="[325,482,1361,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F2CFAB0FE37FAF0" box="[325,482,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suggest that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38CC2FAB1FF01FA13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376406" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38CC2FAB1FD23FAF3" box="[683,758,1360,1381]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
represents a subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F89FA8EFDCBFA12" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[480,542,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F89FA8EFDCBFA12" box="[480,542,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38EC1FA6FFCBCFD9D" blockId="18.[143,759,1013,1904]" lastBlockId="18.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38EC1FA6FFE96FA35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376389" box="[168,323,1421,1443]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38EC1FA6FFF26FA35" box="[168,243,1422,1443]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
displays several characters that are shared by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F6FFA4DFE63FA57" box="[262,438,1452,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F6FFA4DFE63FA57" box="[262,438,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F99FA4CFD48FA54" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[496,669,1453,1474]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F99FA4CFD48FA54" box="[496,669,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In dorsal view, the external surface of the frontal process of the nasals is constricted between the lacrimals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38EFEF9E9FF0BF98B" box="[151,222,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38E83F9E9FEF8F988" box="[234,301,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">9B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, between the constriction and the rostral extent of the joint surface for the lacrimal, the dorsolateral margin of the nasal is notched to receive a stout process from the dorsomedial edge of the lacrimal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38E8AF962FEFFF90E" box="[227,298,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38F55F962FE8BF90F" box="[316,350,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the frontals are transversely wide such that the frontolacrimal and frontoprefrontal sutures are also widened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38CEAF921FD11F940" box="[643,708,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in subadult and adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38C23F93EFD22F962" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[586,759,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38C23F93EFD22F962" box="[586,759,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38EAFF91CFEA3F884" box="[198,374,1789,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38EAFF91CFEA3F884" box="[198,374,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sagittal crest is divided on the frontals such that a deep midline cleft separates the paired crests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38F34F8DAFE48F8C7" box="[349,413,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In other tyrannosaurids and in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38F7CF8BBFE87F8F9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[277,338,1882,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38F7CF8BBFE87F8F9" box="[277,338,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38FFDF8BBFDFCF8F9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834502" box="[404,553,1881,1903]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38FFDF8BBFE33F8F9" box="[404,486,1882,1903]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38C5EF8BBFD06F8E6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376349" box="[567,723,1882,1904]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38C5EF8BBFD57F8F9" box="[567,642,1882,1903]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), a large foramen pierces the sagittal crest on the midline, and the crest diminishes rostrolateral or rostroventral to the opening. The dorsotemporal fossa is deep, and the dorsal surface rostral to the fossa is rostrocaudally short, only
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B65EA09FFA38DD8FEDFFC32FEC5" box="[945,999,318,339]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
longer than in the juvenile
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38B2BFEDFFCB9FEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376314" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38B2BFEDFFA58FEC5" box="[1346,1421,318,339]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D13FEBDFC6FFEE4" box="[890,954,348,370]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, the frontoparietal suture is transversely orientated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A6DFE9AFB99FE06" box="[1028,1100,379,401]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A31FE9AFB7DFE06" box="[1112,1192,379,401]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">15C, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), except on the midline, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DF5FE78FB99FE38" box="[924,1100,409,430]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DF5FE78FB99FE38" box="[924,1100,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38AEDFE7BFAE4FE39" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1156,1329,410,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38AEDFE7BFAE4FE39" box="[1156,1329,410,431]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38B29FE78FA54FE26" box="[1344,1409,409,432]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, the lingual ridge and groove are present in an associated crown that is probably a mesial maxillary tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38D29FDF5FB32FB38" blockId="18.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38D29FDF5FC0DFDBC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376404" box="[832,984,532,554]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D29FDF5FC5EFDBF" box="[832,907,532,553]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
displays several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38AC9FDF4FA98FDBC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1184,1357,533,554]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38AC9FDF4FA98FDBC" box="[1184,1357,533,554]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characters. As in most specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38ACBFDD2FB0AFDDE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1186,1247,563,584]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38ACBFDD2FB0AFDDE" box="[1186,1247,563,584]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(except on the left side in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38DC3FDB3FB93FDFE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376323" box="[938,1094,594,616]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38DC3FDB3FC20FDF1" box="[938,1013,594,615]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the caudolateral process of the nasal is long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D91FD91FB95FD13" box="[1016,1088,624,646]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,1437,1703]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A24FD91FBBFFD10" box="[1101,1130,624,646]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). This process is short or absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DD8FD6EFBB4FD32" box="[945,1121,655,676]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DD8FD6EFBB4FD32" box="[945,1121,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. CMN 8506, TMP 85.65.1) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DAAFD4FFBFFFD54" box="[963,1066,685,707]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DAAFD4FFBFFFD54" box="[963,1066,685,707]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. PIN 553–1), and long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38D4EFD2DFC13FD77" box="[807,966,716,737]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38D4EFD2DFC13FD77" box="[807,966,716,737]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38DB1FD2DFBF2FD74" box="[984,1063,716,738]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lacrimal of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38A9CFD2DFA5BFD74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376333" box="[1269,1422,716,738]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38A9CFD2DFA95FD77" box="[1269,1344,716,737]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
does not have a cornual process; instead, the dorsal surface is wide and flat, and the accessory pneumatic fossa is located distal to the lacrimal recess (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38B5AFCC9FA5EFCAB" box="[1331,1419,808,830]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D4EFCA6FC82FCCB" box="[807,855,839,861]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">11C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DE6FCA6FBEAFCCA" box="[911,1087,839,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DE6FCA6FBEAFCCA" box="[911,1087,839,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the cornual process is a low mound; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DF7FC84FBE8FCEC" box="[926,1085,869,890]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DF7FC84FBE8FCEC" box="[926,1085,869,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is sharply defined, with the dorsal surface of the bone sloping dorsolaterally to the cornual process and the accessory pneumatic fossa proximal in position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A5AFC20FB56FC4E" box="[1075,1155,961,984]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in subadult and adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38A62FC00FB6DFC60" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1035,1208,993,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38A62FC00FB6DFC60" box="[1035,1208,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sagittal crest extends rostrally on the frontals such that a midline cleft separates the paired crests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38AC1FBFCFB3CFBA2" box="[1192,1257,1053,1076]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). In other tyrannosaurids and in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38A1EFBDCFB60FBC4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1143,1205,1085,1106]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38A1EFBDCFB60FBC4" box="[1143,1205,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38A9FFBDDFA5FFBC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835503" box="[1270,1418,1084,1106]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38A9FFBDDFA9DFBC7" box="[1270,1352,1084,1105]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38D4EFBBAFC13FBE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376425" box="[807,966,1115,1137]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D4EFBBAFCA7FBE6" box="[807,882,1115,1136]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), a large foramen pierces the sagittal crest on the midline and the crest diminishes rostrolateral or rostroventral to the opening.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38D29FB56FA5DFA76" blockId="18.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DECFB56FBE7FB5A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[901,1074,1207,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DECFB56FBE7FB5A" box="[901,1074,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38A07FB56FAD8FB5A" box="[1134,1293,1207,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38A07FB56FAD8FB5A" box="[1134,1293,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the antorbital fossa depresses the lateral surface of the rostral ramus ahead of the lacrimal pneumatic recess (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D46FAF2FCABFABF" box="[815,894,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38DD1FAF2FBBDFABE" box="[952,1128,1299,1320]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38DD1FAF2FBBDFABE" box="[952,1128,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the fossa faces ventrally in large specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A7FFAD0FBB0FADE" box="[1046,1125,1329,1352]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The gentle twist in the rostrolateral margin of the squamosal process of the quadratojugal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38DB0FA8EFB8CFA12" box="[985,1113,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" captionText="Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Figs 11G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A0EFA8EFB56FA13" box="[1127,1155,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="25.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[182,1407,199,1759]" captionTargetId="graphics@25.[219,1396,198,1735]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. Comparison of the quadratojugal of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and PIN 551–2 after Maleev (1974)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960943/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) is less well developed than the notch in the same region of large adult specimens (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38DC4FA4DFB96FA54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376326" box="[941,1091,1452,1474]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38DC4FA4DFC2AFA57" box="[941,1023,1452,1473]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38A38FA4CFB10FA57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837502" box="[1105,1221,1452,1474]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="BHI 3033">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38A38FA4CFB54FA54" box="[1105,1153,1453,1474]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
3033
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38ABDFA4CFA5EFA57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836501" box="[1236,1419,1452,1474]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38ABDFA4CFAF1FA54" box="[1236,1316,1453,1474]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38B47FA4DFA87FA57" box="[1326,1362,1452,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38D4EFA2AFC14FA77" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834501" box="[807,961,1483,1505]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D4EFA2AFCA4FA76" box="[807,881,1483,1504]" collectionName="SDSM" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">SDSM</collectionCode>
|
||
12047
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
). This character is diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38B2AFA2AFA54FA76" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1347,1409,1483,1504]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38B2AFA2AFA54FA76" box="[1347,1409,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA09FFA38D29FA0BFB73F8E6" blockId="18.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">
|
||
In dorsal view, the joint surfaces of the nasal processes of the premaxillae are not separated proximally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D46F9C6FC57F9AB" box="[815,898,1575,1597]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the midline struts that separate the premaxillae on the midline are present, they are set below the external surface of the bone, indicating that the processes were probably appressed throughout their entire length, as in juvenile (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38B54F943FC8AF940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837503" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38B54F943FA5AF921" box="[1341,1423,1698,1719]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and adult (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38A43F921FB14F940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376307" box="[1066,1217,1728,1750]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38A43F921FBA9F943" box="[1066,1148,1728,1749]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38AB8F920FA52F940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835504" box="[1233,1415,1728,1750]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38AB8F920FAF4F940" box="[1233,1313,1729,1750]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38B44F921FA84F940" box="[1325,1361,1728,1750]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38D4EF93EFCB1F962" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[807,868,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38D4EF93EFCB1F962" box="[807,868,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D13F93EFC6EF962" box="[890,955,1759,1781]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="12.[143,221,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[173,1394,199,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@12.[212,1389,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 7. Comparison of tyrannosaurid snouts in dorsal view, showing the appressed state of the nasal processes of the premaxilla in Tyrannosaurus rex. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960929/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38B7CF93EFA87F962" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1301,1362,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38B7CF93EFA87F962" box="[1301,1362,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38D4EF91FFC0CF885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837504" box="[807,985,1790,1811]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D4EF91FFCA2F885" box="[807,887,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D17F91FFC77F885" box="[894,930,1790,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA09FFA38D8CF91FFBAAF882" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376370" box="[997,1151,1790,1812]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="18" pageNumber="497" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA09FFA38D8CF91FFBE5F885" box="[997,1072,1790,1811]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the caudal surangular foramen is smaller than it is in other tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38D46F8DAFCABF8C7" box="[815,894,1851,1873]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[143,221,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[165,1399,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@26.[212,1389,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 13. Comparison of the surangular of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960945/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is also present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA09FFA38A86F8DAFC54F8F8" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA09FFA38A86F8DAFC54F8F8" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. ROM 1247;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA09FFA38A20F8B8FB4DF8E6" box="[1097,1176,1881,1904]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[143,221,1797,1816]" captionTargetBox="[165,1399,199,1762]" captionTargetId="graphics@26.[212,1389,199,1736]" captionText="Figure 13. Comparison of the surangular of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960945/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="497">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA08FFA28EF5F933FB30F973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707778" box="[156,1253,1746,1765]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="498" startId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" targetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA08FFA28EF5F933FB30F973" blockId="19.[156,1253,1746,1765]" box="[156,1253,1746,1765]" pageId="19" pageNumber="498">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA08FFA28EF5F933FED1F973" bold="true" box="[156,260,1746,1765]" pageId="19" pageNumber="498">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Nasals of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA08FFA28F10F933FDD0F973" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835502" box="[377,517,1746,1765]" pageId="19" pageNumber="498">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0FFFA58EE6F8DBFEA5F8DB" blockId="20.[143,368,1850,1869]" box="[143,368,1850,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0FFFA58EE6F8DBFF22F8DB" bold="true" box="[143,247,1850,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="499">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA0EFFA48EF5F8E3FAE9F8A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="500" startId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" targetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0EFFA48EF5F8E3FAE9F8A5" blockId="21.[156,1437,1794,1843]" pageId="21" pageNumber="500">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0EFFA48EF5F8E3FEC4F883" bold="true" box="[156,273,1794,1813]" pageId="21" pageNumber="500">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0EFFA48D71F8E3FC70F883" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376385" box="[792,933,1794,1813]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="21" pageNumber="500" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0EFFA48EF5F8C1FEF5F8A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376372" box="[156,288,1823,1843]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="21" pageNumber="500" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0EFFA48FADF8FEFD8EF8A5" author="Osborn HF." box="[452,603,1823,1843]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="500" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, PIN 551–1 after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0EFFA48D73F8FEFC65F8A5" author="Maleev EA." box="[794,944,1823,1843]" journalOrPublisher="Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions" pageId="21" pageNumber="500" pagination="132 - 191" part="1" refId="ref16604" refString="Maleev EA. 1974. [Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae.] Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions 1: 132 - 191." title="Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae." type="journal article" year="1974">Maleev (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and CMN 8506 after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0EFFA48AF6F8FEFAEDF8A5" author="Russell DA." box="[1183,1336,1823,1843]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="500" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78EC1FF22FF27FE58" blockId="22.[143,759,195,462]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
Finally, two postcranial characters are consistent with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78F66FF03FE98FF61" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[271,333,226,247]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78F66FF03FE98FF61" box="[271,333,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. In the scapula in ventral view, the caudal margin of the joint surface of the humerus is narrower than the cranial margin (see e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78EE6FEDFFE93FEC5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837506" box="[143,326,318,339]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78EE6FEDFFF0AFEC5" box="[143,223,318,339]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78E83FEDFFEDBFEC5" box="[234,270,318,339]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78F3CFEDCFE60FEC2" box="[341,437,317,340]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[156,234,1621,1640]" captionTargetBox="[346,1245,207,1586]" captionText="Figure 14. Pectoral girdle of LACM 23845. Left scapula in medial (A), lateral (B), and caudal (C) views; right ulna in distal (D), medial (E), and lateral (F) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707784/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in lateral view, the acromion is elongate (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78FA0FEBCFD54FEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834507" box="[457,641,348,370]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78FA0FEBCFDCCFEE4" box="[457,537,349,370]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78C4FFEBDFD9FFEE7" box="[550,586,348,369]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78CF8FEBDFF77FE06" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[156,234,1621,1640]" captionTargetBox="[346,1245,207,1586]" captionText="Figure 14. Pectoral girdle of LACM 23845. Left scapula in medial (A), lateral (B), and caudal (C) views; right ulna in distal (D), medial (E), and lateral (F) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707784/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 14A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), characters first noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78C6FFE9AFF0CFE26" author="Carpenter K & Smith M." editor="Tanke DH" journalOrPublisher="Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="90 - 116" refId="ref15816" refString="Carpenter K, Smith M. 2001. Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex. In: Tanke DH, Carpenter K, eds. Mesozoic vertebrate life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 90 - 116." title="Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic vertebrate life" year="2001">Carpenter & Smith (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Thus, we consider
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78FDCFE7BFD99FE39" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849034891" box="[437,588,409,431]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78FDCFE7BFDD5FE39" box="[437,512,410,431]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
to be referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78EC4FE58FF3EFE58" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[173,235,441,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78EC4FE58FF3EFE58" box="[173,235,441,462]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA0DFF918EE6FDF5FD98F988" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78EE6FDF5FE84FDBF" blockId="22.[143,759,532,1903]" box="[143,337,532,553]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78EE6FDF5FE84FDBF" box="[143,337,532,553]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Ontogenetic stage</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78EE6FDD2FDF4FBA5" blockId="22.[143,759,532,1903]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78EE6FDD2FEE9FDDF" author="Molnar RE." box="[143,316,563,585]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Molnar (
|
||
<date id="FF921040EA0DFFA78E92FDD2FEE6FDDF" box="[251,307,563,585]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" value="1980">1980</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided four reasons why
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78CC3FDD2FF01FDF1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376359" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78CC3FDD2FD20FDDE" box="[682,757,563,584]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is not an immature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78FA9FDB3FE28FDF1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[448,509,594,615]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78FA9FDB3FE28FDF1" box="[448,509,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, each of which is contestable: presence of a tall nuchal crest, smooth prefrontofrontal and quadratojugoquadrate sutures, and the form of the proximal fibula. The height of the nuchal crest is thought to be ontogenetically variable in tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78F19FD0AFDDBFC97" author="Russell DA." box="[368,526,747,769]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This idea is based on the subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78F39FCEBFE1DFC88" box="[336,456,777,799]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78F39FCEBFE1DFC88" box="[336,456,777,799]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen AMNH
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B65EA0DFFA78CC9FCE8FD22FC89" box="[672,759,777,799]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.438656" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" unit="in" value="5664.0">5664 in</quantity>
|
||
which the nuchal crest is ‘only about one-fourth as large as in adults’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78FE8FCA6FD97FCCA" author="Russell DA." box="[385,578,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970: 7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the nuchal crest in AMNH 5664 is completely broken off and missing. Prominent nuchal crests are present in much smaller juvenile tyrannosaurid specimens, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78F6AFC23FE95FC41" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[259,320,962,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78F6AFC23FE95FC41" box="[259,320,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78FE9FC23FDC1FC41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836506" box="[384,532,961,983]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78FE9FC23FE07FC41" box="[384,466,962,983]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78C48FC23FD4EFC4E" author="Carr TD." box="[545,667,962,984]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and so were presumably originally tall in AMNH 5664. Therefore, the presence of a tall nuchal crest in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78CC2FC1EFF01FBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376421" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78CC2FC1EFD23FB82" box="[683,758,1023,1044]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
does not indicate adulthood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78EC1FBDCFD68FA32" blockId="22.[143,759,532,1903]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
In rostral and lateral views, we observed that the central region of the joint surface of the prefrontal in the frontal of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78F47FB9BFE13FB19" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376444" box="[302,454,1145,1167]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78F47FB9BFEACFB19" box="[302,377,1146,1167]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is coarsened by low papillae and rostrodorsally trending ridges, indicating that the prefrontal- frontal union is not smooth. Thus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78EE6FB37FF19FB7D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,204,1238,1259]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78EE6FB37FF19FB7D" box="[143,204,1238,1259]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a socket for the prefrontal in the frontal is present late in maturity (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78FA5FB15FD88FA9C" author="Currie PJ." box="[460,605,1268,1290]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The shallow and smooth joint surfaces of the quadrate on the quadratojugal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78F2AFAD0FE0AFAD1" author="Molnar RE." box="[323,479,1329,1351]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78F86FAD0FDA1FAD1" box="[495,628,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" captionText="Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 11H, L</figureCitation>
|
||
) are interpreted here as size-dependent features in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78CC3FAB1FF03FA13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376351" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78CC3FAB1FD20FAF3" box="[682,757,1360,1381]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. In large adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78FCAFA8EFE35FA12" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[419,480,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78FCAFA8EFE35FA12" box="[419,480,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the joint surfaces are coarse and deeply excavated (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78C7CFA6FFD64FA32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376374" box="[533,689,1422,1444]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78C7CFA6FFDB5FA35" box="[533,608,1422,1443]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78EC1FA4DFC57FE80" blockId="22.[143,759,532,1903]" lastBlockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
Molnar suggested that the form of the proximal fibula was different from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78C72FA2AFD1DFA76" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[539,712,1483,1504]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78C72FA2AFD1DFA76" box="[539,712,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78EE6FA0BFEFCFA69" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376394" box="[143,297,1513,1535]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78EE6FA0BFF0FFA69" box="[143,218,1514,1535]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, in lateral view, the proximal end of the fibula is more symmetrical than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78C2AF9E8FD25F988" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[579,752,1545,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78C2AF9E8FD25F988" box="[579,752,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the bone is more slender, and the dorsal margin is flatter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78EABF9A4FE8BF9CA" author="Molnar RE." box="[194,350,1605,1628]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although described as symmetrical, the proximal portion of the fibula in lateral view has a nearly vertical rostral margin and the caudal margin dilates proximally. This condition is present in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78EB1F920FEC0F940" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[216,277,1729,1750]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78EB1F920FEC0F940" box="[216,277,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78FB7F920FD41F940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376329" box="[478,660,1728,1750]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78FB7F920FDFBF940" box="[478,558,1729,1750]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78C52F921FD8AF940" box="[571,607,1728,1750]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and in subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78E92F93EFE4FF962" box="[251,410,1759,1780]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78E92F93EFE4FF962" box="[251,410,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. AMNH 5664, ROM 1247) and so does not appear to reflect relative maturity or size. The slenderness of the bone probably reflects the smaller size of the animal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78FB5F8DAFD6BF8C7" author="Molnar RE." box="[476,702,1851,1873]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980: 107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also stated that the ‘projection of the proximal face of metatarsal III’ indicated the specimen’s maturity (Fig. 20H, I, K), but the meaning of this character is unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78D29FEFEFB5CFDBC" blockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
In our view,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78DB3FEFEFBA3FEA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376414" box="[986,1142,287,309]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78DB3FEFEFBF0FEA2" box="[986,1061,287,308]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is probably a subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78D4EFEDFFCB1FEC5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[807,868,318,339]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78D4EFEDFFCB1FEC5" box="[807,868,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition to a low estimated skull length (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CD49B65EA0DFFA78D54FEBDFC57FEE4" box="[829,898,348,370]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
|
||
), several features indicate that it was a subadult or small adult at death. Molnar observed that the nasals are not as rugose as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78AD8FE7BFB3BFE39" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1201,1262,410,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78AD8FE7BFB3BFE39" box="[1201,1262,410,431]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, his comparative material for the latter taxon (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78B54FE59FCB5FE7B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376379" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78B54FE59FA5AFE5B" box="[1341,1423,440,461]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78D1CFE36FBCDFE7B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376382" box="[885,1048,471,493]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78D1CFE36FC15FE7A" box="[885,960,471,492]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) consists of larger and more mature specimens; thus the more rugose condition might reflect greater maturity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78D29FDD2FB2CFC97" blockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78DA6FDD2FBA1FDDF" author="Molnar RE." box="[975,1140,563,585]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the nasal contact of the frontal is W-shaped, but this is due to the subadult status of the specimen. The condition in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78AB3FD91FAA6FD10" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376317" box="[1242,1395,624,646]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78AB3FD91FAF0FD13" box="[1242,1317,624,645]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is therefore transitional between the unconstricted condition in juveniles (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A2DFD4FFB0EFD55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376424" box="[1092,1243,685,707]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A2DFD4FFB43FD55" box="[1092,1174,686,707]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A82FD4FFA52FD52" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376319" box="[1259,1415,686,708]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 28471">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A82FD4FFAE3FD55" box="[1259,1334,686,707]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
28471
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and the constricted condition of adults (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78B54FD2DFCB5FC97" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376376" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78B54FD2DFA5AFD77" box="[1341,1423,716,737]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78D05FD0AFC0BFC96" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376330" box="[876,990,747,768]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="BHI 3033">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78D05FD0AFC49FC96" box="[876,924,747,768]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
3033
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78D83FD0AFB4BFC96" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376391" box="[1002,1182,747,768]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78D83FD0AFBEFFC96" box="[1002,1082,747,768]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A2AFD0AFBB2FC96" box="[1091,1127,747,768]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78AC2FD0AFB3EFC97" box="[1195,1259,747,769]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78D29FCE8FB3DFBC4" blockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
The dorsal surface of the lacrimal is situated relatively close to the dorsal margin of the lacrimal recess, indicating that the bone is not as inflated as in large adult specimens (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A49FC87FB66FCED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376435" box="[1056,1203,869,891]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A49FC87FBA7FCED" box="[1056,1138,870,891]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78AA9FC87FAE7FCED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836504" box="[1216,1330,870,891]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="BHI 3033">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78AA9FC87FB25FCED" box="[1216,1264,870,891]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
3033
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78B57FC87FC57FC0F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836505" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78B57FC87FA5BFCED" box="[1342,1422,870,891]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78D4EFC65FC9EFC0F" box="[807,843,900,921]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78DE6FC65FBFCFC0F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1849034895" box="[911,1065,900,921]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78DE6FC65FC0CFC0F" box="[911,985,900,921]" collectionName="SDSM" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">SDSM</collectionCode>
|
||
12047
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78A5FFC65FB64FC0F" author="Carr TD." box="[1078,1201,900,921]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78AD4FC65FAC7FC0F" box="[1213,1298,900,922]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78B76FC65FA9AFC0C" box="[1311,1359,900,922]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">11C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The medial joint surface for the nasal on the frontal is visible in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78A64FC20FB45FC41" box="[1037,1168,961,983]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In large adult specimens (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78DCCFC01FBEEFC60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376439" box="[933,1083,992,1014]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78DCCFC01FC22FC63" box="[933,1015,992,1013]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A20FC00FB68FC63" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835505" box="[1097,1213,992,1014]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="BHI 3033">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A20FC00FBACFC60" box="[1097,1145,993,1014]" collectionName="BHI" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">BHI</collectionCode>
|
||
3033
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78AA2FC00FA56FC60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836503" box="[1227,1411,992,1014]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78AA2FC00FACEFC60" box="[1227,1307,993,1014]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78B4FFC01FA9FFC60" box="[1318,1354,992,1014]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the joint surface for the medial frontal process of the nasal is displaced ventrally out of view between the compressed rods of the frontal process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFA78D29FBBAFB11FA76" blockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
Unlike large adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78ADDFBBAFB24FBE6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1204,1265,1115,1136]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78ADDFBBAFB24FBE6" box="[1204,1265,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the parasagittal crest of the frontal in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A17FB9BFAC9FB19" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376331" box="[1150,1308,1145,1167]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A17FB9BFB1CFB19" box="[1150,1225,1146,1167]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
does not extend far rostrally, but diminishes after a short distance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78D11FB56FC15FB5A" box="[888,960,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78DB9FB56FBF1FB5A" box="[976,1060,1207,1229]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This state is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78D4EFB34FC13FB7C" box="[807,966,1237,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78D4EFB34FC13FB7C" box="[807,966,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of any size. In dorsal view, the suture for the prefrontal on the frontal is angular on the left and arcuate on the right in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A34FAF2FB26FABF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376420" box="[1117,1267,1299,1321]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A34FAF2FB7DFABE" box="[1117,1192,1299,1320]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78B68FAF2FA56FABE" box="[1281,1411,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The asymmetrically developed dorsal surface of the nuchal crest is not developed into a rugose platform as in large adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA0DFFA78DB9FA8EFBD8FA12" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[976,1037,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0DFFA78DB9FA8EFBD8FA12" box="[976,1037,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A24FA8EFB34FA13" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376443" box="[1101,1249,1391,1413]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A24FA8EFB4AFA12" box="[1101,1183,1391,1412]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
), and so might indicate immaturity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78A41FA6CFB79FA35" box="[1064,1196,1421,1443]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 15J- M</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A83FA6FFA5FFA35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376353" box="[1258,1418,1421,1443]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A83FA6FFAE0FA35" box="[1258,1333,1422,1443]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, only the right half of the crest is thickened, but with a smooth dorsal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78A5AFA2AFB6DFA76" box="[1075,1208,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 15J- M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0DFFAA8D29FA08FA49F8F8" blockId="22.[807,1423,195,1904]" lastBlockId="27.[820,1436,1758,1903]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">
|
||
The tubercle for attachment of the tendon of M. depressor mandibulae of the otoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78B6CF9E9FA52F988" box="[1285,1415,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="31.[156,234,1854,1873]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,201,1819]" captionTargetId="graphics@31.[197,1414,932,1799]" captionText="Figure 16. Right otoccipital of LACM 23845 in" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960955/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 16A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is low, and not prominent as in large adults (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78D4EF9A7FC14F9CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376415" box="[807,961,1605,1627]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78D4EF9A7FCACF9CD" box="[807,889,1606,1627]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5027
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78DBDF9A7FB45F9CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376315" box="[980,1168,1606,1628]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78DBDF9A7FBF1F9CD" box="[980,1060,1606,1627]" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A5AF9A7FB8DF9CA" box="[1075,1112,1606,1628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">PR</collectionCode>
|
||
2081
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
). The margin of the external mandibular foramen of the angular is developed into a rugose ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78A37F962FB14F90F" box="[1118,1217,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
|
||
). A low irregular scar is present in juvenile tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA0DFFA78B3AF943FCB4F940" author="Carr TD." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The prearticular of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFA78A36F921FB2FF940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376348" box="[1119,1274,1728,1750]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78A36F921FB7FF943" box="[1119,1194,1728,1749]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is typical of subadult tyrannosaurids: the caudal ramus is dorsoventrally deep, the dorsal and ventral margins converge toward each other rostrally, and the bone is dorsoventrally flattened and transversely wide at midshaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA0DFFA78DF4F8B8FBF7F8E6" box="[925,1058,1881,1904]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">Fig. 17D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike adult specimen
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0DFFAA8B2AF8BBFF36F965" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376309" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="22" pageNumber="501" specimenCode="LACM 23844">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA0DFFA78B2AF8BBFA5BF8F9" box="[1347,1422,1882,1903]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="501">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23844
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the medial surface of the bone is not excavated by the joint surface for the splenial, the bone is shallower, the rostroventral surface of the joint surface for the angular is flat and not concave, and the bone is narrower at midshaft. As in mature tyrannosaurids, the dentary is much deeper than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA00FFAA8D55F91CFC17F884" box="[828,962,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="35.[156,234,1880,1899]" captionTargetBox="[168,1416,200,1845]" captionText="Figure 18. Right dentary of LACM 23845 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960961/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">Fig. 18A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA00FFAA8A4EF91CFB10F885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376324" box="[1063,1221,1789,1811]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="27" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA00FFAA8A4EF91CFBA7F884" box="[1063,1138,1789,1810]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
displays features that are intermediate in development between juveniles (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA00FFAA8DA9F8DBFB82F8C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837501" box="[960,1111,1850,1872]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="27" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA00FFAA8DA9F8DBFBC7F8D9" box="[960,1042,1850,1871]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and adults and therefore may be a subadult or small adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA00FFAA8B3EF8B8FA41F8F8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1367,1428,1881,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA00FFAA8B3EF8B8FA41F8F8" box="[1367,1428,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA0CFFA68EF5F9B2FB29F937" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="502" startId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" targetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA0CFFA68EF5F9B2FB29F937" blockId="23.[156,1436,1619,1697]" pageId="23" pageNumber="502">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA0CFFA68EF5F9B2FEC4F9F0" bold="true" box="[156,273,1619,1638]" pageId="23" pageNumber="502">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Facial bones of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA0CFFA68FD4F9B2FD9FF9F0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376434" box="[445,586,1619,1638]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="23" pageNumber="502" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA03FFA98EE6F8B0FEA8F8F2" blockId="24.[143,381,1873,1892]" box="[143,381,1873,1892]" pageId="24" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA03FFA98EE6F8B0FED1F8F2" bold="true" box="[143,260,1873,1892]" pageId="24" pageNumber="503">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA02FFA88EF5F8E3FC86F8A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960943/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="504" startId="25.[156,234,1794,1813]" targetBox="[182,1407,199,1759]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA02FFA88EF5F8E3FC86F8A4" blockId="25.[156,1435,1794,1843]" pageId="25" pageNumber="504">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA02FFA88EF5F8E3FEC4F883" bold="true" box="[156,273,1794,1813]" pageId="25" pageNumber="504">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the quadratojugal of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA02FFA88CF0F8E3FCF0F883" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376400" box="[665,805,1794,1813]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="25" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA02FFA88B7EF8E3FA4EF883" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376383" box="[1303,1435,1794,1813]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="25" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA02FFA88F5EF8FEFE19F8A4" author="Osborn HF." box="[311,460,1823,1842]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="504" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and PIN 551–2 after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA02FFA88CDFF8FEFC9BF8A4" author="Maleev EA." box="[694,846,1823,1842]" journalOrPublisher="Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions" pageId="25" pageNumber="504" pagination="132 - 191" part="1" refId="ref16604" refString="Maleev EA. 1974. [Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae.] Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions 1: 132 - 191." title="Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae." type="journal article" year="1974">Maleev (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA01FFAB8EE6F8E4FCCEF8A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960945/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="505" startId="26.[143,221,1797,1816]" targetBox="[165,1399,199,1762]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA01FFAB8EE6F8E4FCCEF8A3" blockId="26.[143,1423,1797,1845]" pageId="26" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA01FFAB8EE6F8E4FED1F88E" bold="true" box="[143,260,1797,1816]" pageId="26" pageNumber="505">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the surangular of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA01FFAB8C0CF8E4FD3AF88E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376409" box="[613,751,1797,1816]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="26" pageNumber="505" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA01FFAB8ABBF8E4FA80F88E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376417" box="[1234,1365,1797,1816]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="26" pageNumber="505" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA01FFAB8E97F8C3FE46F8A3" author="Osborn HF." box="[254,403,1826,1845]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref16895" refString="Osborn HF. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 1 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and CMN 8506 after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA01FFAB8C17F8C3FCC2F8A3" author="Russell DA." box="[638,791,1826,1845]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="26" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA00FFAA8EF5F9B4FDFCF910" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707784/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="506" startId="27.[156,234,1621,1640]" targetBox="[346,1245,207,1586]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA00FFAA8EF5F9B4FDFCF910" blockId="27.[156,1435,1621,1670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA00FFAA8EF5F9B4FEC4F9FE" bold="true" box="[156,273,1621,1640]" pageId="27" pageNumber="506">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Pectoral girdle of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA00FFAA8FBBF9B7FD8AF9FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376386" box="[466,607,1621,1641]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="27" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Left scapula in medial (A), lateral (B), and caudal (C) views; right ulna in distal (D), medial (E), and lateral (F) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA07FFAD8EE6F8B4FEA8F8FE" blockId="28.[143,381,1877,1896]" box="[143,381,1877,1896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA07FFAD8EE6F8B4FED1F8FE" bold="true" box="[143,260,1877,1896]" pageId="28" pageNumber="507">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA06FFAC8EF5F8F9FCE3F8F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="508" startId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" targetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA06FFAC8EF5F8F9FCE3F8F0" blockId="29.[156,1436,1816,1894]" pageId="29" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA06FFAC8EF5F8F9FEC4F8BD" bold="true" box="[156,273,1816,1835]" pageId="29" pageNumber="508">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal skull roof of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA06FFAC8F80F8F8FDA2F8BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376328" box="[489,631,1816,1836]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="29" pageNumber="508" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA05FFAF8EE6F8A7FEA8F8CF" blockId="30.[143,381,1862,1881]" box="[143,381,1862,1881]" pageId="30" pageNumber="509">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA05FFAF8EE6F8A7FED1F8CF" bold="true" box="[143,260,1862,1881]" pageId="30" pageNumber="509">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA04FFAE8EF5F8DFFE2DF8F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960955/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="510" startId="31.[156,234,1854,1873]" targetBox="[165,1424,201,1819]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA04FFAE8EF5F8DFFE2DF8F8" blockId="31.[156,1435,1854,1902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="510">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA04FFAE8EF5F8DFFEC4F8C7" bold="true" box="[156,273,1854,1873]" pageId="31" pageNumber="510">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Right otoccipital of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA04FFAE8F83F8DFFDA0F8C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376397" box="[490,629,1854,1873]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="31" pageNumber="510" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; quadrate process of the left pterygoid in lateral (C) and medial (D) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EE6FF23FEB3FF41" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" box="[143,358,194,215]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918EE6FF23FEB3FF41" box="[143,358,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Revised description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EE6FF03FD1AFEC5" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
Our opinion of some details of the osteology of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918CC3FF03FF01FE80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376311" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918CC3FF03FD20FF61" box="[682,757,226,247]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
differs from that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918FD6FEE1FDB0FE80" author="Molnar RE." box="[447,613,256,278]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We summarize the differences in interpretation in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3BFF918C05FEFEFD14FEA2" box="[620,705,287,309]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="36.[143,207,195,214]" captionTargetBox="[143,1420,254,596]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Table 2. Differences in opinion regarding the osteology of LACM 23845 between Molnar (1980) and this paper" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" tableUuid="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
, but several of his observations require comment here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EC1FEBCFD18FD55" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
We found that the dorsal ramus of the lacrimal is identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918F14FE9AFE6EFE06" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[381,443,379,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918F14FE9AFE6EFE06" box="[381,443,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and does not, as reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918ED2FE78FEB2FE26" author="Molnar RE." box="[187,359,409,432]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
resemble that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918C3EFE78FD23FE38" box="[599,758,409,430]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918C3EFE78FD23FE38" box="[599,758,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918EFEFE59FF33FE58" box="[151,230,440,462]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="21.[156,234,1794,1813]" captionTargetBox="[187,1405,198,1758]" captionTargetId="graphics@21.[225,1402,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960937/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). We did not find the supraoccipital, but the median portion of the nuchal crest of the parietal is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918F79FE14FE46FD9D" box="[272,403,501,523]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Fig. 15J- M</figureCitation>
|
||
). We regard the asymmetry in thickness between each ala of the nuchal crest as individual variation, in contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918C7AFDD2FD6EFDDF" author="Molnar RE." box="[531,699,563,585]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who regarded this as a shared similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918C1DFDB0FECEFD13" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918C1DFDB0FECEFD13" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, we regard the absence of a medial shelf along the ventral margin of the surangular process of the dentary as individual variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EC1FD2CFE72FCCB" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
We found that the olecranon process of the ulna is completely broken off and missing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918C36FD0AFD3CFC96" box="[607,745,747,769]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[156,234,1621,1640]" captionTargetBox="[346,1245,207,1586]" captionText="Figure 14. Pectoral girdle of LACM 23845. Left scapula in medial (A), lateral (B), and caudal (C) views; right ulna in distal (D), medial (E), and lateral (F) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707784/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Fig. 14E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), accounting for there being ‘no sign of a pronounced olecranal process as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918FEDFCC9FDF6FCAB" box="[388,547,808,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918FEDFCC9FDF6FCAB" box="[388,547,808,829]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918C0DFCC9FF61FCCA" authority="Molnar, 1980: 105" authorityName="Molnar" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1980" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918C0DFCC9FF61FCCA" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918EA0FCA6FE4FFCCB" author="Molnar RE." box="[201,410,839,861]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar, 1980: 105</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EC1FC84FD56FB7A" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
Molnar listed similarities between
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918C3EFC87FD23FCED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376312" box="[599,758,869,891]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918C3EFC87FD77FCED" box="[599,674,870,891]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918EA5FC65FEBEFC0F" box="[204,363,900,921]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918EA5FC65FEBEFC0F" box="[204,363,900,921]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molnar stated that in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918CC2FC65FF03FC2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376357" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918CC2FC65FD23FC0F" box="[683,758,900,921]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918E8CFC42FEB9FC2E" authority="(Gilmore, 1946)" box="[229,364,931,952]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918E8CFC42FEB9FC2E" box="[229,364,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">A. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918FD9FC42FDFDFC2E" box="[432,552,931,952]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918FD9FC42FDFDFC2E" box="[432,552,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sagittal crest reaches the dorsal margin of the nuchal crest, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918EE6FC00FEE9FC60" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,316,993,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918EE6FC00FEE9FC60" box="[143,316,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the crest does not reach the dorsal margin of the nuchal crest. However, among most tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3BFF918F45FBFCFE54FBA2" box="[300,385,1053,1076]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="36.[143,207,665,684]" captionTargetBox="[143,1422,753,1699]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Table 3. Variation of the position and width of the end of the sagittal crest on the nuchal crest among tyrannosaurids. The number of specimens exhibiting a given state is in parentheses" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" tableUuid="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
), the extent of the sagittal crest is variable in most taxa and in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918F93FBDDFD47FBC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376392" box="[506,658,1084,1106]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918F93FBDDFD90FBC7" box="[506,581,1084,1105]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
the sagittal crest actually stops short of the dorsal margin of the crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918F6DFB98FEB9FB19" box="[260,364,1145,1167]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Fig. 15M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, this character is individually variable and does not have diagnostic value except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918F62FB56FE56FB5A" box="[267,387,1207,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918F62FB56FE56FB5A" box="[267,387,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">A. libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the crest reaches the dorsal margin of the nuchal crest (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3BFF918C49FB34FDA3FB7A" box="[544,630,1237,1260]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="36.[143,207,665,684]" captionTargetBox="[143,1422,753,1699]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Table 3. Variation of the position and width of the end of the sagittal crest on the nuchal crest among tyrannosaurids. The number of specimens exhibiting a given state is in parentheses" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" tableUuid="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EC1FB15FD98F988" blockId="32.[143,759,194,1566]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The form of the distal end of the fibula does not differ in any significant way from that of other tyrannosaurids. Molnar’s comparison of the metatarsals with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918EE6FAB1FEFBFAF3" box="[143,302,1360,1381]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918EE6FAB1FEFBFAF3" box="[143,302,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– in contrast to the stout bones in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918CA3FAB0FEC0FA12" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918CA3FAB0FEC0FA12" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– may simply reflect the smaller size of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918EE6FA6FFEF8FA35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376426" box="[143,301,1421,1443]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918EE6FA6FFF0FFA35" box="[143,218,1422,1443]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. The supposed manual ungual is actually from digit I of the pes, based on the robust nature of the ungual and the low flexor tubercle. The angular form of the joint surface of the ungual is, in part, an artefact of breakage (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918FCEF9E9FD97F988" author="Molnar RE." box="[423,578,1544,1566]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA3BFF978ED1F9BAFE83FCCB" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918ED1F9BAFD1BF9E4" blockId="32.[143,759,1626,1903]" box="[184,718,1626,1650]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA3BFF918ED1F9BAFD1BF9E4" allCaps="true" box="[184,718,1626,1650]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" reason="5">
|
||
PREVIOUS TAXONOMIC WORK ON
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918C5BF9BBFD1BF9E4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376401" box="[562,718,1626,1650]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918C5BF9BBFDAAF9E4" box="[562,639,1626,1650]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918EE6F962FC22FE39" blockId="32.[143,759,1626,1903]" lastBlockId="32.[807,1424,195,983]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918EE6F962FE8AF90F" author="Paul GS." box="[143,351,1667,1689]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul (1988b: 324)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. referred
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918FBAF962FDBBF90F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376305" box="[467,622,1667,1689]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918FBAF962FDCBF90E" box="[467,542,1667,1688]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
to the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918E81F940FDF4F920" box="[232,545,1697,1718]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918E81F940FDF4F920" box="[232,545,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Albertosaurus megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of its ‘extremely atrophied forelimbs, down-bent nasals, very long snout... long hind limbs’ and its ‘overall large size and gracile build’. With regard to the long snout, this is based on Molnar’s inference of a longer snout than in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918F46F8DAFE6BF8C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837508" box="[303,446,1851,1873]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918F46F8DAFE54F8C6" box="[303,385,1851,1872]" collectionName="USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
7541
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
based on the greater (25%) length of the nasals in contrast to the slightly greater (10%) length of the frontals and parietals in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918B2BFF22FCBBFF61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376436" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918B2BFF22FA58FF4E" box="[1346,1421,195,216]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Without an independent estimate of body size, it is difficult to determine what allometric trends these differences describe, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918AF3FEFEFAEBFEA3" author="Paul GS." box="[1178,1342,287,309]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Simon and Schuster" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" refId="ref17092" refString="Paul GS. 1988 b. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster." title="Predatory dinosaurs of the world: a complete illustrated guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul’s (1988b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
use of them as evidence of a taxonomic difference is undermined. Because
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918DB7FEBDFBA0FEE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376427" box="[990,1141,348,370]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918DB7FEBDFBFCFEE7" box="[990,1065,348,369]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
was shown above to be a subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918DFCFE9AFC07FE06" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[917,978,379,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918DFCFE9AFC07FE06" box="[917,978,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918D8BFE9AFB44FE06" box="[994,1169,379,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918D8BFE9AFB44FE06" box="[994,1169,379,400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">A. megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918DDAFE7BFC25FE39" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[947,1008,410,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918DDAFE7BFC25FE39" box="[947,1008,410,431]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918D29FE59FA5AFC41" blockId="32.[807,1424,195,983]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918D29FE59FB88FE58" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[832,1117,440,462]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918AB5FE59FAA1FE58" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376377" box="[1244,1396,440,462]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918AB5FE59FAF2FE5B" box="[1244,1319,440,461]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is not complete enough to be diagnosable but proceed to refer the specimen to a new taxon that they diagnose. Their diagnosis repeats characters from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918A86FDF5FA5AFDBC" author="Molnar RE." box="[1263,1423,532,554]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and they add the wide caudal region of the frontals, which indicates the orbits faced rostrally, but not as much in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918DE0FD90FBE3FD10" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[905,1078,625,646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918DE0FD90FBE3FD10" box="[905,1078,625,646]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the caudal region of the frontal lies within the dorsotemporal fossa and is independent of orbit orientation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918ABCFD4CFACBFD55" box="[1237,1310,685,707]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3BFF918B47FD4CFA56FD55" box="[1326,1411,685,707]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Olshevsky and Ford claim that there is a wide gap between the lacrimal and postorbital joint surfaces. However, the joint surface of the postorbital is missing on both sides, while a wide gap does not occur in subadult and adult tyrannosaurids (e.g. AMNH 5336, AMNH 5664, CMN 2120, ROM 1247). Unlike
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918D4EFC65FBE8FC0C" author="Olshevsky G & Ford TL." box="[807,1085,900,922]" journalOrPublisher="Dino-Frontline" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="92 - 119" part="9" refId="ref16821" refString="Olshevsky G, Ford TL. 1995. The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1. Dino-Frontline 9: 92 - 119." title="The origin and evolution of the Tyrannosaurids, Part 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Olshevsky & Ford (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we suggest that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918A93FC65FA5BFC0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376363" box="[1274,1422,900,922]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3DAE45EA3BFF918A93FC65FA90FC0F" box="[1274,1349,900,921]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
23845
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
is diagnosable and can be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918A96FC42FAE9FC2E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1279,1340,931,952]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918A96FC42FAE9FC2E" box="[1279,1340,931,952]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918D4EFC23FC02FC40" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[807,983,961,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918D4EFC23FC02FC40" box="[807,983,961,983]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">D. megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918B23FC23FA5DFC41" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1354,1416,962,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918B23FC23FA5DFC41" box="[1354,1416,962,983]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918A7FFBF5FB75FBBC" blockId="32.[807,1424,1044,1658]" box="[1046,1184,1044,1067]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA3BFF918A7FFBF5FB75FBBC" allCaps="true" box="[1046,1184,1044,1067]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" reason="4">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918D4EFBDCFC7BF9EC" blockId="32.[807,1424,1044,1658]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
We emphasize that our referral of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918AD6FBDDFA8CFBC7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376342" box="[1215,1369,1084,1105]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918D4EFBBAFC68FBE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376399" box="[807,957,1115,1137]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918D89FBBAFBC8FBE6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[992,1053,1115,1136]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918D89FBBAFBC8FBE6" box="[992,1053,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the presence of diagnostic characters of that species in both specimens. The stratigraphic position and geographical location of the specimens are consistent with the identifications; it is also most parsimonious to assume that small tyrannosaurids from late Maastrichtian beds are likely to be juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918A50FAF2FBA3FABE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1081,1142,1299,1320]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918A50FAF2FBA3FABE" box="[1081,1142,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The juvenile characters we document in both specimens are taxonomically neutral and they must be removed from the diagnoses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918D2EFA8EFC1EFA12" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[839,971,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918D2EFA8EFC1EFA12" box="[839,971,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918DB4FA8EFBB8FA12" authorityName="Olshevsky" authorityYear="1995" box="[989,1133,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Stygivenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918DB4FA8EFBB8FA12" box="[989,1133,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Stygivenator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918AD9FA8EFA98FA12" box="[1200,1357,1391,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918AD9FA8EFA98FA12" box="[1200,1357,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">Dinotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If it were not for the presence of diagnostic characters in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918D4EFA4DFC1DFA57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376405" box="[807,968,1452,1473]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918A7DFA4DFB62FA54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376371" box="[1044,1207,1452,1474]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
, these specimens would be considered indeterminate small tyrannosaurids because several of the juvenile characters also typify most adult small theropods (e.g. dorsoventrally shallow dentaries;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3BFF918A68F9C6FB81F9AB" box="[1025,1108,1575,1597]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="37.[124,188,512,531]" captionTargetBox="[124,1823,658,1579]" captionText="Table 4. Comparison of the juvenile characters of LACM 28471 and LACM 23845 with adults of selected clades of small late Cretaceous theropods from various sources: Troodontidae (Barsbold, 1974; Currie, 1985, 1987, 1995; Currie & Dong, 2001b; Xu et al., 2002); Dromaeosauridae (Ostrom, 1969; Sues, 1978; Currie, 1987; Xu & Wu, 2001; AMNH 6515 (cast); PIN 3143/8 (cast); MOR 747); Ornithomimidae (Currie, 1987; ROM 840; TMP 90.26.1; Parks, 1928; Osmolska et al., 1972; Barsbold, 1983)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" tableUuid="DF536608EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) and so do not support our argument because they are not diagnostic in and of themselves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918DECF94FFAE4F950" blockId="32.[901,1329,1710,1766]" box="[901,1329,1710,1734]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA3BFF918DECF94FFAE4F950" allCaps="true" box="[901,1329,1710,1734]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" reason="5">CRANIOFACIAL ONTOGENY IN</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918DD0F92EFB28F970" blockId="32.[901,1329,1710,1766]" box="[953,1277,1743,1766]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA3BFF918DD0F92EFB28F970" allCaps="true" box="[953,1277,1743,1766]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918DD0F92EFB28F970" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[953,1277,1743,1766]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918DD0F92EFB28F970" box="[953,1277,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">TYRANNOSAURUS REX</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3BFF918D4EF91FFC0DF8E6" blockId="32.[807,1423,1790,1904]" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">
|
||
The hypothesis that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918A72F91FFB60F885" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376355" box="[1051,1205,1790,1811]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3BFF918A9AF91FFA5BF882" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376373" box="[1267,1422,1790,1812]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="32" pageNumber="511" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
are juvenile and subadult specimens, respectively, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3BFF918D4EF8DDFCB1F8C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[807,868,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3BFF918D4EF8DDFCB1F8C7" box="[807,868,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="511">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adds to our knowledge of growth in this taxon (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3BFF918D39F8BBFC19F8E6" author="Carr TD." box="[848,972,1882,1904]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="511" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA3AFF908EF5F975FBE3F953" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="512" startId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" targetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3AFF908EF5F975FBE3F953" blockId="33.[156,1435,1684,1733]" pageId="33" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3AFF908EF5F975FEC4F931" bold="true" box="[156,273,1684,1703]" pageId="33" pageNumber="512">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Mandibular bones of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3AFF908F91F974FD50F931" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376429" box="[504,645,1684,1704]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="33" pageNumber="512" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA39FF938EE6F885FEA8F8E1" blockId="34.[143,381,1892,1911]" box="[143,381,1892,1911]" pageId="34" pageNumber="513">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA39FF938EE6F885FED1F8E1" bold="true" box="[143,260,1892,1911]" pageId="34" pageNumber="513">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA38FF928EF5F8B9FC0BF8FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960961" box="[156,990,1880,1899]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960961/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="514" startId="35.[156,234,1880,1899]" targetBox="[168,1416,200,1845]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA38FF928EF5F8B9FC0BF8FD" blockId="35.[156,990,1880,1899]" box="[156,990,1880,1899]" pageId="35" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA38FF928EF5F8B9FEC4F8FD" bold="true" box="[156,273,1880,1899]" pageId="35" pageNumber="514">Figure 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Right dentary of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA38FF928FBBF8B9FD8BF8FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376403" box="[466,606,1880,1899]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="35" pageNumber="514" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41" ID-Table-UUID="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41" box="[143,1321,195,215]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" startId="36.[143,207,195,214]" targetBox="[143,1420,254,596]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3FFF958EE6FF22FAFCFF41" blockId="36.[143,1321,195,215]" box="[143,1321,195,215]" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FF22FF3CFF40" bold="true" box="[143,233,195,214]" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Differences in opinion regarding the osteology of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958C94FF22FC5CFF40" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376412" box="[765,905,195,214]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
between
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3FFF958D98FF22FB53FF40" author="Molnar RE." box="[1009,1158,195,214]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and this paper
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3FFF958C93FF1FFB06FDC2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<table id="F92CC420EA3F004E8EE6FF1FFA59FDC2" box="[143,1420,254,596]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FF1FFA59FE87" box="[143,1420,254,273]" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FF1FFC21FE87" box="[762,1012,254,273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3FFF958C93FF1FFC5AFE87" author="Molnar RE." box="[762,911,254,273]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" pagination="102 - 108" part="54" refId="ref16694" refString="Molnar RE. 1980. An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. Journal of Paleontology 54: 102 - 108." title="An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1980">Molnar (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFF1FFA59FE87" box="[1140,1420,254,273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">This paper</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FED8FA59FEDA" box="[143,1420,313,332]" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FED8FDADFEDA" box="[143,632,313,332]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Nasals</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FED8FC21FEDA" box="[762,1012,313,332]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">flexedrostroventrally</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFED8FA59FEDA" box="[1140,1420,313,332]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">damaged</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FEB7FA59FEFF" box="[143,1420,342,361]" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FEB7FDADFEFF" box="[143,632,342,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Frontal process of nasal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FEB7FC21FEFF" box="[762,1012,342,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">not strongly constricted</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFEB7FA59FEFF" box="[1140,1420,342,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">incomplete but constricted</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FE92FA59FE11" box="[143,1420,371,391]" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FE92FDADFE11" box="[143,632,371,391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Dorsal ramus of lacrimal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FE92FC21FE11" box="[762,1012,371,391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFE92FA59FE11" box="[1140,1420,371,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">only upper half present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FE70FA59FE32" box="[143,1420,401,420]" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FE70FDADFE32" box="[143,632,401,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Joint surface of the postorbital on the frontals</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FE70FC21FE32" box="[762,1012,401,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">present</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFE70FA59FE32" box="[1140,1420,401,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FE4FFA59FE57" box="[143,1420,430,449]" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FE4FFDADFE57" box="[143,632,430,449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Joint surface of the prefrontal on the frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FE4FFC21FE57" box="[762,1012,430,449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">smoothly concave</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFE4FFA59FE57" box="[1140,1420,430,449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">rugose</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FE2AFA59FE49" box="[143,1420,459,479]" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FE2AFDADFE49" box="[143,632,459,479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Frontoparietal suture</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FE2AFC21FE49" box="[762,1012,459,479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">V-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFE2AFA59FE49" box="[1140,1420,459,479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">transverse</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FE08FA59FE6A" box="[143,1420,489,508]" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FE08FDADFE6A" box="[143,632,489,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Supraoccipital</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FE08FC21FE6A" box="[762,1012,489,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">present</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFE08FA59FE6A" box="[1140,1420,489,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">notpreserved</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FDE7FA59FD8F" box="[143,1420,518,537]" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FDE7FDADFD8F" box="[143,632,518,537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Olecranon process of ulna</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FDE7FC21FD8F" box="[762,1012,518,537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">apomorphically absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFDE7FA59FD8F" box="[1140,1420,518,537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">broken off and missing</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FDC2FA59FDA1" box="[143,1420,547,567]" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FDC2FDADFDA1" box="[143,632,547,567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Ungual</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FDC2FC21FDA1" box="[762,1012,547,567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">manual ungual present</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFDC2FA59FDA1" box="[1140,1420,547,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Pedal D I ungual</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FDA0FA59FDC2" box="[143,1420,577,596]" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FDA0FDADFDC2" box="[143,632,577,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Joint facet of ungual</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8C93FDA0FC21FDC2" box="[762,1012,577,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">angular</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A1DFDA0FA59FDC2" box="[1140,1420,577,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">damaged</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" ID-Table-UUID="DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" startId="36.[143,207,665,684]" targetBox="[143,1422,753,1699]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3FFF958EE6FD78FCF8FD5F" blockId="36.[143,1423,665,714]" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FD78FF3CFD3A" bold="true" box="[143,233,665,684]" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Variation of the position and width of the end of the sagittal crest on the nuchal crest among tyrannosaurids. The number of specimens exhibiting a given state is in parentheses
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3FFF958EE6FD10FC6AF935" blockId="36.[143,1423,753,1782]" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<table id="F92CC420EA3F004E8EE6FD10FA5BF935" box="[143,1422,753,1699]" gridcols="4" gridrows="30" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FD10FA5BFC92" box="[143,1422,753,772]" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FD10FEAEFC92" box="[143,379,753,772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Specimen/ Taxon</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFD10FD7BFC92" box="[451,686,753,772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Position</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFD10FC6AFC92" box="[883,959,753,772]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Width</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFD10FA5BFC92" box="[1029,1422,753,772]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Variation</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FCCAFA5BFCA8" box="[143,1422,811,830]" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FCCAFEAEFCA8" box="[143,379,811,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3FFF958EE6FCCAFEAEFCA8" box="[143,379,811,830]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FCCAFEAEFCA8" box="[143,379,811,830]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FCA8FA5BFCCA" box="[143,1422,841,860]" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FCA8FEAEFCCA" box="[143,379,841,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">AMNH 5336</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFCA8FD7BFCCA" box="[451,686,841,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFCA8FC6AFCCA" box="[883,959,841,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFCA8FA5BFCCA" box="[1029,1422,841,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin; narrow (3) or</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC87FA5BFCEF" box="[143,1422,870,889]" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC87FEAEFCEF" box="[143,379,870,889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">ROM 1247</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFC87FD7BFCEF" box="[451,686,870,889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFC87FC6AFCEF" box="[883,959,870,889]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFC87FA5BFCEF" box="[1029,1422,870,889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC62FA5BFC01" box="[143,1422,899,919]" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC62FEAEFC01" box="[143,379,899,919]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 86.144.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFC62FD7BFC01" box="[451,686,899,919]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFC62FC6AFC01" box="[883,959,899,919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC40FA5BFC22" box="[143,1422,929,948]" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC40FEAEFC22" box="[143,379,929,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 91.36.500</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFC40FD7BFC22" box="[451,686,929,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFC40FC6AFC22" box="[883,959,929,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC22FA5BFC41" box="[143,1422,963,983]" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC22FEAEFC41" box="[143,379,963,983]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3FFF958EE6FC25FEF8FC40" box="[143,301,963,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarcophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FC25FEF8FC40" box="[143,301,963,983]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">A. sarcophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC00FA5BFC62" box="[143,1422,993,1012]" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC00FEAEFC62" box="[143,379,993,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">AMNH 5222</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFC00FD7BFC62" box="[451,686,993,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFC00FC6AFC62" box="[883,959,993,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFC00FA5BFC62" box="[1029,1422,993,1012]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short (2) or reaches (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FC1FFA5BFB84" box="[143,1422,1022,1042]" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FC1FFEAEFB84" box="[143,379,1022,1042]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 81.10.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFC1FFD7BFB84" box="[451,686,1022,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFC1FFC6AFB84" box="[883,959,1022,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFC1FFA5BFB84" box="[1029,1422,1022,1042]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">dorsal margin; narrow (2) or wide (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FBFAFA5BFBB9" box="[143,1422,1051,1071]" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FBFAFEAEFBB9" box="[143,379,1051,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 85.98.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFBFAFD7BFBB9" box="[451,686,1051,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFBFAFC6AFBB9" box="[883,959,1051,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FBD8FA5BFBDA" box="[143,1422,1081,1100]" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FBD8FEAEFBDA" box="[143,379,1081,1100]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 86.64.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFBD8FD7BFBDA" box="[451,686,1081,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFBD8FC6AFBDA" box="[883,959,1081,1100]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FBBAFA5BFBF8" box="[143,1422,1115,1134]" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FBBAFEAEFBF8" box="[143,379,1115,1134]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3FFF958EE6FBBAFEE5FBF8" box="[143,304,1115,1134]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FBBAFEE5FBF8" box="[143,304,1115,1134]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FB98FA5BFB1A" box="[143,1422,1145,1164]" gridrow="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FB98FEAEFB1A" box="[143,379,1145,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">CMN 8506</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFB98FD7BFB1A" box="[451,686,1145,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFB98FC6AFB1A" box="[883,959,1145,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFB98FA5BFB1A" box="[1029,1422,1145,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short (2) or reaches (4) dorsal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FB77FA5BFB3C" box="[143,1422,1174,1194]" gridrow="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FB77FEAEFB3C" box="[143,379,1174,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">CMN 11594</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFB77FD7BFB3C" box="[451,686,1174,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFB77FC6AFB3C" box="[883,959,1174,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFB77FA5BFB3C" box="[1029,1422,1174,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">margin; narrow (4) or wide (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FB52FA5BFB51" box="[143,1422,1203,1223]" gridrow="14" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FB52FEAEFB51" box="[143,379,1203,1223]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">FMNH PR308</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFB52FD7BFB51" box="[451,686,1203,1223]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFB52FC6AFB51" box="[883,959,1203,1223]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FB30FA5BFB72" box="[143,1422,1233,1252]" gridrow="15" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FB30FEAEFB72" box="[143,379,1233,1252]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 85.62.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFB30FD7BFB72" box="[451,686,1233,1252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFB30FC6AFB72" box="[883,959,1233,1252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FB0FFA5BFA94" box="[143,1422,1262,1282]" gridrow="16" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FB0FFEAEFA94" box="[143,379,1262,1282]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">TMP 94.143.1</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFB0FFD7BFA94" box="[451,686,1262,1282]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFB0FFC6AFA94" box="[883,959,1262,1282]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FAF0FA5BFAB2" box="[143,1422,1297,1316]" gridrow="17" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FAF0FEAEFAB2" box="[143,379,1297,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">New genus</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FACFFA5BFAD4" box="[143,1422,1326,1346]" gridrow="18" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FACFFEAEFAD4" box="[143,379,1326,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">NMMNH P-25049</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFACFFD7BFAD4" box="[451,686,1326,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFACFFC6AFAD4" box="[883,959,1326,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FAAAFA5BFAEE" box="[143,1422,1355,1400]" gridrow="19" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FAAAFEAEFAEE" box="[143,379,1355,1400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">NMMNH P-27469</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFAAAFD7BFAEE" box="[451,686,1355,1400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFAAAFC6AFAEE" box="[883,959,1355,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFAAAFA5BFAEE" box="[1029,1422,1355,1400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short of dorsal margin or reaches; narrow or wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FA69FA5BFA0C" box="[143,1422,1416,1434]" gridrow="20" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FA69FEAEFA0C" box="[143,379,1416,1434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3FFF958EE6FA69FE86FA0C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,339,1416,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958EE6FA69FE86FA0C" box="[143,339,1416,1434]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FA44FA5BFA2E" box="[143,1422,1445,1464]" gridrow="21" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FA44FEAEFA2E" box="[143,379,1445,1464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6FA44FEC1FA2E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376416" box="[143,276,1445,1464]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFA44FD7BFA2E" box="[451,686,1445,1464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFA44FC6AFA2E" box="[883,959,1445,1464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">wide</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFA44FA5BFA2E" box="[1029,1422,1445,1464]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short (4) or reaches (5) dorsal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FA23FA5BFA40" box="[143,1422,1474,1494]" gridrow="22" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FA23FEAEFA40" box="[143,379,1474,1494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6FA23FEC1FA43" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376393" box="[143,276,1474,1493]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47763 " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="AMNH 5029">AMNH 5029</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFA23FD7BFA40" box="[451,686,1474,1494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFA23FC6AFA40" box="[883,959,1474,1494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8A6CFA23FA5BFA40" box="[1029,1422,1474,1494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">margin; narrow (8) or wide (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FA3EFA5BFA65" box="[143,1422,1503,1523]" gridrow="23" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FA3EFEAEFA65" box="[143,379,1503,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6FA01FEC1FA64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376327" box="[143,276,1503,1523]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47861 " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="AMNH 5117">AMNH 5117</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFA3EFD7BFA65" box="[451,686,1503,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFA3EFC6AFA65" box="[883,959,1503,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6FA1CFA5BF986" box="[143,1422,1533,1552]" gridrow="24" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6FA1CFEAEF986" box="[143,379,1533,1552]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6FA1CFF20F986" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834512" box="[143,245,1533,1552]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAFA1CFD7BF986" box="[451,686,1533,1552]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AFA1CFC6AF986" box="[883,959,1533,1552]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6F9FBFA5BF9B8" box="[143,1422,1562,1582]" gridrow="25" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6F9FBFEAEF9B8" box="[143,379,1562,1582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6F9FBFEC1F9BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836515" box="[143,276,1562,1581]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAF9FBFD7BF9B8" box="[451,686,1562,1582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AF9FBFC6AF9B8" box="[883,959,1562,1582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6F9D6FA5BF9DD" box="[143,1422,1591,1611]" gridrow="26" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6F9D6FEAEF9DD" box="[143,379,1591,1611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6F9D9FEE6F9DD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836514" box="[143,307,1592,1611]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAF9D6FD7BF9DD" box="[451,686,1591,1611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AF9D6FC6AF9DD" box="[883,959,1591,1611]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6F9B4FA5BF9FE" box="[143,1422,1621,1640]" gridrow="27" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6F9B4FEAEF9FE" box="[143,379,1621,1640]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6F9B4FECEF9FE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376431" box="[143,283,1621,1640]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAF9B4FD7BF9FE" box="[451,686,1621,1640]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AF9B4FC6AF9FE" box="[883,959,1621,1640]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6F993FA5BF910" box="[143,1422,1650,1670]" gridrow="28" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6F993FEAEF910" box="[143,379,1650,1670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6F993FECEF913" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376366" box="[143,283,1650,1669]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAF993FD7BF910" box="[451,686,1650,1670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">reaches dorsal margin</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AF993FC6AF910" box="[883,959,1650,1670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3F004E8EE6F96EFA5BF935" box="[143,1422,1679,1699]" gridrow="29" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8EE6F96EFEAEF935" box="[143,379,1679,1699]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3FFF958EE6F971FEDFF934" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837510" box="[143,266,1679,1699]" collectionCode="TMP" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" specimenCode="TMP 81.6.1">TMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8FAAF96EFD7BF935" box="[451,686,1679,1699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">stops short</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3F004E8D1AF96EFC6AF935" box="[883,959,1679,1699]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3FFF978E8BF93FFE99FDDF" blockId="36.[143,1423,753,1782]" lastBlockId="38.[143,759,195,1903]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">
|
||
QUANTITATIVE ONTOGENETIC ANALYSIS A quantitative analysis of 84 morphological characters (see Appendix 1) among five individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3FFF958C1BF8DDFD67F8C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[626,690,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958C1BF8DDFD56F8C7" box="[626,643,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3FFF958CF9F8DDFD67F8C7" box="[656,690,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a hypothetical embryo was performed using PAUP v. 3.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3FFF958D47F901FC0AF960" author="Swofford DL." box="[814,991,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Natural History Survey" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" refId="ref17332" refString="Swofford DL. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, Version 3.1. Illinois Natural History Survey." title="PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, Version 3.1" type="book" year="1993">Swofford, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The data matrix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3FFF958AA0F901FA85F960" box="[1225,1360,1760,1782]" captionStart="APPENDIX 2" captionStartId="44.[698,844,644,668]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="APPENDIX 2 DATA MATRIX USED TO RECONSTRUCT THE GROWTH SERIES OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX" pageId="36" pageNumber="515">Appendix 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) was compiled using MacClade v. 3.0 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3FFF958ACFF91FFC42F8A5" author="Maddison WP & Maddison DR." journalOrPublisher="Sunderland, MA: Sinauer" pageId="36" pageNumber="515" refId="ref16585" refString="Maddison WP, Maddison DR. 1992. Macclade, Version 3.0. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer." title="Macclade, Version 3.0" type="book" year="1992">Maddison & Maddison, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and then run in PAUP under ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimizations. One hundred replicates were run under a heuristic search using a random addition sequence, tree-bisection-reconnection branch swapping, with the MULPARS option in effect. Finally, the trees were unrooted and multistate individuals were treated as polymorphisms. The characters were polarized by constructing a hypothetical embryo in which all states were coded as nascent and coded in a fashion analogous to the primitive state of a phylogenetic character (i.e. as ‘0’). The embryo was specified as the outgroup. The oldest specimen was specified using an artificial adult of the most mature characters. The specimen placed in a ‘sister species’ position with the artificial adult was considered to be the oldest adult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD" ID-Table-UUID="DF536608EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" startId="37.[124,188,512,531]" targetBox="[124,1823,658,1579]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF25FDFD" blockId="37.[124,1825,512,619]" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3EFF948E15FDE1FF00FD85" bold="true" box="[124,213,512,531]" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Table 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of the juvenile characters of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3EFF948CF8FDE1FCC8FD85" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376384" box="[657,797,512,531]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="37" pageNumber="516" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3EFF948D3AFDE1FC0AFD85" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376336" box="[851,991,512,531]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="37" pageNumber="516" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
with adults of selected clades of small late Cretaceous theropods from various sources:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948EBCFDFCFEB5FDA6" box="[213,352,541,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Troodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948F04FDFCFDDEFDA6" author="Barsbold R." box="[365,523,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="5 - 22" part="30" refId="ref15668" refString="Barsbold R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica 30: 5 - 22." title="Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America" type="journal article" year="1974">Barsbold, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948C7FFDFCFD4FFDA6" author="Currie PJ." box="[534,666,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1643 - 1658" part="22" refId="ref15919" refString="Currie PJ. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22: 1643 - 1658." title="Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds" type="journal article" year="1985">Currie, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948CCDFDFCFD0DFDA6" author="Currie PJ." box="[676,728,541,560]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948C8AFDFCFCC2FDA6" author="Currie PJ." box="[739,791,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="576 - 591" part="15" refId="ref16009" refString="Currie PJ. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 576 - 591." title="New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948D48FDFCFBDDFDA6" author="Currie PJ & Dong Z." box="[801,1032,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1753 - 1766" part="38" refId="ref16128" refString="Currie PJ, Dong Z. 2001 b. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1753 - 1766." title="New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie & Dong, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948A7AFDFCFB7EFDA6" author="Xu X & Norell MA & Wang X-L & Makovicky P & Wu X-C." box="[1043,1195,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="780 - 784" part="415" refId="ref17393" refString="Xu X, Norell MA, Wang X-L, Makovicky P, Wu X-C. 2002. A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415: 780 - 784." title="A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3EFF948A5EFDFFFBBFFDA6" box="[1079,1130,541,560]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948AD5FDFCFAA0FDA6" box="[1212,1397,541,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dromaeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948BEAFDFCF9C7FDA6" author="Ostrom JH." box="[1411,1554,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1 - 165" part="30" refId="ref16965" refString="Ostrom JH. 1969. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University 30: 1 - 165." title="Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948875FDFCF95BFDA6" author="Sues H-D." box="[1564,1678,541,560]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="381 - 400" part="62" refId="ref17297" refString="Sues H-D. 1978. A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 381 - 400." title="A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="1978">Sues, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF9488F1FDFCF8C8FDA6" author="Currie PJ." box="[1688,1821,541,560]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948E15FDDAFECFFDDB" author="Xu X & Wu X-C." box="[124,282,570,590]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1739 - 1752" part="38" refId="ref17427" refString="Xu X, Wu X-C. 2001. Cranial morphology of Sinornithosaurus millenii Xu et al. 1999 (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1739 - 1752." title="Cranial morphology of Sinornithosaurus millenii Xu et al. 1999 (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China" type="journal article" year="2001">Xu & Wu, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AMNH 6515 (cast); PIN 3143/8 (cast); MOR 747);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948D46FDDBFC08FDDB" box="[815,989,570,589]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ornithomimidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948D83FDDBFBBAFDDB" author="Currie PJ." box="[1002,1135,570,589]" editor="Currie PJ" journalOrPublisher="Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref15954" refString="Currie PJ. 1987. Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, eds. Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Drumheller: Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional papers 3, 52 - 60." title="Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; ROM 840; TMP 90.26.1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948B11FDDBFA20FDDB" author="Parks WA." box="[1400,1525,570,589]" journalOrPublisher="University of Toronto Studies (Geological Series)" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1 - 24" part="26" refId="ref17002" refString="Parks WA. 1928. Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies (Geological Series) 26: 1 - 24." title="Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1928">Parks, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948B97FDDBF90BFDDB" author="Osmolska H & Roniewicz E & Barsbold R." box="[1534,1758,570,590]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="103 - 143" part="27" refId="ref16920" refString="Osmolska H, Roniewicz E, Barsbold R. 1972. A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 27: 103 - 143." title="A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Osmolska
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3EFF948802FDDAF94AFDDB" box="[1643,1695,570,589]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3EFF948881FDDAFF3CFDFD" author="Barsbold R." journalOrPublisher="Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" pagination="1 - 119" part="19" refId="ref15697" refString="Barsbold R. 1983. (Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia). Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions 19: 1 - 119. [In Russian with English summary.]" title="(Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia)" type="journal article" year="1983">Barsbold, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3EFF948C1AFD73F9ADF9BD" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<table id="F92CC420EA3E004E8E15FD73F8CAF9BD" box="[124,1823,658,1579]" gridcols="5" gridrows="24" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FD73F8CAFD33" box="[124,1823,658,677]" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFD73FCA3FD33" box="[627,886,658,677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3EFF948C1AFD73FD2AFD33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376395" box="[627,767,658,677]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="37" pageNumber="516" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFD73FB50FD33" box="[918,1157,658,677]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948DFFFD73FBF4FD33" box="[918,1057,658,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Troodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFD73FA77FD33" box="[1190,1442,658,677]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948ACFFD73FA8AFD33" box="[1190,1375,658,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dromaeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFD73F8CAFD33" box="[1475,1823,658,677]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948BAAFD73F9A4FD33" box="[1475,1649,658,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ornithomimidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FD2CF8CAFD6B" box="[124,1823,717,765]" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FD2CFD87FD6B" box="[124,594,717,765]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Teeth</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFD2CFCA3FD6B" box="[627,886,717,765]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">nondenticulate</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFD2CFB50FD6B" box="[918,1157,717,765]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">nondenticulate and denticulate</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFD2CFA77FD6B" box="[1190,1442,717,765]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">nondenticulate and denticulate</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFD2CF8CAFD6B" box="[1475,1823,717,765]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">nondenticulate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FCE9F8CAFC8D" box="[124,1823,776,795]" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFCE9FCA3FC8D" box="[627,886,776,795]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">narrow lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFCE9FB50FC8D" box="[918,1157,776,795]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">narrow lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFCE9FA77FC8D" box="[1190,1442,776,795]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">narrow lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFCE9F8CAFC8D" box="[1475,1823,776,795]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">narrow lateral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FCC4F8CAFCAE" box="[124,1823,805,824]" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FCC4FD87FCAE" box="[124,594,805,824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Skull bones</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFCC4FCA3FCAE" box="[627,886,805,824]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">lightly built</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFCC4FB50FCAE" box="[918,1157,805,824]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">lightly built skull</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFCC4FA77FCAE" box="[1190,1442,805,824]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">lightly built</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFCC4F8CAFCAE" box="[1475,1823,805,824]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">lightly built</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FCA3F8CAFCC0" box="[124,1823,834,854]" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FCA3FD87FCC0" box="[124,594,834,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Nasomaxillary suture</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFCA3FCA3FCC0" box="[627,886,834,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFCA3FB50FCC0" box="[918,1157,834,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFCA3FA77FCC0" box="[1190,1442,834,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFCA3F8CAFCC0" box="[1475,1823,834,854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FC81F8CAFCE5" box="[124,1823,864,883]" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FC81FD87FCE5" box="[124,594,864,883]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Lateral margins of frontal process of nasal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFC81FCA3FCE5" box="[627,886,864,883]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">parallel</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFC81FB50FCE5" box="[918,1157,864,883]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">parallel</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFC81FA77FCE5" box="[1190,1442,864,883]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">parallel</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFC81F8CAFCE5" box="[1475,1823,864,883]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">parallel</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FC9CF8CAFC06" box="[124,1823,893,912]" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FC9CFD87FC06" box="[124,594,893,912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFC9CFCA3FC06" box="[627,886,893,912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFC9CFB50FC06" box="[918,1157,893,912]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFC9CFA77FC06" box="[1190,1442,893,912]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFC9CF8CAFC06" box="[1475,1823,893,912]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow and narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FC7BF8CAFC5D" box="[124,1823,922,971]" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FC7BFD87FC5D" box="[124,594,922,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Maxillary fenestra</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFC7BFCA3FC5D" box="[627,886,922,971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">caudal to rostral margin of antorbital fossa</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFC7BFB50FC5D" box="[918,1157,922,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">caudal</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFC7BFA77FC5D" box="[1190,1442,922,971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">caudal</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFC7BF8CAFC5D" box="[1475,1823,922,971]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">caudal and at the rostral margin</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FC34F8CAFC7E" box="[124,1823,981,1000]" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FC34FD87FC7E" box="[124,594,981,1000]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Rostral margin of dorsotemporal fossa</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFC34FCA3FC7E" box="[627,886,981,1000]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">indistinct</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFC34FB50FC7E" box="[918,1157,981,1000]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">distinct</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFC34FA77FC7E" box="[1190,1442,981,1000]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">distinct</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFC34F8CAFC7E" box="[1475,1823,981,1000]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">indistinct</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FC13F8CAFBB5" box="[124,1823,1010,1059]" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FC13FD87FBB5" box="[124,594,1010,1059]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Joint surface of postorbital of frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFC13FCA3FBB5" box="[627,886,1010,1059]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">series of grooves and ridges</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFC13FB50FBB5" box="[918,1157,1010,1059]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">pair of facets</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFC13FA77FBB5" box="[1190,1442,1010,1059]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">pedunculate</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFC13F8CAFBB5" box="[1475,1823,1010,1059]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FBCCF8CAFBCF" box="[124,1823,1069,1113]" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FBCCFD87FBCF" box="[124,594,1069,1113]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Joint surface of the lacrimal on the frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFBCCFCA3FBCF" box="[627,886,1069,1113]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">long and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFBCCFB50FBCF" box="[918,1157,1069,1113]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">long and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFBCCFA77FBCF" box="[1190,1442,1069,1113]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">short and narrow and short and wide</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFBCCF8CAFBCF" box="[1475,1823,1069,1113]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB85F8CAFBE1" box="[124,1823,1124,1143]" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB85FD87FBE1" box="[124,594,1124,1143]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Joint surface of the prefrontal on the frontal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFB85FCA3FBE1" box="[627,886,1124,1143]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">long and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFB85FB50FBE1" box="[918,1157,1124,1143]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">prefrontal absent?</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFB85FA77FBE1" box="[1190,1442,1124,1143]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">long and narrow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFB85F8CAFBE1" box="[1475,1823,1124,1143]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">long and narrow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB60F8CAFB02" box="[124,1823,1153,1172]" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB60FD87FB02" box="[124,594,1153,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Frontal processes of the nasal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFB60FCA3FB02" box="[627,886,1153,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">exposed dorsally</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFB60FB50FB02" box="[918,1157,1153,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">exposed dorsally</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFB60FA77FB02" box="[1190,1442,1153,1172]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">exposed dorsally</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFB60F8CAFB02" box="[1475,1823,1153,1172]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">exposed dorsally</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB7FF8CAFB24" box="[124,1823,1182,1202]" gridrow="13" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB7FFD87FB24" box="[124,594,1182,1202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Scar lateroventral to glenoid fossa of the</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB5DF8CAFB59" box="[124,1823,1212,1231]" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB5DFD87FB59" box="[124,594,1212,1231]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">surangular</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFB5DFCA3FB59" box="[627,886,1212,1231]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow groove</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFB5DFB50FB59" box="[918,1157,1212,1231]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">–</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFB5DFA77FB59" box="[1190,1442,1212,1231]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFB5DF8CAFB59" box="[1475,1823,1212,1231]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB38F8CAFB7A" box="[124,1823,1241,1260]" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB38FD87FB7A" box="[124,594,1241,1260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFB38FCA3FB7A" box="[627,886,1241,1260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">dorsoventrally shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFB38FB50FB7A" box="[918,1157,1241,1260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">dorsoventrally shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFB38FA77FB7A" box="[1190,1442,1241,1260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">dorsoventrally shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFB38F8CAFB7A" box="[1475,1823,1241,1260]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">dorsoventrally shallow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FB17F8CAFAB5" box="[124,1823,1270,1315]" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FB17FD87FAB5" box="[124,594,1270,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Dorsal and rostroventral margins of the dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFB17FCA3FAB5" box="[627,886,1270,1315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">meet at a low angle</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFB17FB50FAB5" box="[918,1157,1270,1315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">meet at high and low angles</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFB17FA77FAB5" box="[1190,1442,1270,1315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">meet at high and low angles</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFB17F8CAFAB5" box="[1475,1823,1270,1315]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">meet at high and low angles</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FAABF8CAFACB" box="[124,1823,1354,1373]" gridrow="17" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFAABFCA3FACB" box="[627,886,1354,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3EFF948C1AFAABFD2AFACB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376318" box="[627,767,1354,1373]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="37" pageNumber="516" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFAABFB50FACB" box="[918,1157,1354,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948DFFFAABFBF4FACB" box="[918,1057,1354,1373]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Troodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFAABFA77FACB" box="[1190,1442,1354,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948ACFFAABFA8AFACB" box="[1190,1375,1354,1373]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dromaeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFAABF8CAFACB" box="[1475,1823,1354,1373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3EFF948BAAFAABF9A4FACB" box="[1475,1649,1354,1373]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ornithomimidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FA64F8CAFA0E" box="[124,1823,1413,1432]" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FA64FD87FA0E" box="[124,594,1413,1432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Nasals</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFA64FCA3FA0E" box="[627,886,1413,1432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">rugose</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFA64FB50FA0E" box="[918,1157,1413,1432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth and rugose</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFA64FA77FA0E" box="[1190,1442,1413,1432]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFA64F8CAFA0E" box="[1475,1823,1413,1432]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">rugose</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FA43F8CAFA20" box="[124,1823,1442,1462]" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FA43FD87FA20" box="[124,594,1442,1462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Frontonasal suture</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFA43FCA3FA20" box="[627,886,1442,1462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">W-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFA43FB50FA20" box="[918,1157,1442,1462]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">V-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFA43FA77FA20" box="[1190,1442,1442,1462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">W-shaped and V-shaped</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFA43F8CAFA20" box="[1475,1823,1442,1462]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">V-shaped</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FA21F8CAFA45" box="[124,1823,1472,1491]" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FA21FD87FA45" box="[124,594,1472,1491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Dorsal ramus of lacrimal</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFA21FCA3FA45" box="[627,886,1472,1491]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFA21FB50FA45" box="[918,1157,1472,1491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFA21FA77FA45" box="[1190,1442,1472,1491]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFA21F8CAFA45" box="[1475,1823,1472,1491]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">shallow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FA3CF8CAFA66" box="[124,1823,1501,1520]" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FA3CFD87FA66" box="[124,594,1501,1520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Nuchal crest</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AFA3CFCA3FA66" box="[627,886,1501,1520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFFA3CFB50FA66" box="[918,1157,1501,1520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFFA3CFA77FA66" box="[1190,1442,1501,1520]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAFA3CF8CAFA66" box="[1475,1823,1501,1520]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">smooth</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15FA1BF8CAF998" box="[124,1823,1530,1550]" gridrow="22" pageId="37" pageNumber="516" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15FA1BFD87F998" box="[124,594,1530,1550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">Tubercle for M. depressor mandibulae</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA3E004E8E15F9F9F8CAF9BD" box="[124,1823,1560,1579]" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8E15F9F9FD87F9BD" box="[124,594,1560,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">of the otoccipital</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8C1AF9F9FCA3F9BD" box="[627,886,1560,1579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">low</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8DFFF9F9FB50F9BD" box="[918,1157,1560,1579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8ACFF9F9FA77F9BD" box="[1190,1442,1560,1579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA3E004E8BAAF9F9F8CAF9BD" box="[1475,1823,1560,1579]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="37" pageNumber="516">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978EC1FDB0FE83FCCB" blockId="38.[143,759,195,1903]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
Analysis of the ontogenetic characters resulted in a single branching diagram that arrayed the five specimens along an ontogenetic gradient or growth series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978EFEFD4CFF33FD52" box="[151,230,685,708]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tree is 89 steps long and, excluding uninformative characters, has a consistency index (CI) of 0.97, a homoplasy index (HI) of 0.03, and retention index (RI) of 0.97. Five growth stages can be described in terms of unambiguous character transformations (see Appendix 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA3DFF978EC1FC87FBEEFAF0" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978EC1FC87FD6CF90F" blockId="38.[143,759,195,1903]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
In the first stage (small juvenile, e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978CC2FC87FF31FC0C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376325" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 238471</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the rostroventral margin of the antorbital fossa grades into the lateral surface of the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978EFEFC20FF25FC41" box="[151,240,961,983]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978E97FC23FECEFC4E" box="[254,283,962,984]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). In small juvenile specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978CF5FC20FEE8FC63" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978CF5FC20FEE8FC63" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Albertosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this margin is distinct and is presumably the juvenile condition. Also, in small juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978EE6FBFFFF19FBA5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,204,1054,1075]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978EE6FBFFFF19FBA5" box="[143,204,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the first maxillary tooth is nondenticulate and, in ventral view, the joint surface for the internasal septum is wide, indicating that the septum was disproportionately wide in juveniles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978C7AFB98FDB3FB06" box="[531,614,1145,1168]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to larger specimens (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978FD6FB79FD83FB38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446837509" box="[447,598,1176,1198]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the sagittal ridge that overlies the closed internasal suture is relatively wide, occupying almost one-third the width of the paired bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978F01FB15FE35FA9C" box="[360,480,1268,1290]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[156,234,1737,1756]" captionTargetBox="[186,1404,197,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[186,821,479,1020]" captionText="Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707770/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal and ventral views, the interparietal suture is closed, although it is traceable rostrally in ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978C50FAD0FD60FAD1" box="[569,693,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 2L, M</figureCitation>
|
||
). The nuchal crest of small juveniles is only moderately indented on the midline in caudal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978C1DFA8EFD12FA13" box="[628,711,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[156,234,1787,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[654,1232,933,1087]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707774/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 2P</figureCitation>
|
||
). In larger specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978F00FA6FFDD7FA35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446835510" box="[361,514,1421,1443]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
), this indentation is deep and the sagittal crest projects above the dorsal margin as a triangular projection in caudal view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3DFF978CD2FA2AFF1CF996" author="Carr TD." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref15858" refString="Carr TD. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978EB2FA0BFEA4FA69" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376381" box="[219,369,1514,1535]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
appears to indicate the polarity of the frontoparietal suture in derived tyrannosaurid evolution: the suture is V-shaped in dorsal view, indicating that the transverse condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978C2EF9A4FD22F9CC" box="[583,759,1605,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978C2EF9A4FD22F9CC" box="[583,759,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978EABF984FEBAF9EC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[194,367,1637,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978EABF984FEBAF9EC" box="[194,367,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be derived, while the wedgelike suture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978F5BF962FE04F90E" box="[306,465,1667,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978F5BF962FE04F90E" box="[306,465,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be primitive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978EC1F943FBF0FC4E" blockId="38.[143,759,195,1903]" lastBlockId="38.[807,1423,195,1382]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
In the second growth stage (large juvenile, e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978EE6F921FEF5F940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836513" box="[143,288,1728,1750]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the sagittal crest is present and deep on the frontal, the frontoparietal suture is transverse, and the dentary is deep (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978FD7F91CFDD8F882" box="[446,525,1789,1812]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). The greatest morphological development occurs between stages two and three (subadult, e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978FC4F8DAFD9DF8C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376334" box="[429,584,1851,1873]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
). This is due in part to the lack of specimens to fill the gap between the juvenile and subadult specimens included in the analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978DF4FF00FC39FF6E" box="[925,1004,225,248]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cranial ornamentation is elaborated in subadults, such as the appearance of gnarled nasals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D17FEFEFC18FEA3" box="[894,973,287,309]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Changes necessary for a mechanically optimal large skull are implied by evidence of intracranial buttressing, such as columnar and thick nasals and a deep frontal and parietal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978ACFFE9AFB3AFE06" box="[1190,1263,379,401]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,1437,1703]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978A95FE9AFA5EFE06" box="[1276,1419,379,401]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">15A, B, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D4EFE7BFC91FE26" box="[807,836,410,432]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inflation of bones by the antorbital air sac is reflected by the constricted frontal process of the nasals between the lacrimals, and the short and wide frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978DEAFE14FC1FFD9D" box="[899,970,501,523]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978DBCFE17FC21FD9D" box="[981,1012,502,523]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">9B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D96FE14FB9BFD9D" box="[1023,1102,501,523]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Increase in the mass of the temporal musculature is indicated by the deep dorsotemporal fossa on the frontal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978AD6FDD2FAD2FDDE" box="[1215,1287,563,585]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[156,234,1795,1814]" captionTargetBox="[186,1405,198,1760]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[223,1400,198,1735]" captionText="Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960931/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978B7DFDD2FA56FDDE" box="[1300,1411,563,585]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">15A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), low and wide sagittal crest of the parietal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978B4EFDB0FCEBFD10" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 15G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), lateroventral orientation of the surangular shelf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D1FFD6EFC02FD33" box="[886,983,655,677]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
|
||
), deep surangular and prearticular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D46FD4CFC25FD55" box="[815,1008,685,707]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 17A, B, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), rostral position of the dorsal margin of the prearticular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978A2BFD2DFB10FD74" box="[1090,1221,716,738]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 17D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), and caniniform teeth. Also, the thick nuchal crest reflects hypertrophied cervical musculature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978ACAFCE8FAF2FC89" box="[1187,1319,777,799]" captionStart="Figure" captionStartId="29.[156,234,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,199,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[663,921,508,1076]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707789/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 15J- M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Other changes are less easily accounted for, such as the enlarged marginal alveolar foramina of the maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978D46FC84FC45FCEA" box="[815,912,869,892]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="23.[156,234,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[198,1391,203,1584]" captionText="Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707780/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
), elongate and laterally concave premaxillary process of the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978A36FC65FB03FC0C" box="[1119,1238,900,922]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[156,234,1746,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1402,201,1698]" captionText="Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707778" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707778/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 9B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), and deep and rugose scar lateroventral to the glenoid fossa of the surangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978DDFFC20FBCCFC4E" box="[950,1049,961,984]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="33.[156,234,1684,1703]" captionTargetBox="[196,1395,196,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[196,1396,649,1049]" captionText="Figure 17. Mandibular bones of LACM 23845. Right surangular in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; left angular in medial (C) view; right prearticular in lateral (D), dorsal (E), medial (F), and ventral (G) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4707791/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978D29FC00FBEEFAF0" blockId="38.[807,1423,195,1382]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
In the fourth stage (young adult, e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978A86FC01FA56FC60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376387" box="[1263,1411,992,1014]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761 " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the ridge that encircles the rostroventral margin of the antorbital fossa is obliterated by the thickened nature of the maxilla, the rostral ramus of the lacrimal is grossly inflated such that the ramus is deeper than the pneumatic recess, and the surangular shelf is orientated horizontally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978A28FB79FB45FB38" box="[1089,1168,1176,1198]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the analysis including the artificial adult was equivocal between the two adult specimens, the fifth stage (old adult) is logically represented by
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978A80FB15FA5BFA9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376430" box="[1257,1422,1268,1289]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
because it exhibits additional pneumatic destruction of bone in the antorbital fossa, principally in the interfenestral strut (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13172A05EA3DFF978DB7FAB1FBFBFAF0" box="[990,1070,1360,1382]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" captionTargetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" captionTargetId="graphics@39.[300,1410,198,1788]" captionText="Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C336650BEA3DFF998D0EFA42FBBBF8E6" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978D0EFA42FA85FA2C" blockId="38.[807,1423,1442,1904]" box="[871,1360,1442,1466]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA3DFF978D0EFA42FA85FA2C" allCaps="true" box="[871,1360,1442,1466]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" reason="5">DENTICLE SIZE DIFFERENCE INDEX (DSDI)</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3DFF978D4EFA2AFC0AF8F9" blockId="38.[807,1423,1442,1904]" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA3DFF978D4EFA2AFB87FA77" author="Rauhut OWM & Werner C." box="[807,1106,1483,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" pagination="475 - 489" part="69" refId="ref17116" refString="Rauhut OWM, Werner C. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 69: 475 - 489." title="First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan)" type="journal article" year="1995">Rauhut & Werner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed DSDI as a sizeindependent means of comparing denticle densities (number of denticles per given unit length) among theropods. A purview of the DSDIs obtained for various growth stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3DFF978A46F9A7FBB8F9CD" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1071,1133,1606,1627]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3DFF978A46F9A7FBB8F9CD" box="[1071,1133,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="517">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3DFF978AE8F9A4FB00F9CD" box="[1153,1237,1605,1627]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="40.[143,207,195,214]" captionTargetBox="[143,1422,342,756]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Table 5. Comparison of DSDIs (Denticle Size Difference Indices) in a growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex showing sizeindependent variation. Denticles were counted per 5 mm at the base, midheight and apex of the carinae. Abbreviations: a, apical; b, basal; D, dentary; L, left; M, maxilla; m, midheight; R, dentary; U, unknown source bone; numerals indicate alveolus position" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" tableUuid="DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
) indicates that DSDIs decrease in progressively larger specimens, that is, there are fewer mesial denticles per given unit length than distal denticles in large specimens and there are as many or more mesial than distal denticles in small specimens. Also, the DSDI among dentary teeth is higher than that in the maxilla (e.g.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA3DFF978B2AF91FFCBBF8A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376347" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="38" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AE033BEA3DFF978D14F8FDFC04F8A4" box="[893,977,1820,1842]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="40.[143,207,195,214]" captionTargetBox="[143,1422,342,756]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Table 5. Comparison of DSDIs (Denticle Size Difference Indices) in a growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex showing sizeindependent variation. Denticles were counted per 5 mm at the base, midheight and apex of the carinae. Abbreviations: a, apical; b, basal; D, dentary; L, left; M, maxilla; m, midheight; R, dentary; U, unknown source bone; numerals indicate alveolus position" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" pageId="38" pageNumber="517" tableUuid="DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), indicating that mesial denticles are smaller in the dentary (1.20) than in the maxillary (1.04) dentition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA3CFF968EF5F8C5FA48F8A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960963" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3960963" box="[156,1437,1828,1848]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3960963/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="518" startId="39.[156,234,1828,1847]" targetBox="[179,1412,206,1793]" targetPageId="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA3CFF968EF5F8C5FA48F8A1" blockId="39.[156,1437,1828,1848]" box="[156,1437,1828,1848]" pageId="39" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3CFF968EF5F8C5FEC4F8A1" bold="true" box="[156,273,1828,1847]" pageId="39" pageNumber="518">Figure 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA3CFF968A36F8C4FAF1F8A1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1119,1316,1829,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="39" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA3CFF968A36F8C4FAF1F8A1" box="[1119,1316,1829,1847]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="518">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" ID-Table-UUID="DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF536608EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" startId="40.[143,207,195,214]" subCaptionStartIDs="40.[1270,1420,225,244]" subCaptionStarts="Abbr" targetBox="[143,1422,342,756]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998EE6FF22FE95FEB8" blockId="40.[143,1424,195,302]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998EE6FF22FF3CFF40" bold="true" box="[143,233,195,214]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Table 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of DSDIs (Denticle Size Difference Indices) in a growth series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998A5DFF25FB2DFF40" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1076,1272,196,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998A5DFF25FB2DFF40" box="[1076,1272,196,214]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing sizeindependent variation. Denticles were counted per 5 mm at the base, midheight and apex of the carinae. Abbreviations: a, apical; b, basal; D, dentary; L, left; M, maxilla; m, midheight; R, dentary; U, unknown source bone; numerals indicate alveolus position
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998EE6FEB7FA85FD65" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<table id="F92CC420EA33004E8EE6FEB7FA5BFD62" box="[143,1422,342,756]" gridcols="3" gridrows="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FEB7FA5BFEFF" box="[143,1422,342,361]" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8EE6FEB7FE92FEFF" box="[143,327,342,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Specimen</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8C6BFEB7FC19FEFF" box="[514,972,342,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">DSDIs</th>
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFEB7FA5BFEFF" box="[1159,1422,342,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">DSDI range and average</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FE70FA5BFE66" box="[143,1422,401,496]" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8EE6FE70FE92FE66" box="[143,327,401,496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998EE6FE70FEFDFE32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376302" box="[143,296,401,420]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 238471</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8C6BFE70FC19FE66" box="[514,972,401,496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">LM4m: 1.00m, 1.08a; LM6: 1.00a; RM4: 1.08b; RM5: 1.08m; LD3: 1.21m; RD3: 1.33a; RD4: 1.14a; RD5: 1.20a; RD7: 1.07m</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFE70FA5BFE66" box="[1159,1422,401,496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Range: 1.00–1.33 Average: 1.12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FDE2FA5BFDA6" box="[143,1422,515,560]" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8EE6FDE2FE92FDA6" box="[143,327,515,560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998EE6FDE2FEC1FD80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446836512" box="[143,276,515,534]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8C6BFDE2FC19FDA6" box="[514,972,515,560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">LM3: 1.08m; RM7: 0.92a</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFDE2FA5BFDA6" box="[1159,1422,515,560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Range: 0.91–1.08 Average: 1.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FDA2FA5BFDE6" box="[143,1422,579,624]" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8EE6FDA2FE92FDE6" box="[143,327,579,624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998EE6FDA2FECEFDC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376411" box="[143,283,579,598]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8C6BFDA2FC19FDE6" box="[514,972,579,624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">U: 0.92b, 1.11m, 0.90a; U: 0.93b, 0.83m; U: 1.00b, 0.94m</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFDA2FA5BFDE6" box="[1159,1422,579,624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Range: 0.83–1.11 Average: 0.95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FD62FA5BFD26" box="[143,1422,643,688]" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<th id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8EE6FD62FE92FD26" box="[143,327,643,688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998EE6FD65FE92FD00" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834511" box="[143,327,643,663]" collectionCode="NMMNH" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="NMMNH P-3698">NMMNH P-3698</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8C6BFD62FC19FD26" box="[514,972,643,688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">U: 0.75a, 0.80m, 0.86b; U: 0.86m; U: 0.86a, 0.88m, 0.62b; U: 1.00a</td>
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFD62FA5BFD26" box="[1159,1422,643,688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Range: 0.62–1.00 Average: 0.83</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351C34C2EA33004E8EE6FD22FA5BFD62" box="[143,1422,707,756]" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76CD5DBEEA33004E8AEEFD22FA5BFD62" box="[1159,1422,707,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Total range: 0.62–1.33 Total average: 0.95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998F02FCD2FDCEFCDD" blockId="40.[363,539,819,843]" box="[363,539,819,843]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998F02FCD2FDCEFCDD" allCaps="true" box="[363,539,819,843]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="1">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998E9BFC83FD41FCEE" blockId="40.[242,660,866,920]" box="[242,660,866,889]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998E9BFC83FD41FCEE" allCaps="true" box="[242,660,866,889]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="5">PREMAXILLARY TOOTH VARIATION IN</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998F36FC64FDFDFC0E" blockId="40.[242,660,866,920]" box="[351,552,901,920]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998F36FC64FDFDFC0E" allCaps="true" box="[351,552,901,920]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="4">TYRANNOSAURIDS</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998EE6FC53FD4DFA47" blockId="40.[143,760,946,1489]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998EE6FC53FE0DFC5E" author="Lehman TM & Carpenter K." box="[143,472,946,968]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="1026 - 1032" part="64" refId="ref16494" refString="Lehman TM, Carpenter K. 1990. A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 64: 1026 - 1032." title="A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1990">Lehman & Carpenter (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
consider smooth carinae that converge at midheight of the crown and a bilobed median ridge on the lingual surface to diagnose the premaxillary teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F05FBEFFE25FBB5" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[364,496,1038,1059]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998F05FBEFFE25FBB5" box="[364,496,1038,1059]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The authors consider denticulate and parallel carinae to be characteristic of other tyrannosaurids. It appears this observation is limited to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998F6EFB8BFE72FB16" author="Leidy J." box="[263,423,1130,1152]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="139 - 154" part="11" refId="ref16527" refString="Leidy J. 1860. Extinct vertebrate from the Judith River and Great Lignite formations of Nebraska. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 11: 139 - 154." title="Extinct vertebrate from the Judith River and Great Lignite formations of Nebraska" type="journal article" year="1860">Leidy’s (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998C4BFB8BFD5BFBE9" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[546,654,1130,1151]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998C4BFB8BFD5BFBE9" box="[546,654,1130,1151]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Deinodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where it is clear that the large denticulate crowns are missing the basal region where the carinae converge (1860, pl. 9, figs 35–40). Also, the premaxillary teeth of a new basal tyrannosauroid (NMMNH P-25049) and cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998EE6FAE2FEFBFA8E" box="[143,302,1283,1304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998EE6FAE2FEFBFA8E" box="[143,302,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (ROM 1422) display basally converging, denticulate carinae. Although they do not list it as a diagnostic character,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998FCDFAA0FD22FAC1" author="Lehman TM & Carpenter K." box="[420,759,1345,1367]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="1026 - 1032" part="64" refId="ref16494" refString="Lehman TM, Carpenter K. 1990. A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 64: 1026 - 1032." title="A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1990">Lehman & Carpenter (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also note a bilobed median ridge on the lingual surface of the tooth; this ridge is typical among tyrannosaurids, including cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F48FA7CFE15FA24" box="[289,448,1437,1458]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998F48FA7CFE15FA24" box="[289,448,1437,1458]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (ROM 1422) and a new genus of tyrannosauroid (NMMNH P-25049).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998F32FA19FDFFF986" blockId="40.[347,554,1528,1552]" box="[347,554,1528,1552]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998F32FA19FDFFF986" allCaps="true" box="[347,554,1528,1552]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="1">CONCLUSIONS</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998EE6F9C6FE54F8E6" blockId="40.[143,759,1575,1904]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
Based on the evidence presented herein, it is most parsimonious to identify
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998FEDF9A7FDCEF9CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376390" box="[388,539,1606,1627]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
as a small juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998EE6F984FF19F9EC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[143,204,1637,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998EE6F984FF19F9EC" box="[143,204,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998F6DF984FE4EF9ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376345" box="[260,411,1637,1659]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
as a subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998C56F984FDA8F9EC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[575,637,1637,1658]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998C56F984FDA8F9EC" box="[575,637,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
instead as different genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F30F962FE08F90E" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[345,477,1667,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998F30F962FE08F90E" box="[345,477,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an invalid taxon; the skeletal characters ascribed to it are either plesiomorphic among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F38F920FDC0F941" box="[337,533,1729,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or growth-related. Likewise,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F64F901FDDFF962" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[269,522,1759,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Stygivenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molnari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998F64F901FDDFF962" box="[269,522,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Stygivenator molnari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998C30F901FEF5F885" baseAuthorityName="Paul" baseAuthorityYear="1988" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dinotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megagracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998C30F901FEF5F885" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Dinotyrannus megagracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are invalid. Although Carpenter has suggested the Tornillo Formation of Texas has a large theropod that is not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998F1DF8DDFE64F8C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[372,433,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998F1DF8DDFE64F8C7" box="[372,433,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998C1FF8DDFD66F8C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[630,691,1852,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998C1FF8DDFD66F8C7" box="[630,691,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998CA8F8DDFEA0F8E6" author="Carr TD & Williamson TE." journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="113 - 146" part="17" refId="ref15883" refString="Carr TD, Williamson TE. 2000. A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17: 113 - 146." title="A Review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="journal article" year="2000">Carr & Williamson, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998D52FCD2FAAEFCDF" blockId="40.[807,1423,819,1157]" box="[827,1403,819,842]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998D52FCD2FAAEFCDF" allCaps="true" box="[827,1403,819,842]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="5">LATE MAASTRICHTIAN TYRANNOSAURID DIVERSITY</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998D4EFCBAFC73FB13" blockId="40.[807,1423,819,1157]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
Currently, there is evidence for only one tyrannosaurid species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998DC3FC9BFC3DFC19" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[938,1000,890,911]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998DC3FC9BFC3DFC19" box="[938,1000,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in late Maastrichtian strata of western North America. This contrasts with the diversity in the late Campanian, where the occurrence of two genera in the same unit is not uncommon (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998B22FC34FC5CFB9C" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998B22FC34FC5CFB9C" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998DA7FC15FBABFB9F" box="[974,1150,1012,1033]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998DA7FC15FBABFB9F" box="[974,1150,1012,1033]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Dinosaur Park Formation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998DC4FBF2FB9FFBBF" author="Russell DA." box="[941,1098,1043,1065]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref17193" refString="Russell DA. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also during the late Campanian, different tyrannosauroid species were present in different regions of the west at approximately the same time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998A53FB56FBA9FB59" blockId="40.[807,1423,1207,1638]" box="[1082,1148,1207,1231]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998A53FB56FBA9FB59" allCaps="true" box="[1082,1148,1207,1231]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="1">DSDI</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998D4EFB01FA5AF9F0" blockId="40.[807,1423,1207,1638]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
The variation in DSDI in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998A24FB00FB5FFB60" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1101,1162,1249,1270]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998A24FB00FB5FFB60" box="[1101,1162,1249,1270]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates that individual and ontogenetic variation in this index must be defined before it is used to supplement taxonomic referrals (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998DA2FADDFB31FAC4" author="Rauhut OWM & Werner C." box="[971,1252,1340,1362]" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="475 - 489" part="69" refId="ref17116" refString="Rauhut OWM, Werner C. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 69: 475 - 489." title="First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan)" type="journal article" year="1995">Rauhut & Werner, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, the DSDI in the juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998A23FABAFB5DFAE6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1098,1160,1371,1392]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998A23FABAFB5DFAE6" box="[1098,1160,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998AF9FABAFAFDFAE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376368" box="[1168,1320,1371,1392]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
matches that of a tooth (1.33) referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998AAAFA98FB81FA38" authority="Rauhut & Werner, 1995" authorityName="Rauhut & Werner" authorityYear="1995" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Dromaeosauridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B71EA33FF998D46FA79FB99FA38" author="Rauhut OWM & Werner C." box="[815,1100,1432,1454]" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" pagination="475 - 489" part="69" refId="ref17116" refString="Rauhut OWM, Werner C. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitschrift 69: 475 - 489." title="First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan)" type="journal article" year="1995">Rauhut & Werner, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The total range of DSDIs for the growth series is 0.62–1.33, which virtually encompasses that obtained by Rauhut & Werner for Theropoda, 0.60–2.33 (1995); when theropods with apomorphically fine mesial denticles are excluded (Velociraptorinae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998D90F9D0FB78F9D0" box="[1017,1197,1585,1606]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Richardoestesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998D90F9D0FB78F9D0" box="[1017,1197,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">Richardoestesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the range is 0.60– 1.20, which is encompassed by the variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998B23F9B0FA5DF9F0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1354,1416,1617,1638]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998B23F9B0FA5DF9F0" box="[1354,1416,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998A63F979FB79F926" blockId="40.[807,1423,1688,1904]" box="[1034,1196,1688,1712]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
<heading id="D0DB81ECEA33FF998A63F979FB79F926" allCaps="true" box="[1034,1196,1688,1712]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" reason="4">SIGNIFICANCE</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B933680EA33FF998D4EF920FBBBF8E6" blockId="40.[807,1423,1688,1904]" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">
|
||
LACM is currently the only museum that holds a growth series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998D8BF901FBCAF963" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[994,1055,1760,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998D8BF901FBCAF963" box="[994,1055,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998A42F901FB17F963" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376350" box="[1067,1218,1759,1781]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
helps to fill in the gaps in the growth series between the meter-long skulls of adults and the 60-cm skull of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998A9DF8FCFA5FF8A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446834510" box="[1268,1418,1821,1843]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B443CDDEA33FF998D4EF8DDFC15F8C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396376418" box="[807,960,1852,1873]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1032652&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="40" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="LACM 28471">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
extends our knowledge of the morphology of small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D03EA33FF998DD3F8BAFC22F8E6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[954,1015,1883,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="40" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958EA92EA33FF998DD3F8BAFC22F8E6" box="[954,1015,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="519">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
juveniles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |