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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="26613" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn &amp; Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="C1FA30475967674FD05DAAACA79A0C59" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum nigrescens M. Martens &amp; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12 (1): 140. 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1732687555302" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C70FBFF1B15A67D317CF069731DFBDC4">A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D11544E33C4CC94EC3FD9453052E49AD">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF9A1E2CF172647AF080D701551EEC3D">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67C7AB6CFA3E4A3E13036FDAB3BF4DD4">Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6D7EA2950D69951AC40234A79B3FCB41">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="C1FA30475967674FD05DAAACA79A0C59" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330210" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1FA30475967674FD05DAAACA79A0C59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1FA30475967674FD05DAAACA79A0C59" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="4AC60676DF7C9586E1850AC0DFC52A78" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="48BF056696500D9CCF98B4EA9B22E11C" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
9.
<taxonomicName id="265F0B63316311059B481C3207C91FC8" ID-CoL="4Y3GX" LSID="118DF8C8-BEE6-5464-B5C9-DA3A5713EA21" authority="M. Martens &amp; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12 (1): 140. 1845" authorityName="M. Martens &amp; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12 (1): 140." authorityYear="1845" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">Solanum nigrescens M.Martens &amp; Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 12(1): 140. 1845</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="39CCA4F336AE3DE30C2C9BDB059F599C" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Solanum nigrescens M. Martens &amp; Galeotti. A New shoot B flower C inflorescence with mature fruit (A-C Ventura A. 672). Drawing by L. Ribulgo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305326" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Figures 27</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="CFA173BD01D2D3EED8441499F9439A85" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Solanum nigrescens M. Martens &amp; Galeotti. A Leaves B flowering branch C inflorescence with flowers at full anthesis D developing fruits (A-D Amith F 0055). Photos by M. Gorostiza Salazar." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305327" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">, 28</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4E3E2A98798F1851ECF0974CEB9A8E8F" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E5D10310DCD169DFF793F558D477107E" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="DCE82367898D7DF4509F962BE9AF4C58" authority="Jacq." authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum var. puberulum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="puberulum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. puberulum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. United States of America. Texas: [Bexar County] &quot;Mexico, Bejar&quot;, Oct 1828,
<emphasis id="9BE509EDFD15CD0A54D928641B60353D" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">J.L. Berlandier 1904</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="AB6A3BB3DBB91C79629B58284AC8CC4F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 103 [as holotype]: G-DC [G00144231]; isotypes: MO [acc. # 5481286], NY [NY00743232], P [P00319514], W [acc. # 0022313]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E5C704B400CCBE305DB40D7D5A1BF13E" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="5DFB18D3335BAE627A082CFF8A91E356" authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caribaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caribaeum">Solanum caribaeum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 48. 1852. Type. Jamaica. Sin.loc., [protologue - &quot;In insulis Caribaeis, Jamaica,
<normalizedToken id="7F08B23E3B480F8DE7E554134893CAF6" originalValue="Guadalupâ”">Guadalupa&quot;</normalizedToken>
], no date,
<emphasis id="BBE8221AA238842708EC81D558274717" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="6CA22466BC1E25D80168853B525331D0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="9DEA89AEB97EE368DF0742CA7A8B1730" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735: G-DC [G0000144199]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B0916C0D2879D6E1FCB59C2FA3ED8A12" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="D1871B303F3E84F13519ED68749C87C0" authority="Dunal" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum crenatodentatum var. ramosissimum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="crenatodentatum" variety="ramosissimum">Solanum crenatodentatum Dunal var. ramosissimum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 54. 1852. Type. United States of America. Louisiana: &quot;Basse Louisiane&quot;, 1839,
<emphasis id="A8BEE5A4FE32BB3C1B8440DE1265EC0D" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G.D. Barbe 82</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00362535]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="797F47D60F67EE1B43D9109F25532610" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="E1152ADF6EE113FCDAF9F8E5138100A7" authority="L." authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1891" baseAuthorityName="M.Martens &amp; Galeotti" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="nigrescens">Solanum nigrum L. var. nigrescens</taxonomicName>
(M.Martens &amp; Galeotti) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 455. 1891. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="874ABD8225E5BFCBB263B6BD2D6F5FF2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">Solanum nigrescens</taxonomicName>
M.Martens &amp; Galeotti
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40C698488225E5DBE3A241EFCBAE77F9" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="D3AF2DE729D57ED3B46F96E45454901E" authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="amethystinum">Solanum nigrum L. var. amethystinum</taxonomicName>
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 455. 1891. Type. Costa Rica. San
<normalizedToken id="D22F6D764A3F0C7891FEDD37871C327C" originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
/Cartago:
<normalizedToken id="0B3A48270EFD6B1AD81E7A22BD43DB3C" originalValue="“Irazu”">&quot;Irazu&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 24 Jun 1874,
<emphasis id="C84238082929D043F5DCC84F69F20A3B" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">O.E. Kuntze s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: NY [NY00688134]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C84972C474708262FD9BFFCEF398218C" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="E308E97CE1E76559818860E2788BB90B" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum prionopterum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prionopterum">Solanum prionopterum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 5. 1912. Type. Venezuela. Distrito Federal: &quot;Caracas, in arena ad rivulum in valle loci dicti Valle&quot;, 25 Mar 1854,
<emphasis id="039407284A327BA887A1A395938508F2" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">J. Gollmer s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2699], possibly the same original material as the type of
<taxonomicName id="2D978C31BD62D03B5456D182826A04FC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">S. gollmeri</taxonomicName>
; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AED58643CC96BA81E6575A46AD0C8C0A" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="D24F100AF0E9106D45BB42E05DFFB9B1" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">Solanum gollmeri</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 202. 1912. Type. Cultivated in Berlin (&quot;horto bot. Berol.&quot;) from seeds sent from Caracas, Venezuela by J. Gollmer, 1859,
<emphasis id="74F3134EE1D07EA8694ADAA074D2D107" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Without collector s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2689]; lectotype, designated here: F [V0361922F, acc. # 621268], mounted on sheet with F neg. 2689).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F8793DF1C275FEBECC10AA809FD864CF" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="517AAF6E5D944EF59A05895F819E3585" authority="Dunal" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pruinosum var. phyllolophum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pruinosum" variety="phyllolophum">Solanum pruinosum Dunal var. phyllolophum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 77. 1913. Type. Cultivated in Europe, seeds from Mexico from David Fairchild as USDA-32065 [protologue &quot;sub. no. 32065, Mexico,
<taxonomicName id="D32D5189D58FB2B86594C8C073B8C686" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
&quot;] (no specimens cited, probably described from living plants; original material at B?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03BADB530F1F87B4B8853E60AC8EFCAE" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="EFC39697018DD0AE26E8E4A0FDECA996" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum subelineatum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subelineatum">Solanum subelineatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 79. 1913. Type. Cultivated at Bremen from seeds from Mexico sent by U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, no. 32067 (original material in Bremen?, destroyed; possibly described from living material).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CBF22BC535096376101D6AE10EBF6859" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="795C3A190F991931EAC7C0D3EF9F224D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oligospermum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligospermum">Solanum oligospermum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 80. 1913. Type. Mexico. Oaxaca: Sierra de San Felipe, 7500 ft., Oct 1894,
<emphasis id="0C38EF240B2213A34B246D4F161A6DA8" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">C.G. Pringle 4948</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="4A80F54723D7E6816D93F46F793BFF1E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 108 [as holotype]: Z [Z000033841]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001017184], BR [BR0000005537983], E [E00570141], GOET [GOET003559], HBG [HBG511469], KFTA [KFTA0000498], NDG [NDG45082], NY [NY00139012], PH [PH00030459], S [acc. # S-G5704], US [US00027711, acc. # 251984; US01014256, acc. # 1418095], W [acc. # 1895-0004424]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A6052D281DAADAEAADE4AAA3702FD6A" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="49D70A38EF996EAC9DF7659A5F24AA94" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum durangoense" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="durangoense">Solanum durangoense</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 82. 1913. Type. Mexico. Durango: &quot;prope urbem Durango&quot;, Apr 1896,
<emphasis id="2CFA434F699829575E2E4800DC5B5FD8" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">E. Palmer 101</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="6B582FAD416B7EA939E5D0BF9AA36A6D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="028ADF29A7430DD320EF79940A22FB26" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 738: US [US00027556, acc. # 304231]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001034665], F [V0073093F, acc. # 51213, F. neg. 052464], K [K000063870], MO [MO-568723, acc. # 1718478], NY [NY00138982]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCD2363B0CA01261EB4E1DAEBCB9AC45" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="6D3362F4B85B10D8FF296D708FC10CCA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum purpuratum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpuratum">Solanum purpuratum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 85. 1913. Type. Bahamas. Andros Island: Coppice, near Fresh Creek, Northern Section, 28-13 Jan 1910,
<emphasis id="543CCB308F667D5C8CB625290674346C" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">J.K. Small &amp; J.J. Carter 8805</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00369223]; isotypes: F [acc. # 283797], K [K001161011], NY [NY00111385], US [US00027765, acc. # 758168]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EF56C4BEE08ECC36DCBBCDB72D40AD5" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="6A81430D522B8C133263A25702BCEA28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum approximatum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="approximatum">Solanum approximatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 86. 1913. Type. Jamaica. Saint Andrew: Hardwar Gap, 4000 ft., 17 Jun 1903,
<emphasis id="446193E2BFD54534D45C976075A59DBD" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">G.E. Nichols 89</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00111374]; isolectotypes: F [F0073167F, acc. # 147000], GH [GH00077545], MO [MO-503650, acc. # 1815480], US [US00027456, acc. # 429037], YU [YU065289]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50F735D189188D9F0B1BFD1AE195B983" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="B9BDD319DE98935482357D1E9F817EDF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amethystinum">Solanum amethystinum</taxonomicName>
(Kuntze) Heiser, Ceiba 4: 296. 1955. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName id="463EB36AD79993E868872ABB010B405E" authority="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="amethystinum">Solanum nigrum L. var. amethystinum</taxonomicName>
Kuntze
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6BA6D94A63CF5F074D1E2E5494492363" lastPageId="65" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="E0BAD6CAFE702F1B562F7629A4BE53FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum costaricense" order="Solanales" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costaricense">Solanum costaricense</taxonomicName>
Heiser, Ceiba 4: 297. 1955. Type. Costa Rica. Heredia: La Paz, by waterfall, on road to Vara Blanca, about 29 mi. from Heredia, 1400 m, 13 Sep 1953,
<emphasis id="4AD064E53AB54D8A2C4393260C1BE6DB" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">C.B. Heiser 3536</emphasis>
(holotype [two sheet
<pageBreakToken id="8759D8A141DF18CD7EE790D93E243104" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" start="start">holotype</pageBreakToken>
]: IND [IND1000067, acc. # 95105; IND1000068, acc. # 95106]; isotypes: CORD [CORD00004189], US [cited in protologue, n.v.]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="856342B0246180960B66066BF153E917" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2855350BF5CE7253EC7008BBDB6448F0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C780570A2D186738481F1DE5950A367" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Mexico. Oaxaca:
<normalizedToken id="C81EB842693BED0A2497D3970B291D14" originalValue="“Cordillera”">&quot;Cordillera&quot;</normalizedToken>
[&quot;aux bords des ruiseaux de la cordillera de Yavezia&quot;], Nov-Apr 1848,
<emphasis id="46733AA8CF3F42D58D09BBD79C5C851F" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">H. Galeotti 1238</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="A8D84430EF6E03B35D08293AB100446F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="4A74A228BB0086085E102C185243380F" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 737: P [P00337261]; isolectotypes: BR [BR000000825045, BR0000008250483], W [acc. # 0022312, acc. # 1889-0291397]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="925FB7ED5B3DD1BF40927666B338D277" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
<paragraph id="844B10D3CC34A69970CB05FBE28A0CFD" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CAF31843CD14839E954985588C6B9D5E" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Perennial herbs to 3 m tall, sometimes epiphytic. Stems terete or more usually angled to ridged, green or sometimes tinged purplish green, usually lax and somewhat scrambling, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent with antrorse simple eglandular uniseriate trichomes to 1 mm long, these white when dry and usually somewhat curved, occasionally on older stems the trichome bases enlarged and forming spinescent processes; new growth more densely pubescent. Sympodial units difoliate, geminate or not, the leaves if
<pageBreakToken id="EDE061F36C59D7524031FA5A814FEED0" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" start="start">paired</pageBreakToken>
of similar size and shape. Leaves simple, (1.5)4-10.5(15) cm long, (0.5)2-5(7.5) cm wide, elliptic to elliptic ovate, membranous; surfaces sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple eglandular uniseriate trichomes to 1 mm long, these denser on the veins and abaxially; principal veins 5-6 pairs; base abruptly attenuate, usually decurrent on the petiole; margins entire to sinuate or dentate, the teeth irregular and unevenly spaced, often larger in the basal half of the lamina; apex acute or occasionally acuminate; petiole 0.5-2 cm long, sparsely pubescent like the stems and leaves. Inflorescence 1-3.5 cm long, lateral and internodal, unbranched to occasionally forked, with (2)5-10 flowers clustered at the tip (sub-umbelliform) or spaced along the rhachis (depending on inflorescence age), sparsely pubescent with antrorse simple eglandular trichomes like the stems; rhachis 0.3-1 cm long; peduncle 1-2.5 cm long, slender, spreading; pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long, slender and threadlike, spreading at anthesis, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the apex, sparsely pubescent like the inflorescence axis. Buds ellipsoid with blunt tips, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube long before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1-1.2 mm, conical, the lobes 0.5-0.8(1) mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, broadly deltate to deltate, the apices acute or occasionally somewhat rounded. Corolla 8-10 mm in diameter, white or less often pale purple, with a green or yellow-green (very occasionally dark purple) central portion near the base of the lobes, stellate, lobed ca. 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, narrowly triangular, reflexed or spread
<pageBreakToken id="3642C38308C9D8D725B73C0F58E34295" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" start="start">ing</pageBreakToken>
, densely papillate abaxially, the papillae ca. 0.1 mm long, denser at the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-2 mm long, densely pubescent adaxially with tangled simple trichomes; anthers 2-2.8(3) mm long, 1-1.1 mm wide, yellow, ellipsoid or narrowly ellipsoid, sagittate at the base, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 3.5-5 mm long, usually somewhat curved, often exserted from the bud before anthesis, densely pubescent in the basal 2/3 (the portion inside the anther cone), exserted from the anther cone; stigma minutely capitate, the surface papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 6-8 mm in diameter, dull green to purplish black at maturity, opaque, the pericarp thin and usually matte but sometimes slightly shiny; fruiting pedicels 10-12 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, not markedly woody, spreading, dropping with mature fruits or occasionally remaining on the inflorescence rhachis; fruiting calyx not accrescent, tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 0.5-1.1 mm long, spreading and appressed to the berry, very occasionally somewhat reflexed. Seeds (5)10-50 per berry, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 1-1.1 mm wide, tear-drop shaped, pale brown to yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells square or pentagonal in shape, becoming elongate and rectangular near the subapical hilum. Stone cells 4-13, mostly commonly 5 or 6, rather large ca. 0.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number:
<emphasis id="A4D86C6EA8737815BD38A6C98B995106" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">2n</emphasis>
=2
<normalizedToken id="B9ABF117F34E564746D6C7E3B38288E0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
=24 (
<bibRefCitation id="EEAB177F9895F216636131506F547563" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B105" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="592D10E0380B4DA374303A5B08AF2AFC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. costaricense" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costaricense">
<emphasis id="0DC75DA66FC32D5B498F5905100E50EA" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">S. costaricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="CF43A321681CA0E823517B6EC9A2E14B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, Jr CB" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B109" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="78043F59CA85D5BC4EDE0AA522B94A31" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
<emphasis id="3FEE06A1D9A598EACA3A59E2098C9403" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="475189BB9F387F148E122428BBFE0D6E" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240798" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305326" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
<paragraph id="C09452FE1E65555A1A233C60B7A0D8CB" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="AA0CA7600FCDD516FB02592B2D0B42BF" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figure 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="938B58E61B37988ECC69BF2483E95223" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DA30D6104859903689F30F0D207C4B5D" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Martens &amp; Galeotti.
<emphasis id="8C634CDCD2D3B9ABC3C0F546E635A9BF" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
New shoot
<emphasis id="EC4B55080958BED1D2BCA6E3E8145D1D" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">B</emphasis>
flower
<emphasis id="2C8B0C9DDF7311766EBBBC95F2F09F07" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">C</emphasis>
inflorescence with mature fruit (
<emphasis id="EF9EE4192B1484DF5FD453A3641AFB99" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A-C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="8160E50C25DD9E9C75FE86407F6E4939" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Ventura A. 672</emphasis>
). Drawing by L. Ribulgo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="077F6FA6B7E47767FD3ADF600C3BA5B8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240800" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305327" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 28" startId="F28">
<paragraph id="0C2BDB8B58C43E7BC0D9D793A742C076" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="8C1CDE27D40568845B752880059A2D21" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figure 28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E0C96655ECECC19DCA5393F40F6D5C15" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="7719AA287D1B0A720C357D9B6122AB4C" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Martens &amp; Galeotti.
<emphasis id="62CDAB6F2ED21F199883B2CEA6DEB079" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
Leaves
<emphasis id="E9F332F2336A2EAC1016B2AAAE8169B1" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">B</emphasis>
flowering branch
<emphasis id="A0D4803638A16BFAFC79850254D78ACD" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">C</emphasis>
inflorescence with flowers at full anthesis
<emphasis id="3DC960CD7FAB84EA2B6EBAC4AF6029BE" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">D</emphasis>
developing fruits (
<emphasis id="0446FAF9A5F7FAAC18FEAFE75BF8AE8F" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">A-D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BAB8C378169278F0FA6A26B0408369B4" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Amith F0055</emphasis>
). Photos by M. Gorostiza Salazar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A2842C6FA7E32A9780E3D0B3B8509BD9" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B1CD9F1DBF95F9BC7D26BA2DAF3DB8A5" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1AA66D0373BEBEBED96F6CF335400816" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
(Figure
<figureCitation id="70E2A6F2C910CA7E42B6591D62C6C174" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Distribution of Solanum nigrescens M. Martens &amp; Galeotti (points in northern South America included to show continuous distribution)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305328" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">29</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="5FE1D9676BCA3D43E750585B0A16135F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="CBB7BE6247E6F903BA2D7DAD340B9B2E" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species ranging from the southeastern United States of America through Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean; in the southeastern United States of America it is found along the Gulf Coast and slightly inland but does not extend to the Great Plains.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3BA58266E4BBC45E6EE32C1E7C900F50" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240802" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305328" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 29" startId="F29">
<paragraph id="215EF3FB938D61767E1125979CF422D2" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="97ECD79AEF6CED8580D09AD2B27577DC" bold="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figure 29.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="E802F94156A3F9043DDBCBDA42DF1D18" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="06AF4C407C32D2C083CD2030E4DB9CAC" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Martens &amp; Galeotti (points in northern South America included to show continuous distribution).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="87BC9D094A273B63E2A60D1C41433088" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="66633787CB2ACE37AD87AD64698BE9CE" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B4C9D4245330AA0263A4DCF3077EB71" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="0310E54778C58697070BCB3C0615EB0C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="C9F926969A0851E954AC14E061326B1C" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most commonly collected from open areas in cloud forests, deciduous forests and pine forests between sea level and 3,000 m elevation in the region, but most common at lower elevations (ca. 1500 m) in Central America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="333BB2DB35AA8EED1105A8F6A5FF097E" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="common names">
<paragraph id="A5FC2B66D6772F3926781871AB6D3687" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DB673302C3FED53BB587FDD228CFC88" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
United States of America. Divine nightshade (
<bibRefCitation id="B8E09758E3D650274D44D686F33A294C" author="NatureServe" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://explorer.matureserve.org" refId="B169" refString="NatureServe, 2017. NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available http://explorer.matureserve.org" title="NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available" url="http://explorer.matureserve.org" year="2017">NatureServe 2017</bibRefCitation>
, although the record of this species from Hawaii is certainly in error). Mexico and Central America. Hierba (yerba) mora (many sources). Mexico [Campeche] Chilillo (
<emphasis id="A37925DEBA881FD0B3ADCFFB9A19E07B" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Chan 6138</emphasis>
), [Chiapas]
<normalizedToken id="57303765170291C4DBCEC6BE3893F126" originalValue="Cha’uku">Cha'uku</normalizedToken>
(Lacandon,
<emphasis id="8A15D32A486D0A911BE1A8EC0D3F78C2" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="158C0221717CF216E8EC3EA525892E85" originalValue="Lévy">Levy</normalizedToken>
&amp;
<normalizedToken id="68B412E630419ABD5D482950FF3BD6B7" originalValue="Durán">Duran</normalizedToken>
253
</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken id="BB48593AD5C41162DAFC02F84B25D2BF" originalValue="Ch’il">Ch'il</normalizedToken>
wamal (Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="EC49299388D72F053D1335D0E7FDFCED" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="1B68465641F410C35D296E1A2C2FAA55" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="6A71D6876D1CC2FBF2BBA7F60F2C80E5" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
332
</emphasis>
), Moen (moem,
<normalizedToken id="3A11FA08D14D5E81FD075700C47997C7" originalValue="mu’em">mu'em</normalizedToken>
) (Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="C997A86917F1844408109E90D4A04A9E" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Isidro V. 764</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="88C895F40E00E8B6F4ABEE283928A60D" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Mendez Ton 4546</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A2FB078FB64CDD93A2F95AD1D298605E" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">6419</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="3011617CE456D90CC00E408924DE943A" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="53AF224B4F673AD78F3E184573AB0AAB" originalValue="Reyes-García">Reyes-Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 7431
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="8157A91AD6FD5C2F251EF847D6018E7A" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Shilom Ton 7625</emphasis>
), Moral wama (Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="0D4EFD493953B4F4622D033A6F8AA7EA" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="2723F8BA9CAEB1EDCBB370C3164BBB35" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9DC983E985F5633C5BED07BA66B3A0D0" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
309
</emphasis>
), Mu Itaj (Tzotzil,
<emphasis id="8DEE6A183945382627A3B6E0AD5D2C68" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="0EDF403D9561AD8F609B4EE96FF4F1B5" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="523FF10AE7B974877652FDC62BD2DA25" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
159
</emphasis>
), Tukumal ejal (Tzotzil,
<emphasis id="58DA1624DC5ACA074C68B3EB75646AFD" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="2E692F1F3E5286CCAC2004A7DBDAB6D5" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="9EE1F9CB9A8739F788F9DCDE0A880795" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
76
</emphasis>
), [Durango]
<normalizedToken id="AFE5CF55EFCA112E7CF05ACD617A8F23" originalValue="Capulín">Capulin</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="A7417930B329BFE38079F728CFDA31A0" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="EC6F11E4B94B83745B4966E8C1C85533" originalValue="González">Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
1410
</emphasis>
), [Guerrero] Yao narambo (
<emphasis id="B984E4DBCC447FEE15FE40E9BC0CC6C1" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Wagenbreth 120</emphasis>
), yuwa tii (
<emphasis id="80C3298D4FC4C82BAD60E4AC89D5E9DF" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Avila 52</emphasis>
), [Hidalgo] Tomaquilit (
<emphasis id="BEF78AF07CAE3032FAE8CFEF743A83AB" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Villa 48</emphasis>
), [
<normalizedToken id="9B92BDE5802936B0BA5F42AF4B5B7FB6" originalValue="Michoacán">Michoacan</normalizedToken>
] Hierba de golpe (
<emphasis id="5C368895D9D74D0A4ED6BC7695E57597" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Hinton 5709</emphasis>
), [Oaxaca] Bishate (bishte, bisnate) (
<emphasis id="0646389C4C0CD98403150F7EF46567C0" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Elorsa C. 27, 4724</emphasis>
), Bzat (Zapotec,
<emphasis id="0DA713766B9B68B273E2DC8D4B698B96" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Hunn OAX-838</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken id="4A2AB6D59F44445F565C3E9F406D3842" originalValue="Mahuán">Mahuan</normalizedToken>
(Chinantec,
<emphasis id="D99F1925E37F7379B30FDFDB757208B8" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="5DDF2F91D19C5D08D3C6060EF20C12BE" originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="AE77F30C5841DF567EDEE60322B8AA3C" originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
778
</emphasis>
), Pchfuzch-yaas (Zapotec,
<emphasis id="3B112986DCDA0552B7C9099BCB9730E0" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Hunn OAX-1056</emphasis>
), Pipitzco (
<emphasis id="5C18428B7970E7B966FA608C9A6AA6D4" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Macias Acevedo 13</emphasis>
), Quizh-jpchuux-las (Zapotec,
<emphasis id="08A41878284FEEE072A7979AD6155BBF" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Hunn 1849</emphasis>
), Tomatal montes (
<emphasis id="92AE25832FECF5A2B901AF7D8C32A562" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Zarate Marcos 546</emphasis>
), Tonchichi (
<emphasis id="A2AEDF66214229D47DE7629D2E0EB701" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Camacho 20</emphasis>
), [Puebla] Barbechos (
<emphasis id="DB603ACE07CC85619423E6ABB24275FD" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="62899280C4DF37F0E4D7B4018C1B6906" originalValue="Solís">Solis</normalizedToken>
M. 4904
</emphasis>
), Quelite de jitomate (
<emphasis id="562605AD126FB3DD4DA2C4A8B8D6FA75" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="8C74BE11B5D61F0163DF39C074C6B0E2" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
Chimil JDA-30419
</emphasis>
), Teconchichi (
<emphasis id="A36BEADD21982F79D4622566516A0B7A" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Tlapa &amp; Ubierna 162</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="28E6229C1F3013815FE6F59DBF068D8E" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">232</emphasis>
), Tomalkilit (Nahuat,
<emphasis id="6DB1ECCC452FFDC8955BB22F99932990" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Ledesma et al. JDA-20153</emphasis>
), [Sonora] Chichiquelite (
<emphasis id="2279F2FE7FE45BBC42D7823FF9236947" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Felger et al. 1361</emphasis>
), Mamya (Yaqui,
<emphasis id="7A4399B4E93DAAF7903D821FEB86262E" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Felger et al. 1361</emphasis>
), Mombia (mambia) (Mayo,
<emphasis id="B698196BF2A8888AB2C1C74A50CA6E32" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Van Devender et al. 93-1012</emphasis>
), [
<normalizedToken id="44B64CE710EE88710EFA4AE48313D885" originalValue="Yucatán">Yucatan</normalizedToken>
] Berenjena xiu (
<emphasis id="A008F1483365E5602A24B2E85FB8F187" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="3E92B9B489985BDB82B5E99A3A0CB342" originalValue="Enríquez">Enriquez</normalizedToken>
315
</emphasis>
), Chilillo (
<emphasis id="024BE67EF943596791019D977F5AA3C0" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="140B18B77FC7492C87A81F3CCD7297E4" originalValue="Góngora">Gongora</normalizedToken>
137
</emphasis>
), Ik koox (
<emphasis id="29914CD2AA3D5A6C13E0C469D71C79D4" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="C632CC2E845A4EFE9FD16DD439D11BC2" originalValue="Ucán">Ucan</normalizedToken>
Ek 4360
</emphasis>
), [Veracruz]
<normalizedToken id="2EC87C40101EC7A4DBC2FFA5CDA7F708" originalValue="Mustulúk">Mustuluk</normalizedToken>
(Totonaco,
<emphasis id="CCA6C5CCBD650ECAB4DCA460F32715BB" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<normalizedToken id="603A17553A6111EA949CF99C90A8C72A" originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
156
</emphasis>
),
<pageBreakToken id="EDF0F9796643FE9FEDD3058A9D029716" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" start="start">Tomatito</pageBreakToken>
de sabana (
<emphasis id="7C322CC3B41FAF87D733D68FA43244F3" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Murrieta 56</emphasis>
). Guatemala. Ix
<normalizedToken id="30E4DFE47C192A89E7EC95BB3609A49D" originalValue="ch’yauk’">ch'yauk'</normalizedToken>
(Mopan Maya,
<emphasis id="DF5C52E22D37CCAD14C2B273F0A430B4" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Ventur 27</emphasis>
), Macuy (
<emphasis id="71F7284A59A6BB331A205823C15D6021" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<normalizedToken id="6EB6CCBDCCA3CB51124EEA7686EAC0AE" originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
&amp;
<normalizedToken id="7823C0B8A50DE50205EB840371D080A2" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
397
</emphasis>
). Panama. Kabur gi (Kuna Yala,
<emphasis id="E656C724599FA088ED3BBDE5D69A1B6C" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">de Nevers et al. 7484</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8447E0D1EAFDB9E8E704989C438B6629" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="uses">
<paragraph id="BB60E3DFD9C3C375948061B5E910E483" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8D5E2F6F890103B34EA9B4C283F918C9" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
Leaves widely used a potherb (
<normalizedToken id="376B5EE8B70088E0D9CA34A22C30CAF8" originalValue="“quelite”">&quot;quelite&quot;</normalizedToken>
) in Mexico and Central America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9EBF01FA5CD86758489203DDC7A256A" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
<paragraph id="066D6358D2762209618DC7C15F51F8F5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
Preliminary conservation status (
<bibRefCitation id="708854B348A85E0F9C13C58D529400A7" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4FFA0CE28C25EEF849D43803198FD223" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
Least Concern (LC).
<taxonomicName id="24CEF6F97B0E5B45D718E00B74BC016A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B755D86C1B7F5D56551A98164A37F022" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread and weedy in the southern United States, throughout Mexico and Central America and in the Caribbean; it also occurs in northern South America. It has been registered as a noxious weed of agriculture in Louisiana (
<bibRefCitation id="57528C26EBC1A56F742076AD5F5A87EB" author="Orgeron, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="23 - 43" refId="B176" refString="Orgeron, AJ, Schilling, EE, Urbatsch, LW, Ma, Q, 2018. Solanum nigrescens, a potentially problematic Black nightshade species in Louisiana sugarcane. Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists 38: 23 - 43" title="Solanum nigrescens, a potentially problematic Black nightshade species in Louisiana sugarcane." volume="38" year="2018">Orgeron et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). For EOO see Table
<tableCitation id="8707D9035A879030D91B8FFC79853403" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CE9C44933C02C33C6CBBB37C7EBE2504" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6D2C3E7E10DB7F828D7CF2593C86D79F" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86FF229D1B4E5009761B2DCF91CE7822" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName id="98D35A05D8FBF4D9B29FD6A36AC770A0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="3FF51C91F78F35B029CCD4A931CE6612" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the commonest and most widely distributed of all morelloid species in Central America of America and the Caribbean. It is very variable morphologically, perhaps due to its wide ecological tolerance and occurrence in many different habitats. It is sympatric or occurs parapatrically with
<taxonomicName id="BC66E1625DBD4B42EAE6902E78F6E027" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="54B6B0E7684947848D92F2C103605388" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="7F6612E1F08CE16C449AEF0ABC296A47" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="675BDE0E9234D42B6F9D601AA5E25341" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in Mexico),
<taxonomicName id="FD94A56C6D2FF23003DD8C537237EDFD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis id="1BED695F3E5815349C86590250E75BEE" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="331B5E3E6DB5DEC1021D379C9C11B29A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pseudogracile" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudogracile">
<emphasis id="D2EBCAE5ACA2D527E2ECD13AF25D9EA3" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. pseudogracile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It may hybridize with
<taxonomicName id="527780D69D9E46C22C00BA123ACE17E6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="CCCD17AE382E1271AD1E69F286002E5B" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the southeastern United States (see discussion under
<taxonomicName id="C4961635A68C98E43C00876960B2BD51" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="3688212F8C9C5F4A13B4ECBF0DCD348C" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Distinguishing features of each of those taxa can be found in the discussions of those species.
<taxonomicName id="722E42814554C32330B973A88526A734" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="9F0E4992EC657EA4E939CB95AB7432A5" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a perennial and has been reported to be epiphytic (
<bibRefCitation id="35411FE75691E98E3DF6C4C2CAA52933" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="BD338035643396F5EEF7C0D513137BEE" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="87227DCA6F86A5485CB45F8F9C22406A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B55" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
). Where it and
<taxonomicName id="15D62C8C8738AB39AB0DC9025A899E57" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="1C9C679ABB9885CA864AEB5DBFAF168F" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in sympatry, the matte berries with appressed to spreading calyx lobes of
<taxonomicName id="B6C4502DBEBD924489DC18EB4898DA97" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="8D70AF496938C1D3C2314DAF4AEC777A" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct from the shiny berries with strongly reflexed tiny calyx lobes of
<taxonomicName id="25E49E52ED0FA2A4B12AB9DB7E705C46" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="11722002633E85619262365A7796DA0A" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; anther length also differs (0.7-1.5 mm in
<taxonomicName id="70F0D069BC27A041DBAEDA35CA6B6AA0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="30FF17273BEA7700256239CFB0B46247" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus 2-2.8(3) mm in
<taxonomicName id="FE8911994194B6E876B17E9D184F155D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="499F2E2806F5C75AFE81461C92CDB510" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In central Mexico, were
<taxonomicName id="F43AF8844B44E1B11B0D31EC42F8C731" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="DE0417563E644AA303FC336B0BE2FE22" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="68B04A6787C2DCF8A4E4D5003BF4A14E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="0F0AEFC3785A8F00461E19785C5DC327" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur, anther length (3-4 mm in
<taxonomicName id="81253E8C98EAC9F4E90625567813A707" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="BDBD86196DE66FF4FF61EA0F790403BC" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus 1.8-2.5 mm in
<taxonomicName id="D8FE390B600DEAD44713D182CFE9007E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="D65B1673D2DBA6C94D96D0824DE92679" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is a good distinguishing feature; in fruit, these two taxa can be almost impossible to tell apart.
<bibRefCitation id="D2A233E9128E1E7A97493270434CDB6E" author="Nee, M" editor="Sosa, V" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 158" refId="B170" refString="Nee, M, 1993. Solanaceae II. Solanum. In: Sosa, V, Ed., Flora de Veracruz, Fasciculo 72. Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa: 1 - 158" title="Solanaceae II. Solanum." volumeTitle="Flora de Veracruz, Fasciculo 72." year="1993">Nee (1993)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="640394B1D53112D3A35F334307DC40A8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="404F9F56040DEF12532DA0E9A0AD0663" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to occupy wetter forest types than does
<taxonomicName id="18E1314A3EDAABD10196A6D294759011" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="537D96B6179EE742455FBCAAD4FD9AE8" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but did not have not enough material from Veracruz to make the distinction. We find that the two species occur in very similar habitats, but that
<taxonomicName id="5ABB52D05877D920FE429640754F064A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="AB784BE427A6D3BBE796E9C203B0A0CF" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a more Caribbean species on the eastern side of the Sierra Madre and around the Gulf of Mexico, while
<taxonomicName id="7812609A85766D6827320C5C847E5613" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="CCF508A295B958A787235455F9E9D778" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken id="336EB073476C733F9182764E27287790" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" start="start">occurs</pageBreakToken>
along the Pacific coast and into central Mexico, but also does occur in the Chihuahuan Desert biome. Specimens from Quintana Roo identified as
<taxonomicName id="C659F7D3BD9130DDF518603F426A4578" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis id="3C9DDD4559C54330B9885189AC5C249D" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="746367A0A40FFF7EF0517B7B23F874E2" author="Sousa, SM" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refId="B221" refString="Sousa, SM, Cabrera, CEF, 1983. Listados floristicos de Mexico. II. Flora de Quintana Roo. Instituto de Biologia UNAM, Mexico." title="Listados floristicos de Mexico. II. Flora de Quintana Roo. Instituto de Biologia UNAM, Mexico." year="1983">Sousa and Cabrera (1983)</bibRefCitation>
are
<taxonomicName id="7E5C8E97CFB3AE51430A5942A8934FC7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="98892C124F4A190F49D6D0506B0B0FBA" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="5825F3E0011C838139D94495A9DC44C4" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Cabrera 875</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="8B16734FD20AD97287837457A0A960DE" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">1151</emphasis>
). Like most of these morelloid species, it is very weedy and occupies a wide range of disturbed and undisturbed habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00F56B0C2A362EC96625C23349DC794F" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
In the southeastern United States (e.g., Texas) the distributions of
<taxonomicName id="381B575A6D7E42EDEBF0735FD5FFA439" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="575E57F1C26F76E0EDF122EF8FF55ED8" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BB1BBF2FDBB63626E943CA95C25B01E7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis id="E12E443CCC149EBB8FAC3BC71E5A774F" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very close if not interdigitating.
<taxonomicName id="9FA4101C1313938DEF5A0D977A2BBC0A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="C789E542DA33B54D733A8638ED4BC0DB" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="1CAD71F667447F6ADB9C9234920782E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis id="0E7740C89DD112BFBDFD55C0F8F5075D" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its smaller seeds, more numerous stone cells in the berry and usually acute calyx lobe apices. The unusual pedicel articulation of the basal flower (in the lower third of the pedicel) in the inflorescences of
<taxonomicName id="268103DB221BCF601376CB287E2B9165" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis id="FA2C0E0D36D1050E643196B92A03E991" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been seen in
<taxonomicName id="B7C3C758670F9CF2C3DD38EF9659324D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="F383CD20014EE7F4938EC15466104598" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4B9BC1DCA7399F9AC480876EC4B3EB40" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="D589933D73E679D316EFD194C11AB284" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also appears to occur in more mesic and coastal habitats than
<taxonomicName id="6824CB8C74C03574DDA62F6B8E85150A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interius" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interius">
<emphasis id="23F70C258F11EDA032EFC4454FF286DE" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. interius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a species of the Great Plains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5801C260C4C241816FD232DE6609E7E9" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
Material identified as
<taxonomicName id="E8BF2EBDDF9FEC5844FB08AD259CF638" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="136634833104EC62FF9CC50D9BD66625" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="5C374C62953E3F8C988A83D5F491D734" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B152" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
represents specimens of
<taxonomicName id="6893FE19CD656878EA62A52C7E703764" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="06DC618C0AAE5A92A672D21BAB8469A5" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="C7721D78296841DC313230D2702A61C9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="EF47BD62A7DCB594BFBC1B8BCBCB52D3" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 61).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="899F5FB1FB25259737F95D48225391CB" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation id="72C9486BB57B20887FCD67838581C232" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="114 - 163" refId="B23" refString="Bitter, G, 1914. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber das Vorkommen von Steinzellkonkretionen im Fruchtfleisch beerentragender Solanaceen. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 23: 114 - 163" title="Weitere Untersuchungen ueber das Vorkommen von Steinzellkonkretionen im Fruchtfleisch beerentragender Solanaceen." volume="23" year="1914">Bitter (1914)</bibRefCitation>
reported large numbers of stone cells in the berries of many of the names we consider synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="79F2A38DBFB0B015EE7F09D123BAE944" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="8AD8739CCB3DED79AED2F7FC62E42816" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In general,
<taxonomicName id="61BB99617074442F0C97F0B7BF785F07" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="2E705B5827CED3638D2C09DABF1FFC29" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more stone cells in its berries than does the similar
<taxonomicName id="ABB487B9C652FD8C4503DB8AC90CDB25" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="F8E04170C4AF4FCCBA4ACCBF2FD9457F" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these can be difficult to see as some of them are very tiny.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E59367297E4475272CE944A1CD7DE0C" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation id="9ED3DFEBAF1F27505B4E13DC44C7C43C" author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited several specimens in describing
<taxonomicName id="7320FC63E432632026E361DF573B013D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum var. puberulum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" variety="puberulum">S. nodiflorum var. puberulum</taxonomicName>
, all from the Candolle herbarium at G: &quot;Carolina meridionali,
<emphasis id="C0D87C180B3391F5BD8E86538C9E8C7E" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fraser</emphasis>
&quot;, &quot;Florida,
<emphasis id="EB7A570142068CE9FB148B1B5B8EB3A3" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Mich.f.</emphasis>
&quot;, &quot;Mexico circa Bejar,
<emphasis id="3133247E6A10CCA655AD9E98B771FD60" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Berlandier 1904</emphasis>
&quot; and &quot;China,
<taxonomicName id="A290E9A5425D3E9C69E37C810F8F5215" genus="Staunton" lsidName="Staunton" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1DFA90106C1BCB035D8028E2AFEEF1A7" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Staunton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;. Of these, the Fraser collection is a mixed collection composed of two tiny fragments of
<taxonomicName id="CC515C3F6A2C5990BD35BD28995D0EDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="E237AAC81080AEFD2336BBC38CBD3C8B" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G00144217) and one larger fragment of
<taxonomicName id="D546CED588808A98188C16A58E60BD2E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="annuum">
<emphasis id="A084D7DCFAE58B51B2C6BB6E9F7A88DE" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Capsicum annuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (G00144268), mounted on the same sheet is a tiny fragment of
<taxonomicName id="9D375C254BF18B22786606E171AB2DA2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="42CCD81BAD3850C517204B42EFFB2696" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attributed to Michaux filius (G00144264), and the
<taxonomicName id="A58BDC7AFF5BE18202466073EBA7888F" genus="Staunton" lsidName="Staunton" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">Staunton</taxonomicName>
sheet (G00144265) is of a plant of
<taxonomicName id="115DB54DC4B0F1783EBE3CB2DE725B1C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="F58E7E3E3544B936C53D030273399B75" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Edmonds inadvertently (see
<bibRefCitation id="0A6DE8888E3289A68B243FBA5DE65EEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" author="Prado, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination=": 651" refId="B184" refString="Prado, J, Hirai, RY, Moran, RC, 2015. (046-048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications). Taxon 64 (3): 651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" title="(046 - 048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" volume="64" year="2015">Prado et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) selected as the lectotype for this name the sheet of
<emphasis id="62379A6055E1B246984190311357EEA0" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Berlandier 1904</emphasis>
held in G-DC (G00144231) by citing it as
<normalizedToken id="A8B1DAFCE932E52D6572D8DFEB14F895" originalValue="“holotype”">&quot;holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
; this is fortunate because it is unambiguous, was cited by
<bibRefCitation id="016B02AA7917294668155237F7DAC240" author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
, and has duplicated in several other herbaria. When Berlandier was collecting, southern Texas was part of Mexico, and Bejar was the name for what today is San Antonio, the capital of Bexar County.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD49D7691303D92F5103325A7AFDB900" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation id="F971815C724310ED4DE9B398CBA03BFC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="62E7D741B67BA16120EE3250A01B51A0" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1974a)
</bibRefCitation>
lectotypified
<taxonomicName id="6236D58DF9B872419D6B2909D293E635" authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum caribaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caribaeum">
<emphasis id="FF8AB700EEC3305AF6724FF95CBBFDB1" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Solanum caribaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
citing a specimen from Jamaica in &quot;G-DC ex Kew&quot;. In the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="2350AE645CB2DD1E1C86E92C35FD277E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. caribaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caribaeum">
<emphasis id="81650A80423D8EEB4982C49AC84E1F7A" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. caribaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="5EE9BA86E8BD1FB29E1874D60328EA5F" author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited &quot;In insulis Caribaeis, Jamaica,
<normalizedToken id="F6B6F1B94C6AAD253B956856822715D8" originalValue="Guadalupâ">Guadalupa</normalizedToken>
(ex h. DC)&quot; suggesting that more than one specimen was consulted. In G-DC there is a single specimen with the label &quot;S. caribearum Nob. 1835&quot; (G00144199) that is the only element of unambiguous material we have seen, and we designate this sheet in a second stage lectotypification. It is clear that more than this single sheet was used in the preparing the description, G00144199 has only fruits and the description has details of both flowers and fruits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1DB85004741703BD82C824E635BD4B6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation id="99432C9FDE867418680F9B11EB17B54A" author="Kuntze, CEO" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refId="B140" refString="Kuntze, CEO, 1891. Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig; Dulau &amp; Co., London." title="Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig; Dulau &amp; Co., London." year="1891">Kuntze (1891)</bibRefCitation>
equated his
<taxonomicName id="921F1BC176BE3BF0689FC8C0D1805779" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum var. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="amethystinum">S. nigrum var. amethystinum</taxonomicName>
with &quot;
<taxonomicName id="F32EAF840DD750313AB855CD11077B70" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
subsp. genuinum Sendtn.&quot; a name not validly published (see
<bibRefCitation id="0187EFF31391388C4FF38427E8842481" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="B1BDB09361ADA90CC7F79457C5F3BF02" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
) and distinguished it by its violet flowers. He did not explicitly cite specimens but did cite the locality &quot;Costa Rica. Irazu&quot;. We have selected the specimen in
<normalizedToken id="945C881B8F43A26591A555791575FA7D" originalValue="Kuntze’s">Kuntze's</normalizedToken>
herbarium held at NY (NY00688134) as the neotype for this name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ABE2C667AC376DD3F0BA713E1A1EBF07" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
Both
<taxonomicName id="E4FC124962357B6365EC172BB74D4543" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. prionopterum" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prionopterum">
<emphasis id="8F241C3701DCC4931ADFF18BF0AA74C8" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. prionopterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B9DDB588601A0260296AFBCCB43FF282" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110103" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B20" refString="Bitter, G, 1912a. Solana nova vel minus cognita II. VIII. Weltere sudamerikanische Morellae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 11(1-3): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110103" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita II. VIII. Weltere sudamerikanische Morellae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 11 (1 - 3): 1 - 9." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110103" year="1912 a">Bitter 1912a</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="04D688642F1536702C01F99CF8D0AE32" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">
<emphasis id="6B22B949C7403F2D9AAA8ED59EA73BBA" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">S. gollmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="62364E2D26E53412C078AB8EDF90D413" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110917" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B21" refString="Bitter, G, 1912b. Solana nova vel minus cognita III. IX. Weltere sudamerikanische Morellae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 11(9-15): 202-230. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110917" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita III. IX. Weltere sudamerikanische Morellae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 11 (9 - 15): 202 - 230." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110917" year="1912 b">Bitter 1912b</bibRefCitation>
) were described from material collected by J. Gollmer around Caracas, in two separate publications. It
<pageBreakToken id="AF30883CE5A962DD3B54CA7C0D17F5E2" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" start="start">is</pageBreakToken>
likely that the seed collection grown in Berlin in 1859 that was used to describe
<taxonomicName id="EACBC6C1DAE2D32256C126C362D541F7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">
<emphasis id="DB110B983AFFE134FBDAC186A86CFC14" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. gollmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was derived from the same material collected in 1854 in Venezuela. The holotypes in B for both these names were destroyed; the photograph of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="42E74190080778F084BF8D8E887A9CE2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">
<emphasis id="FBB8CF24ADC7E7380F79FE1B969EF92F" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. gollmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F neg. 2689) has a tiny leaf fragment attached, but no such material is associated with the photograph taken of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="0E9F7AF2E2489768CD4CD0AD06DC6221" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. prionopterum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prionopterum">
<emphasis id="ED93AA774D3BE5AAD61F110F8166C0CA" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. prionopterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F neg. 2699). We designate this fragment (F-621268) as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="4807BD7B0D10C9F99DEA81E265ED0A57" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. gollmeri" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gollmeri">
<emphasis id="9263A801D2D8212B9B8C53A7C32FA2C8" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. gollmeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it is not, however, original material for
<taxonomicName id="3AB6D807157E11AD6E910053D4F6796E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. prionopterum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prionopterum">
<emphasis id="B8DA6B300569F6869D0B434FAD6EE149" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. prionopterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we hope a duplicate of the Gollmer collection from 1854 used to describe
<taxonomicName id="147979B7E4E291C50B5FA0A827EB5C35" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. prionopterum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prionopterum">
<emphasis id="665BE4068D9788DFED5394DAD460D772" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. prionopterum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will eventually be found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="663B1B3D72A8DAE220FC390B0EBAD323" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<bibRefCitation id="F08B32F0A637E4A1A6263DB3FA34EAA6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="F9E6962C33BAAE5DF16BD753A710550F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pruinosum var. phyllolophum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pruinosum" variety="phyllolophum">S. pruinosum var. phyllolophum</taxonomicName>
from living material originally sent by David Fairchild of the USDA as No. 32065; he cited no specimens. In the Germplasm Resources Information Network of the USDA (
<bibRefCitation id="D2E7573982CCD4D86DB132256770ACB9" author="USDA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" publicationUrl="https://www.ars-grin.gov/" refId="B245" refString="USDA, 2017. Germplasm Resources Information Network. https://www.ars-grin.gov/" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network." url="https://www.ars-grin.gov/" year="2017">USDA 2017</bibRefCitation>
) the germplasm accession PI-32065 is recorded as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="11CA3CE2AA0151EBD0E746BC6C3C0463" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
&quot; collected by C.A. Purpus in Puebla, Mexico.
<bibRefCitation id="0A6A0D286C77FC615D718A0193B165F4" author="Fairchild, D" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="1 - 60" refId="B87" refString="Fairchild, D, 1912. Seeds and plants imported during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1911: Inventory No. 29; Nos. 31939-32368. Bulletin 261: 1 - 60" title="Seeds and plants imported during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1911: Inventory No. 29; Nos. 31939 - 32368." volume="261" year="1912">Fairchild (1912)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the exact locality as &quot;Esperanza, Puebla, 2,700 m [9,850 feet]&quot;. We have not yet seen a collection made by Carl Purpus with this exact information, hence do not designate a neotype until we have searched more exhaustively for a collection with the correct locality. It may be Purpus only collected seeds, and not herbarium specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="085C0CD36269DC9BC103236FA70BFC05" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<bibRefCitation id="DCB6EA6FA1E8773FD4E35247E307983D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="AD49AADC8D6810D67CE42D5DF87F6582" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. subelineatum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subelineatum">
<emphasis id="B563A35AE2CE2AA8B44E9FF78A8DF19E" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. subelineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from living material original sent from the USDA as No. 32067 grown in the Bremen botanical garden; he cited no specimens. In the Germplasm Resources Information Network of the USDA (
<bibRefCitation id="2E3A877F75466F63168769EBB3DBBFB5" author="USDA" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" publicationUrl="https://www.ars-grin.gov/" refId="B245" refString="USDA, 2017. Germplasm Resources Information Network. https://www.ars-grin.gov/" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network." url="https://www.ars-grin.gov/" year="2017">USDA 2017</bibRefCitation>
) the germplasm accession PI-32067 is recorded as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="AE791A9347F73E7611D2968F872958DF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
&quot; collected by C.A. Purpus in San Luis
<normalizedToken id="535D6005038898DC9B575283B009FA87" originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
, Mexico. Fairchild (1913) recorded the exact locality as &quot;Rascon, San Luis
<normalizedToken id="2DEE7C98D00DD677F8D9374CA37E260C" originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
, 400 to 500 m [1,300 to 1,650 feet]&quot;. As with
<taxonomicName id="C76604B259187963F54DE28B7C07C5D1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pruinosum var. phyllolophum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pruinosum" variety="phyllolophum">S. pruinosum var. phyllolophum</taxonomicName>
we refrain from lectotypifying this anticipating encountering a duplicate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="984AED7536D13EFDC0170EFA14752C23" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
In describing
<taxonomicName id="2695CAC95363FAB67A65C705258EBB96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. oligospermum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligospermum">
<emphasis id="5BC6D96028E708C0FE148C6A0254FBEB" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. oligospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="C880F149CC3660534DFDEE3CB56F8C28" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
cited two specimens of
<emphasis id="CC205CAB5491092A3D51430417EC71C5" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Pringle 4948</emphasis>
at &quot;herb. Haussknecht.!, Turic.!&quot; (today JE and Z).
<bibRefCitation id="3937BDD08F4EC33D31768EAF26F23751" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
inadvertently lectotypified this name with the Z sheet by stating &quot;(Z holotype!)&quot; (see
<bibRefCitation id="C2F6294EFF862F2ECED15A957FAB824E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" author="Prado, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination=": 651" refId="B184" refString="Prado, J, Hirai, RY, Moran, RC, 2015. (046-048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications). Taxon 64 (3): 651, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" title="(046 - 048) Proposals concerning inadvertent lectotypifications (and neotypifications)." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/643.29" volume="64" year="2015">Prado et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). We here specify the individual sheet (Z000033841) in that herbarium that is the lectotype. There are many well-preserved duplicates of this collection (see synonymy), all with flowers and fruit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD186D0D62C631BC19B1EBC2564AA1EE" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="3DE06539B89BE8ACC984883AE4283948" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum approximatum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="approximatum">
<emphasis id="6EE9E26D9DFE27C1BE7144FA2DD80B19" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Solanum approximatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="48039DAA9AF08C109BB69A794797F888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. durangoense" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="durangoense">
<emphasis id="F993A885C59CAD5C80EB18807C4D0AE7" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. durangoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="05E4992BD2CEEA93A6C9410573E51EF2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. purpuratum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpuratum">
<emphasis id="2F096134F030B9F6FD7E67E8212C70E8" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. purpuratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described (
<bibRefCitation id="864928B33483C68435F432959AD60BED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter 1913</bibRefCitation>
) from B sheets that are now destroyed. We have selected lectotypes for these names from the large number of extant duplicates, using the best-preserved sheets with both flowers and fruits (if possible).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A6890ED4E38A0BC00D50967696136FA" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
Many specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BA9DE0D8EBA0A7FE438D8E089D8288E7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="C991185EFC22F068B0F5253086D50713" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Venezuela in US were annotated as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="7DA4E4853819CD61C8AABA16F775D345" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. jahnii" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jahnii">
<emphasis id="821918A6625DCE04A19802C3A94EF59B" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. jahnii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter&quot; by C.V. Morton, a designation not validly published (nomen nudum) based on
<emphasis id="840D4A4829593C0AC90BC9C22962D2A0" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Jahn 588</emphasis>
. That collection corresponds to
<taxonomicName id="AC47917AD9FBB0E7C89D63F2DE9C5E77" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. interandinum" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="interandinum">
<emphasis id="F25B01B035F2ED2C2BA3E45E0EC5EAC8" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. interandinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter, a taxon not known from Central America or Mexico.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90B0540E20A1BC706A2800804C169AB2" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<bibRefCitation id="F22920BBAE358A672AC929BC57EC0778" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B105" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser (1955)</bibRefCitation>
cited only IND as the type in the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="34C29688CC7AB3D5A2C8F15B7A44731F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. costaricense" order="Solanales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costaricense">
<emphasis id="8EC30A8B92D33A21A9F448AF291CCB3E" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">S. costaricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two sheets in IND are labelled
<normalizedToken id="33303A0953D1E17205648F27A8A95BEB" originalValue="“Type”">&quot;Type&quot;</normalizedToken>
. The sheets are clearly labelled as &quot;sheet 1&quot; and &quot;sheet 2&quot; and we interpret them as a two-sheet holotype (see
<bibRefCitation id="EAB017FDE5F22817BCF58A8205EBBD9E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="B244" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koelz Botanical Books, Glaeshutten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koelz Botanical Books, Glaeshutten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 8, Ex. 7). IND-1000068 is the better material, with flowers and complete vegetative material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="82EC4C6CFB335730E7E84023718F90C1" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="95AD6A4988942E6ED76E575F97B77768" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C250BA7A193A224E155ED07E71ED204" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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