361 lines
45 KiB
XML
361 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.26879/891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990295" approvalRequired="202" approvalRequired_for_document="2" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="175" approvalRequired_for_treatments="23" checkinTime="1597772865363" checkinUser="torsten" docAuthor="Dale E. Greenwalt, Daniel J. Bickel, Peter H. Kerr, Gregory R. Curler, Brian V. Brown, Herman de Jong, Scott J. Fitzgerald, Torsten Dikow, Michal Tkoč, Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" docDate="2019" docId="571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9" docLanguage="en" docName="greenwalt_etal_2019.imf" docOrigin="Paleontologia Electronica 22 (2), No. 50" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Bruchomyiinae Alexander 1921" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="AB265C13FFAEFFB21318FF0FAF31C65B" masterDocTitle="Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1636465287172" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dale E. Greenwalt</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daniel J. Bickel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peter H. Kerr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gregory R. Curler</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brian V. Brown</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Herman de Jong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott J. Fitzgerald</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Torsten Dikow</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">F8869067-4618-4CCE-960C-E8A107F162FB</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4816-2909</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Michal Tkoč</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christian Kehlmaier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dalton De Souza Amorim</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Paleontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="numero">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.26879/891</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3990295</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A6C79E56-3CCC-484E-B6AF-EAEEE1695FF6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection box="[318,666,1242,1267]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[192,795,166,1838]" box="[318,666,1242,1267]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[318,494,1242,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
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incertae sedis
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[443,541,1274,1299]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[192,795,166,1838]" box="[443,541,1274,1299]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<figureCitation box="[443,541,1274,1299]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[843,934,618,641]" captionTargetBox="[845,1438,162,590]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[845,1438,162,599]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Bruchomyiinae sp., USNM 619952. 1, Right wing; 2, Drawing of the right wing. Scale bar equals 1.0 mm (1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990311/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" location="Department of Paleobiology" municipality="Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCode="USNM 619952" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kishenehn Formation" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[192,795,166,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,313,1319,1344]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<typeStatus box="[192,309,1319,1344]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[333,540,1317,1345]" collectionCode="USNM" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">USNM 619952</specimenCode>
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, deposited in the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9:DA69C3A6FFA2FFBE13D8FA47AD1BC33F" box="[192,554,1352,1380]" country="United States of America" county="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" municipality="Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member" name="Department of Paleobiology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Washington">Department of Paleobiology</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9:DA69C3A6FFA2FFBE112DFA47AE97C3DD" country="United States of America" county="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" municipality="Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member" name="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Washington">National Museum of Natural History</location>
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(NMNH),
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9:DA69C3A6FFA2FFBE1135FA65AE3DC3F2" country="United States of America" county="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" municipality="Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member" name="Smithsonian Institution" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Washington">Smithsonian Institution</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[280,438,1421,1449]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Washington</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[450,704,1421,1449]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[719,784,1421,1449]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,368,1456,1481]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFFA2FFBF1226FBD5AB44C7F9:DA69C3A6FFA2FFBE13D8FABFAFCDC392" box="[192,252,1456,1481]" country="United States of America" county="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" municipality="Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member" name="Type" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Washington">Type</location>
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horizon.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingMunicipality pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<collectingCounty box="[380,712,1455,1481]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Middle Eocene Coal Creek</collectingCounty>
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Member
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</collectingMunicipality>
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, Kishenehn Formation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[192,795,166,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,360,1520,1545]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type locality.</emphasis>
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Disbrow Creek site, Middle Fork of the Flathead River (Pinnacle,
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<collectingRegion box="[543,651,1552,1577]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Montana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[661,722,1551,1577]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</materialsCitation>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[192,795,166,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,476,1584,1609]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Based only on the wing,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[192,368,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
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by the following combination of character states: measured at their greatest value, distance from base to apex at least three times that of anterior to posterior wing margin; five radial veins present; base of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[359,371,1786,1806]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1</subScript>
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prominent, thickened, setose; apex of CuA reaching wing margin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,987,762,787]" box="[840,987,762,787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading bold="true" box="[840,987,762,787]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,987,762,787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1442,810,1234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Two wings (Figure 8.1-2), the left wing missing a portion of it postero-apical end, attached to remnants of the mesosoma.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1442,810,1234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,927,906,931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Wings.</emphasis>
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Wing length,
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<quantity box="[1115,1231,906,931]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.08" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.08">3.08 mm</quantity>
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,
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<quantity box="[1250,1362,906,931]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.02">1.02 mm</quantity>
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wide; macrotrichia not present/preserved. No costal breaks beyond base. Distances from wing base - Rs fork - Sc terminus - r-m - R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1205,1241,1012,1032]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2+3</subScript>
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fork - wing apex are 1.08, 0.22, 0.12, 0.25 and
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<quantity box="[1196,1303,1039,1064]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35 mm</quantity>
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; ratio of the length of the stem of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1115,1152,1081,1101]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2+3</subScript>
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to the length of the fork is 0.5. Apex of wing between R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1216,1228,1118,1138]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4</subScript>
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and R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1309,1321,1118,1138]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5</subScript>
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. M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1360,1372,1118,1138]" fontSize="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</subScript>
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originating at the end of second basal cell (i.e., at r-m).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1442,810,1234]" box="[840,1128,1176,1202]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,952,1177,1202]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<typeStatus box="[840,948,1177,1202]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Allotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Sex unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1442,810,1234]" box="[840,1148,1208,1234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1077,1208,1234]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Syncompressions.</emphasis>
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None
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,953,1257,1282]" box="[840,953,1257,1282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading bold="true" box="[840,953,1257,1282]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,953,1257,1282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1441,1305,1906]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Approximately 150 genera and 3,020 species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[871,1024,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
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have been described (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pape, T. & Blagoderov, V. & Mostovski, M. B." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="222 - 229" part="3148" refId="ref41881" refString="Pape, T., Blagoderov, V., and Mostovski, M. B. 2011. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. Zootaxa, 3148: 222 - 229." title="Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758" type="journal article" year="2011">Pape et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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); although estimates suggest the actual diversity is much greater (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Ibanez-Bernal, S." editor="Brown, B. V. & Borkent, A. & Cumming, J. M. & Wood, D. M. & Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A." journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="293 - 300" refId="ref44473" refString="Wagner, R. and Ibanez-Bernal, S. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies). p. 293 - 300. In Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E., and Zumbado, M. A. (eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera: Volume I. NRC Research Press, Ottawa." title="Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Manual of Central American Diptera: Volume I" year="2009">Wagner and Ibañez-Bernal, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). In addition to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[1096,1277,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
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, there are an additional six subfamilies including
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<taxonomicName authority="Stebner et al., 2015" authorityName="Stebner" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Datziinae">
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Datziinae
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<bibRefCitation author="Stebner, F. & Solorzano Kraemer, M. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Wagner, R." journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1423" part="3" refId="ref44002" refString="Stebner, F., Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., Ibanez-Bernal, S., and Wagner, R. 2015. Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae). PeerJ, 3: e 1423. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1423" title="Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">Stebner et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which are known only from fossil species. Despite their occurrence in a variety of habitats and frequent numerical abundance (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[847,1006,1593,1618]" journalOrPublisher="American Entomologist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="180 - 183" part="51" refId="ref34830" refString="Brown, B. V. 2005. Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical Dipterology. American Entomologist, 51: 180 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ae / 51.3.180" title="Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical Dipterology" type="journal article" year="2005">Brown, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Ibanez-Bernal, S." box="[1021,1431,1593,1618]" editor="Brown, B. V. & Borkent, A. & Cumming, J. M. & Wood, D. M. & Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A." journalOrPublisher="NRC Research Press, Ottawa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="293 - 300" refId="ref44473" refString="Wagner, R. and Ibanez-Bernal, S. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies). p. 293 - 300. In Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E., and Zumbado, M. A. (eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera: Volume I. NRC Research Press, Ottawa." title="Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Manual of Central American Diptera: Volume I" year="2009">Wagner and Ibañez-Bernal, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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), most psychodids are poorly known. In contrast, many phlebotomine species are well known due to their role as vectors of
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<taxonomicName authority="Ross, 1903" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1903" box="[1106,1383,1689,1714]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Leishmania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1106,1242,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Leishmania</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ross, R." box="[1249,1383,1689,1714]" journalOrPublisher="British Medical Journal" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1401" part="2" refId="ref43172" refString="Ross, R. 1903. Further notes on Leishman's bodies. British Medical Journal, 2: 1401." title="Further notes on Leishman's bodies" type="journal article" year="1903">Ross, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. and other disease agents.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="12.[840,1441,1305,1906]" lastBlockId="13.[192,794,168,1894]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
|
There is a rich fossil record for psychodids dating to the early Jurassic (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ansorge, J." box="[1194,1377,1785,1810]" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="199 - 210" part="68" refId="ref33731" refString="Ansorge, J. 1994. Tanyderidae and Psychodidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of northeastern Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 68: 199 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02989440" title="Tanyderidae and Psychodidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic of northeastern Germany" type="journal article" year="1994">Ansorge, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and possibly the late Triassic (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Fraser, N. C. & Grimaldi, D. A. & Olsen, P. E. & Axsmith, B." box="[1151,1381,1817,1842]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="615 - 619" part="380" refId="ref36825" refString="Fraser, N. C., Grimaldi, D. A., Olsen, P. E., and Axsmith, B. 1996. A Triassic lagerstatte from eastern North America. Nature, 380 (6575): 615 - 619. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 380615 a 0" title="A Triassic lagerstatte from eastern North America" type="journal article" year="1996">Fraser et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Blagoderov, V. A. & Grimaldi, D. A. & Fraser, N. C." journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 39" part="3572" refId="ref34430" refString="Blagoderov, V. A., Grimaldi, D. A., and Fraser, N. C. 2007. How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order. American Museum Novitates, 3572: 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2007) 509 [1: htfffd] 2.0. co; 2" title="How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order" type="journal article" year="2007">Blagoderov et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
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|
); however,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Blagoderov, V. A. & Grimaldi, D. A. & Fraser, N. C." journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 39" part="3572" refId="ref34430" refString="Blagoderov, V. A., Grimaldi, D. A., and Fraser, N. C. 2007. How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order. American Museum Novitates, 3572: 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2007) 509 [1: htfffd] 2.0. co; 2" title="How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order" type="journal article" year="2007">Blagoderov et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
note that
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1080,1371,1881,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Triassopsychoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olseni">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1080,1371,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Triassopsychoda olseni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bla- goderov and Grimaldi in
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Blagoderov, V. A. & Grimaldi, D. A. & Fraser, N. C." journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 39" part="3572" refId="ref34430" refString="Blagoderov, V. A., Grimaldi, D. A., and Fraser, N. C. 2007. How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order. American Museum Novitates, 3572: 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2007) 509 [1: htfffd] 2.0. co; 2" title="How time flies for flies: diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and early radiation of the order" type="journal article" year="2007">Blagoderov, Grimaldi and Fraser, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
|
has a unique wing veination with several plesiomorphies and its relationship to other psychodomorphs is unclear. As summarized by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stebner, F. & Solorzano Kraemer, M. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Wagner, R." box="[192,437,296,322]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1423" part="3" refId="ref44002" refString="Stebner, F., Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., Ibanez-Bernal, S., and Wagner, R. 2015. Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae). PeerJ, 3: e 1423. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1423" title="Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">Stebner et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, approximately 30 genera and more than 100 fossil psychodid species have been described, yet, like the extant fauna, many species remain undescribed.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[192,794,168,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[250,431,425,450]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with six genera, 53 extant species and eight fossil species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Curler, G. R. & Jacobson, A. J." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 65" part="3552" refId="ref35981" refString="Curler, G. R. and Jacobson, A. J. 2012. New species of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Australasia, with a checklist of the world species of Bruchomyiinae and Sycoracinae. Zootaxa, 3552: 43 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3552.1.3" title="New species of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Australasia, with a checklist of the world species of Bruchomyiinae and Sycoracinae" type="journal article" year="2012">Curler and Jacobson, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B. R." box="[330,717,488,514]" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="355 - 367" part="53" refId="ref44564" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. R. 2012. New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae). African Invertebrates, 53 (1): 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0119" title="New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 174" part="4092" refId="ref44617" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. 2016. Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Zootaxa, 4092 (2): 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4092.2.1" title="Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stebner, F. & Solorzano Kraemer, M. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Wagner, R." box="[537,783,520,546]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1423" part="3" refId="ref44002" refString="Stebner, F., Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., Ibanez-Bernal, S., and Wagner, R. 2015. Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae). PeerJ, 3: e 1423. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1423" title="Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">Stebner et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), is among the less-taxonomically diverse subfamilies of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[268,425,585,610]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Adults of this group are readily distinguished from other psychodids by their relatively large size as well as the diagnostic wing characters provided previously. Male and female genitalia characters are important for distinguishing genera and species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Curler, G. R. & Jacobson, A. J." box="[450,789,744,770]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="43 - 65" part="3552" refId="ref35981" refString="Curler, G. R. and Jacobson, A. J. 2012. New species of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Australasia, with a checklist of the world species of Bruchomyiinae and Sycoracinae. Zootaxa, 3552: 43 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3552.1.3" title="New species of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Australasia, with a checklist of the world species of Bruchomyiinae and Sycoracinae" type="journal article" year="2012">Curler and Jacobson, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B." box="[192,573,776,802]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 174" part="4092" refId="ref44617" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. 2016. Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Zootaxa, 4092 (2): 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4092.2.1" title="Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[192,794,168,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
Fossil
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[328,504,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are described from Baltic, Dominican and Burmese amber with the oldest specimen preserved in middle Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Schluter, T." box="[398,585,904,930]" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Germanica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="242 - 249" part="4" refId="ref43327" refString="Schluter, T. 1978. Die Schmetterlingsmucken-Gattung Nemopalpus (Diptera: Psychodidae) aus dem oligozanen Harz der Dominikanischen Republik. Entomologia Germanica, 4: 242 - 249." title="Die Schmetterlingsmucken-Gattung Nemopalpus (Diptera: Psychodidae) aus dem oligozanen Harz der Dominikanischen Republik" type="journal article" year="1978">Schluter, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Stebner, F. & Solorzano Kraemer, M. M. & Ibanez-Bernal, S. & Wagner, R." journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1423" part="3" refId="ref44002" refString="Stebner, F., Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., Ibanez-Bernal, S., and Wagner, R. 2015. Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae). PeerJ, 3: e 1423. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1423" title="Datziinae as a new subfamily name for the unavailable name Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015, (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">Stebner et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[274,451,937,962]" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="83 - 95" part="13" refId="ref44377" refString="Wagner, R. 2006. Amber Bruchomyiinae, descriptions of already known and new species, and the position of the ' subfamily' within Psychodidae (s. l.) (Diptera). Studia Dipterologica, 13: 83 - 95." title="Amber Bruchomyiinae, descriptions of already known and new species, and the position of the ' subfamily' within Psychodidae (s. l.) (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2006">Wagner, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B. R." journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="355 - 367" part="53" refId="ref44564" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. R. 2012. New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae). African Invertebrates, 53 (1): 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0119" title="New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[266,439,969,994]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="100 - 120" part="4320" refId="ref44422" refString="Wagner, R. 2017. Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4320: 100 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.6" title="Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="2017">Wagner, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). All fossil species of this subfamily, previously placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Macquart, 1838" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Nemopalpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[517,666,1001,1026]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nemopalpus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Macquart, J." journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref39826" refString="Macquart, J. 1838. Insectes Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus. Tome Premier. 1 re Partie. Roret, Paris." title="Insectes Dipteres Nouveaux ou peu Connus. Tome Premier. 1 re Partie" type="book" year="1838">Macquart, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, were recently transferred to other genera (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[198,372,1065,1090]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="100 - 120" part="4320" refId="ref44422" refString="Wagner, R. 2017. Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4320: 100 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.6" title="Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="2017">Wagner, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Baltic amber species are placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Meunier, 1905" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1905" box="[192,570,1097,1122]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Palaeosycorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[192,367,1097,1122]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palaeosycorax</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Meunier, F." box="[388,570,1097,1122]" journalOrPublisher="Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="235 - 255" part="3" refId="ref40335" refString="Meunier, F. 1905. Monographie des Psychodidae de l'Ambre de la Baltique. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 3: 235 - 255." title="Monographie des Psychodidae de l'Ambre de la Baltique" type="journal article" year="1905">Meunier, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 2017" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Hoffeinsodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[636,792,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hoffeinsodes</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[192,361,1129,1154]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="100 - 120" part="4320" refId="ref44422" refString="Wagner, R. 2017. Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4320: 100 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.6" title="Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="2017">Wagner, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
while Burmese amber species are grouped in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 2017" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="2017" box="[349,728,1161,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Palaeoglaesum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[349,532,1161,1186]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palaeoglaesum</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[552,728,1161,1186]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="100 - 120" part="4320" refId="ref44422" refString="Wagner, R. 2017. Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4320: 100 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.6" title="Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="2017">Wagner, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and Dominican amber species are included in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2016" authorityName="Wagner and Stuckenberg" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Boreofairchildia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Boreofairchildia</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B." box="[312,691,1224,1250]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 174" part="4092" refId="ref44617" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. 2016. Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). Zootaxa, 4092 (2): 151 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4092.2.1" title="Cladistic analysis of subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae)" type="journal article" year="2016">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[192,794,168,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
The wing venation of the Kishenehn specimen is similar to, for example, extant
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Alexander, 1921" authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Bruchomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[582,723,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bruchomyia</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Alexander, C. P." journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="402 - 406" part="13" refId="ref33165" refString="Alexander, C. P. 1921. A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 13: 402 - 406." title="A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1921">Alexander, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, species and fossil
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="2017" box="[575,731,1320,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Hoffeinsodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[575,731,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Hoffeinsodes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species in that M
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[378,390,1363,1383]" fontSize="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</subScript>
|
|
originates at the level of r-m. Regardless, this character state occurs in other extant and fossil genera (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B. R." journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="355 - 367" part="53" refId="ref44564" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. R. 2012. New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae). African Invertebrates, 53 (1): 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0119" title="New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Wagner personal commun.); therefore, it may be a plesiomorphy within the subfamily. Considering the ambiguity of wing venation and the lack of other preserved characters, it is impossible to identify the Kishenehn specimen beyond subfamily.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[192,794,168,1894]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
|
This is the first compression fossil of a bruchomyiine species to be discovered and it is the first fossil of this subfamily from the Nearctic Region to be reported. With the exception of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Alexander, 1921" authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Notofairchildia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zelandiae">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Notofairchildia zelandiae</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Alexander, C. P." box="[315,509,1773,1798]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="402 - 406" part="13" refId="ref33165" refString="Alexander, C. P. 1921. A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 13: 402 - 406." title="A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1921">Alexander, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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(New Zealand), and
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 2012" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Notofairchildia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">N. stuckenbergi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B. R." box="[352,517,1805,1830]" journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="355 - 367" part="53" refId="ref44564" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. R. 2012. New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae). African Invertebrates, 53 (1): 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0119" title="New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Wagner, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Chile, Valdivia) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R. & Stuckenberg, B. R." journalOrPublisher="African Invertebrates" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="355 - 367" part="53" refId="ref44564" refString="Wagner, R. and Stuckenberg, B. R. 2012. New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae). African Invertebrates, 53 (1): 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 053.0119" title="New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)" type="journal article" year="2012">Wagner and Stuckenberg, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), extant
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1921" box="[616,792,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bruchomyiinae">Bruchomyiinae</taxonomicName>
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are apparently absent from the temperate zone.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="13.[840,1441,169,679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Nonetheless, this new record and the growing number of species described from various ambers (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[846,1021,233,258]" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="83 - 95" part="13" refId="ref44377" refString="Wagner, R. 2006. Amber Bruchomyiinae, descriptions of already known and new species, and the position of the ' subfamily' within Psychodidae (s. l.) (Diptera). Studia Dipterologica, 13: 83 - 95." title="Amber Bruchomyiinae, descriptions of already known and new species, and the position of the ' subfamily' within Psychodidae (s. l.) (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2006">Wagner, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, R." box="[1034,1096,233,258]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="100 - 120" part="4320" refId="ref44422" refString="Wagner, R. 2017. Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa, 4320: 100 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.6" title="Synopsis of extinct Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Burmese, Baltic and Dominican amber, with descriptions of new genera and species" type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
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) indicate that the group was once more widespread and morphologically diverse. In addition to the bruchomyiine specimen, psychodids taken from the Kishenehn Formation include over
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<specimenCount box="[998,1165,361,386]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
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of Psychodidinae with potential for further study.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |