446 lines
41 KiB
XML
446 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.26879/891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990295" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D0AB2A31-72B7-4B1B-A42F-D47E39F4E481" approvalRequired="202" approvalRequired_for_document="2" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="175" approvalRequired_for_treatments="23" checkinTime="1597772865363" checkinUser="torsten" docAuthor="Dale E. Greenwalt, Daniel J. Bickel, Peter H. Kerr, Gregory R. Curler, Brian V. Brown, Herman de Jong, Scott J. Fitzgerald, Torsten Dikow, Michal Tkoč, Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" docDate="2019" docId="571F246BFF8DFF971050FBCBAD08C020" docLanguage="en" docName="greenwalt_etal_2019.imf" docOrigin="Paleontologia Electronica 22 (2), No. 50" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Lonchoptera eocenica Amorim and Brown 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D0AB2A31-72B7-4B1B-A42F-D47E39F4E481" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="AB265C13FFAEFFB21318FF0FAF31C65B" masterDocTitle="Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1636465287172" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dale E. Greenwalt</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daniel J. Bickel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peter H. Kerr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gregory R. Curler</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brian V. Brown</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Herman de Jong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott J. Fitzgerald</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Torsten Dikow</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">F8869067-4618-4CCE-960C-E8A107F162FB</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4816-2909</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Michal Tkoč</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christian Kehlmaier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dalton De Souza Amorim</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Paleontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="numero">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.26879/891</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3990295</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A6C79E56-3CCC-484E-B6AF-EAEEE1695FF6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D0AB2A31-72B7-4B1B-A42F-D47E39F4E481" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/571F246BFF8DFF971050FBCBAD08C020" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName authority="Amorim and Brown" authorityName="Amorim and Brown" authorityYear="2019" box="[840,1339,1220,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[840,1102,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lonchoptera eocenica</emphasis>
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Amorim and Brown
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1349,1441,1220,1245]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation box="[1058,1223,1252,1277]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 32" captionStart-1="FIGURE 33" captionStart-2="FIGURE 34" captionStartId-0="35.[845,935,861,884]" captionStartId-1="36.[200,291,536,559]" captionStartId-2="37.[841,932,709,732]" captionTargetBox-0="[844,1439,168,840]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,793,162,520]" captionTargetBox-2="[838,1424,178,677]" captionTargetId-0="figure@35.[844,1439,167,840]" captionTargetId-1="figure@36.[196,793,162,520]" captionTargetId-2="figure@37.[837,1434,170,693]" captionTargetPageId-0="35" captionTargetPageId-1="36" captionTargetPageId-2="37" captionText-0="FIGURE 32. Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. USNM 625379. Scale bar equals 2.0 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 33. Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. USNM 625379. Close-up of wing." captionText-2="FIGURE 34. A thin plate spline analysis demonstrates the direction of the changes from fossil to modern wing veination. 1, Wing of modern Lonchoptera sp. (from the Puyehue National Park, Chile), showing placement of landmarks; 2, Expansion (red) and compression (blue) of wing venation of a modern species of Lonchoptera relative to Lonchoptera eocenica. Basal, left; distal, right. Base of lines represent fossil landmark; dots at tips of lines represent modern landmark." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990359" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990361" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990363" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3990359/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3990361/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3990363/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figures 32-34</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[840,1420,1295,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" box="[840,1420,1295,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1420,1295,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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zoobank.org/
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<uuid box="[982,1420,1295,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">D0AB2A31-72B7-4B1B-A42F-D47E39F4E481</uuid>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,982,1332,1357]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific epithet, a Latin adjective, refers to the geologic epoch in which this species lived.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="Smithsonian Institution" location="Department of Paleobiology" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="USNM 625379" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kishenehn Formation" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,961,1428,1453]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<typeStatus box="[840,957,1428,1453]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[983,1175,1428,1454]" collectionCode="USNM" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="Museum">
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<collectionCode box="[983,1061,1428,1454]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USNM</collectionCode>
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625379
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</specimenCode>
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, compression fossil, deposited in the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFF8DFF971050FBCBAD08C020:DA69C3A6FF8DFF91172EFABBAAACC396" box="[1078,1437,1460,1485]" country="United States of America" county="Smithsonian Institution" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" name="Department of Paleobiology" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Washington">Department of Paleobiology</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[840,1314,1492,1517]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">National Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
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(NMNH),
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<collectingCounty box="[840,1125,1524,1550]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Smithsonian Institution</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1149,1293,1524,1549]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Washington</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[967,1026,1556,1582]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1016,1588,1613]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type horizon.</emphasis>
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFF8DFF971050FBCBAD08C020:DA69C3A6FF8DFF91171CF93BAA61C015" box="[1028,1360,1588,1614]" name="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Kishenehn Formation">Middle Eocene Coal Creek</location>
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member,
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<collectingRegion box="[892,1149,1620,1645]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Kishenehn Formation</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1007,1652,1677]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type locality.</emphasis>
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Spring site, Middle Fork of the Flathead
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<collectingRegion box="[907,969,1684,1709]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">River</collectingRegion>
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(Pinnacle,
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<collectingRegion box="[1102,1212,1684,1709]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Montana</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</materialsCitation>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[840,1442,964,1912]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1129,1716,1741]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Similar to modern lonchopterids, but can be clearly separated from the recent species by the broader shape of the wing, slightly more rounded apically; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1226,1262,1823,1843]" fontSize="8" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">2+3</subScript>
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not as close to R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[859,895,1860,1880]" fontSize="8" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">4+5</subScript>
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as in modern species of the genus; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1404,1440,1860,1880]" fontSize="8" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">4+5</subScript>
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reaching C slightly before wing tip (while in recent
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990361" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990361/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[200,291,536,559]" targetBox="[196,793,162,520]" targetPageId="36">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[200,788,536,588]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[200,338,536,559]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim, 2019" authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[353,597,536,559]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[353,597,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera eocenica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[612,704,536,559]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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USNM 625379. Close-up of wing.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="36.[192,793,649,849]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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species R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[310,346,660,680]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
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characteristically ends at tip of wing); probably related to the general shape of the wing, the medial fork wider, with M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[557,569,729,749]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[662,674,729,749]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
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relatively more separated at the wing margin; the distal end of M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[244,256,798,818]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
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, close to the margin, is almost straight, while in recent species it is slightly curved posteriorly.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[192,339,872,897]" box="[192,339,872,897]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading bold="true" box="[192,339,872,897]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,339,872,897]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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Female (
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<figureCitation box="[357,483,920,945]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="35.[845,935,861,884]" captionTargetBox="[844,1439,168,840]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[844,1439,167,840]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 32. Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. USNM 625379. Scale bar equals 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990359/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 32</figureCitation>
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), body dark brown, body length
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<quantity box="[272,364,952,977]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
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, wing length
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<quantity box="[518,610,952,977]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,264,984,1009]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Head.</emphasis>
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Relatively small, flattened; flagellomere 1 apically pointed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,429,1048,1073]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thorax and wings.</emphasis>
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Thorax stout. Sc weakly sclerotized (as in recent species), slightly separated from R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[274,286,1123,1143]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[323,335,1123,1143]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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short, extending to about one-third of visible wing length; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[450,487,1159,1179]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2+3</subScript>
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convex, slightly converging towards wing apex; R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[524,561,1196,1216]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
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extended to wing apex, reaching C just before wing tip; costal setae ending at R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[330,366,1265,1285]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
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; r-m originating at R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[612,648,1265,1285]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
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just beyond origin of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[321,357,1302,1322]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2+3</subScript>
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, strongly curved basally; CuA+CuP joining M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[310,322,1339,1359]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
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before wing margin (as in modern females); fused vein CuA+CuP about as long as base of medial fork; wing cells br, bm, and cua (this latter hard to delimit) small, displaced to the base of the wing. Setulae visible on veins R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[648,660,1472,1492]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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, M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[698,734,1472,1492]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1+2</subScript>
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, M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[773,785,1472,1492]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
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, M
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<subScript attach="left" box="[214,226,1509,1529]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
|
|
, and base of CuA+CuP.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,261,1535,1560]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Legs.</emphasis>
|
|
Legs apparently slightly shorter than in recent species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,503,1599,1624]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Abdomen and genitalia.</emphasis>
|
|
Abdomen shorter than recent species, tergites and sternites apparently well sclerotized. Terminalia short, only a short cercus visible.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" box="[192,492,1727,1752]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,304,1727,1752]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<typeStatus box="[192,300,1727,1752]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Male unknown.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,794,920,1785]" box="[192,508,1759,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,429,1759,1785]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Syncompressions.</emphasis>
|
|
None.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,305,1807,1832]" box="[192,305,1807,1832]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<heading bold="true" box="[192,305,1807,1832]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="2">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,305,1807,1832]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Remarks</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[192,792,1855,1912]" lastBlockId="36.[840,1444,166,1889]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[250,433,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a small family of extant flies that is found nearly worldwide. The modern fauna is represented by a single genus,
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1292,1440,166,191]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
Meigen
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, for which about 50 species have been described. The Nearctic species and much of the information about the genus were reviewed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Klymko, J. & Marshall, S." box="[840,1188,294,319]" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="649 - 673" part="140" refId="ref38811" refString="Klymko, J. and Marshall, S. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 140: 649 - 673. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 08 - 034" title="Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species" type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. The common name for this group, “spear-winged flies”, is based on the narrowed wing with pointed apex. Other distinctive characters are the setulose wing veins, the shortened wing veins R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1085,1097,433,453]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
|
and Sc, and the sexually dimorphic wing venation, with CuA+CuP joining M
|
|
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="4.0">
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1428,1440,469,489]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
|
|
in
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
females, but extended to the wing margin in males.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[840,1444,166,1889]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
Fossils assigned to this family are few, basically two species of uncertain relationships to modern lonchopterids (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, D. A. & Cumming, J. M." box="[1068,1430,623,649]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 124" part="239" refId="ref37604" refString="Grimaldi, D. A. and Cumming, J. M. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 239: 1 - 124." title="Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura" type="journal article" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). They both are, however, considerably different relative to the modern genus
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1155,1303,688,713]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1155,1303,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and, if they belong at all to the clade, they would clearly belong to the stem group of the family. Indeed,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Amorim, D. S. & Silva, V. C. & Brown, B. V." journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 27" part="3892" refId="ref33662" refString="Amorim, D. S., Silva, V. C., and Brown, B. V. 2018. Puyehuemyia chandleri, gen. n., sp. n. (Diptera: Opetiidae): remnant of a Cretaceous biota in Chile. American Museum Novitates, 3892: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3892.1" title="Puyehuemyia chandleri, gen. n., sp. n. (Diptera: Opetiidae): remnant of a Cretaceous biota in Chile" type="journal article" year="2018">Amorim et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
suggested that
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Grimaldi and Cumming" authorityName="Grimaldi and Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopterites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1155,1330,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchopterites</emphasis>
|
|
Grimaldi and Cumming
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
could be a stem-group
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1318,1437,815,841]" class="Insecta" family="Opetiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opetiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, not a
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[907,1095,848,873]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lonchopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[840,1444,166,1889]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
Few details of the head, thorax, legs, abdomen, and terminalia are visible in the specimen (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[846,974,944,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="35.[845,935,861,884]" captionTargetBox="[844,1439,168,840]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[844,1439,167,840]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 32. Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. USNM 625379. Scale bar equals 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990359/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 32</figureCitation>
|
|
). Nevertheless, the wings are largely well preserved and visible, and there is scarcely any doubt that this species fits together with the recent species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1055,1203,1040,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1055,1203,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a clade. Recent
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[840,988,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[840,988,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species are considerably similar in the wing shape and the wing venation. Some modified wing venation features present in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1292,1440,1136,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1292,1440,1136,1161]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are shared with
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1034,1148,1167,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Opetiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opetiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1833" box="[1210,1317,1168,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
within the Platypezoidea (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Amorim, D. S. & Silva, V. C. & Brown, B. V." box="[1028,1288,1200,1225]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 27" part="3892" refId="ref33662" refString="Amorim, D. S., Silva, V. C., and Brown, B. V. 2018. Puyehuemyia chandleri, gen. n., sp. n. (Diptera: Opetiidae): remnant of a Cretaceous biota in Chile. American Museum Novitates, 3892: 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3892.1" title="Puyehuemyia chandleri, gen. n., sp. n. (Diptera: Opetiidae): remnant of a Cretaceous biota in Chile" type="journal article" year="2018">Amorim et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), particularly the very basal origin of R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1147,1159,1242,1262]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
|
, the stronger R
|
|
<subScript attach="right" box="[1350,1386,1242,1262]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
|
|
, the reduction in size of cells bm, br, and cua, the loss of the dm-m crossvein and the shape of the long medial fork (some of these features secondarily modified in the phorids). A number of apomorphic conditions are seen in the wing of the recent species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[944,1092,1429,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[944,1092,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. These include the typical elongate shape of the wing, with a pointed tip, the displacement of R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1052,1064,1503,1523]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
|
|
to a considerably basal position in the wing, the weakly sclerotized and short Sc, a convex R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[954,990,1572,1592]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2+3</subScript>
|
|
, the tip of R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1145,1182,1572,1592]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2+3</subScript>
|
|
displaced to close to the wing tip, R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[1007,1043,1609,1629]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4+5</subScript>
|
|
reaching precisely the acute wing tip, the strong displacement of the posterior end of r-m towards the base of the wing, CuA distally fused to M
|
|
<quantity box="[967,1008,1699,1730]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="4.0">
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[967,979,1710,1730]" fontSize="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">4</subScript>
|
|
in
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
females and a very short CuP actually coming out from the wing margin (actually, the circumambient C) to join CuA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="36.[840,1444,166,1889]" lastBlockId="37.[192,793,168,1807]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
|
All of these features are present in the Eocene species described here, except the lack of the general elongate shape and pointed wing apex — while the CuP emerging from the wing margin cannot be verified (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[375,496,201,226]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="36.[200,291,536,559]" captionTargetBox="[196,793,162,520]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[196,793,162,520]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 33. Lonchoptera eocenica sp. nov. USNM 625379. Close-up of wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990361" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990361/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 33</figureCitation>
|
|
). Some of the features in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[192,337,233,258]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica">
|
|
<emphasis box="[192,337,233,258]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. eocenica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are modified, but not to the same degree as in recent species: this includes the displacement R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[343,355,307,327]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
|
to the base, of R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[562,599,307,327]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2+3</subScript>
|
|
to the apex and R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[211,247,344,364]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4+5</subScript>
|
|
ending at the very tip of the wing.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="37.[192,793,168,1807]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
|
This set of features does not leave any doubt about the position of the species together with the recent
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[280,428,434,459]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[280,428,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A thin plate spline analysis was performed to show the direction of the changes from the fossil to modern wing veins (Figure 34.1-2; dots indicate modern venation, line bases the fossil equivalent). The analysis makes clear that the distance between R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[621,633,605,625]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
|
and R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[725,761,605,625]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2+3</subScript>
|
|
is expanded (orange/red) in the recent species, while R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[211,247,674,694]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2+3</subScript>
|
|
is compressed towards R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[556,592,674,694]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4+5</subScript>
|
|
(light/dark blue). Also, R
|
|
<subScript attach="left" box="[281,293,711,731]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
|
|
is in an even more basal position in the recent species. The process of narrowing the wing in the modern species takes place in both the anterior and posterior portions of the wing.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990363/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[841,932,709,732]" targetBox="[838,1424,178,677]" targetPageId="37">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="37.[841,1430,709,967]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[841,974,709,732]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
|
|
A thin plate spline analysis demonstrates the direction of the changes from fossil to modern wing veination.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[950,963,768,791]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</emphasis>
|
|
, Wing of modern
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1154,1287,768,791]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1154,1287,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (from the Puyehue National Park, Chile), showing placement of landmarks;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[967,980,826,849]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2</emphasis>
|
|
, Expansion (red) and compression (blue) of wing venation of a modern species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1295,1428,856,879]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lonchoptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
relative to
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[967,1211,885,908]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica">
|
|
<emphasis box="[967,1211,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera eocenica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Basal, left; distal, right. Base of lines represent fossil landmark; dots at tips of lines represent modern landmark.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="37.[192,793,168,1807]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
|
It is quite unfortunate that the some details of the fossil cannot be fully described, particularly the head, thorax, and legs. The very characteristic shape of the head of recent
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[542,690,929,954]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[542,690,929,954]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the quite elongate thorax cannot be properly checked in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[223,363,993,1018]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica">
|
|
<emphasis box="[223,363,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. eocenica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but the fossil seems to be slightly stouter. The legs of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[441,582,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica">
|
|
<emphasis box="[441,582,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. eocenica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
seem to be also shorter. Based on the discussion above,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. eocenica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
appears to be the sister species to the recent species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[349,497,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[349,497,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In other words, the Eocene fossil described here is a stem
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Despite some differences in the wing shape and in the wing venation, we do not see any particular reason to have a separate monotypic taxon of generic rank to hold the fossil species. It is worth noting that
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<bibRefCitation author="Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y. & Verboom, G. A. & Savolainen, V. & Hodkinson, T. R." box="[331,729,1313,1338]" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="543 - 557" part="162" refId="ref34600" refString="Bouchenak-Khelladi, Y., Verboom, G. A., Savolainen, V., and Hodkinson, T. R. 2010. Biogeography of the grasses (Poaceae): a phylogenetic approach to reveal evolutionary history in geographical space and geological time. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 162 (4): 543 - 557. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2010.01041. x" title="Biogeography of the grasses (Poaceae): a phylogenetic approach to reveal evolutionary history in geographical space and geological time" type="journal article" year="2010">Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
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date the crown node of
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<taxonomicName box="[411,516,1345,1370]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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(i.e., BEP+PACCMAD) at the early Eocene, 57 Ma. The larvae of recent species have quite varied habitats, but adults are associated with grassy habitats (
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<bibRefCitation author="Klymko, J. & Marshall, S." journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="649 - 673" part="140" refId="ref38811" refString="Klymko, J. and Marshall, S. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 140: 649 - 673. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 08 - 034" title="Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species" type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), and the genus may have largely expanded its distribution with the diversification of grassy, open environments at the mid of the first half of the Cenozoic. This fossil will certainly bring important benefits to calibration in studies on age divergence in the Cyclorrhapha.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |