468 lines
48 KiB
XML
468 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4335262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4335262" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28A4C2F4-40E2-45AF-83A4-FADAD0EBD616" approvalRequired="202" approvalRequired_for_document="2" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="175" approvalRequired_for_treatments="23" checkinTime="1597772865363" checkinUser="torsten" docAuthor="Dale E. Greenwalt, Daniel J. Bickel, Peter H. Kerr, Gregory R. Curler, Brian V. Brown, Herman de Jong, Scott J. Fitzgerald, Torsten Dikow, Michal Tkoč, Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" docDate="2019" docId="571F246BFF8BFF951075FB0EADBAC23A" docLanguage="en" docName="greenwalt_etal_2019.imf" docOrigin="Paleontologia Electronica 22 (2), No. 50" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Aenigmatias kishenehnensis Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="28A4C2F4-40E2-45AF-83A4-FADAD0EBD616" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="AB265C13FFAEFFB21318FF0FAF31C65B" masterDocTitle="Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1636465287172" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Diptera of the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation. I. Documenting of diversity at the family level</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dale E. Greenwalt</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daniel J. Bickel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peter H. Kerr</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gregory R. Curler</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brian V. Brown</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Herman de Jong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott J. Fitzgerald</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Torsten Dikow</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">F8869067-4618-4CCE-960C-E8A107F162FB</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4816-2909</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Michal Tkoč</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christian Kehlmaier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dalton De Souza Amorim</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Paleontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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||
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="numero">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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||
<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.26879/891</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3990295</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A6C79E56-3CCC-484E-B6AF-EAEEE1695FF6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4335262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4335262" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:28A4C2F4-40E2-45AF-83A4-FADAD0EBD616" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/571F246BFF8BFF951075FB0EADBAC23A" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection box="[877,1404,1025,1050]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" box="[877,1404,1025,1050]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[877,1404,1025,1050]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="4">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown" authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[877,1302,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[877,1215,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Aenigmatias kishenehnensis</emphasis>
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Brown
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1312,1404,1025,1050]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1084,1197,1057,1082]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="38.[195,285,878,901]" captionTargetBox="[195,791,165,856]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[195,791,165,856]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 35. Aenigmatias kishenehnensis sp. nov., USNM 625132. 1, Habitus; 2, Terminalia, (bts = blunt thick setae); 3, Terminalia of an extant female Aenigmatias sp. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (1) and 0.2 mm (2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990365/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 35</figureCitation>
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1422,1100,1120]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
zoobank.org/
|
||
<uuid box="[977,1422,1100,1120]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">28A4C2F4-40E2-45AF-83A4-FADAD0EBD616</uuid>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,982,1137,1162]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific epithet denotes the geological Formation in which the specimen was preserved.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="Smithsonian Institution" location="Department of Paleobiology" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="USNM 625132" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kishenehn Formation" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,961,1233,1258]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<typeStatus box="[840,957,1233,1258]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode box="[968,1147,1233,1259]" collectionCode="USNM" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">
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<collectionCode box="[968,1046,1233,1259]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM</collectionCode>
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625132
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</specimenCode>
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, deposited in the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFF8BFF951075FB0EADBAC23A:DA69C3A6FF8BFF971650FBDEAB77C351" country="United States of America" county="Smithsonian Institution" municipality="National Museum of Natural History" name="Department of Paleobiology" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Washington">Department of Paleobiology</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality pageId="37" pageNumber="38">National Museum of Natural History</collectingMunicipality>
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(NMNH),
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<collectingCounty box="[1044,1318,1297,1323]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Smithsonian Institution</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Washington</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[892,1128,1329,1355]" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1138,1197,1329,1355]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1016,1361,1386]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type horizon.</emphasis>
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:571F246BFF8BFF951075FB0EADBAC23A:DA69C3A6FF8BFF97171CFA5EAA61C330" box="[1028,1360,1361,1387]" name="Middle Eocene Coal Creek" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Kishenehn Formation">Middle Eocene Coal Creek</location>
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Member,
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<collectingRegion box="[892,1149,1393,1418]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kishenehn Formation</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1009,1425,1450]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type locality.</emphasis>
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The Spring site, Middle Fork of the Flathead River (Pinnacle,
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<collectingRegion box="[1147,1255,1457,1482]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Montana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1265,1326,1457,1483]" name="United States of America" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</materialsCitation>
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<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1441,1025,1615]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1121,1489,1514]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished by the presence of wings, very short C, R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[961,973,1563,1583]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1</subScript>
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and Rs veins, the absence of R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1353,1389,1563,1583]" fontSize="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2+3</subScript>
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and an apparently nonlimuloid body shape.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,987,1638,1663]" box="[840,987,1638,1663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading bold="true" box="[840,987,1638,1663]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,987,1638,1663]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1440,1686,1839]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Body length (head to the end of tergite 6)
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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. Female (Figure 35.1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="37.[840,1440,1686,1839]" lastBlockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,912,1750,1775]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Head.</emphasis>
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Four large setae present at vertex and at least six large setae on frons (all frontal setae absent in modern species, often reduced in num- ber and size in fossils). Postpedicel rounded. Palpus with well-developed setae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3990365" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3990365/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[195,285,878,901]" targetBox="[195,791,165,856]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[195,791,878,990]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[195,337,878,902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim, 2019" authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[356,671,879,902]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[356,671,879,902]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias kishenehnensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[689,788,879,902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, USNM 625132.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[374,387,908,931]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">1</emphasis>
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, Habitus;
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[504,517,908,931]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2</emphasis>
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, Terminalia, (bts = blunt thick setae);
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[332,345,937,960]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">3</emphasis>
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, Terminalia of an extant female
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenigmatias</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[557,570,967,990]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">1</emphasis>
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) and 0.2 mm (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[726,739,967,990]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,288,1106,1131]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thorax.</emphasis>
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Most details of thorax not visible, but not appearing to be highly limuloid. One pair of short setae visible (possibly posterior dorsocentral setae) and one longer pair (scutellars?) near base of wing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,279,1266,1291]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Wings.</emphasis>
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C short, but costal setae long. R
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<subScript attach="left" box="[661,698,1276,1296]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2+3</subScript>
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absent. Base of radial veins possibly with row of setulae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,261,1335,1360]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Legs.</emphasis>
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Foretibia not preserved. Midtibia with one large seta near base. Hind legs preserved, but details not visible.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,509,1431,1456]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Abdomen and genitalia.</emphasis>
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Abdomen unmodified, unlike flattened modern species. Abdominal segment 7 with dense striation and blunt thick setae. (Figure 35.2, bts; as in modern species, Figure 35.3).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" box="[192,492,1591,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,304,1591,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<typeStatus box="[192,300,1591,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Allotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Male unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,793,1042,1648]" box="[192,508,1622,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,429,1622,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Syncompressions.</emphasis>
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None.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="38.[192,305,1671,1696]" box="[192,305,1671,1696]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[192,305,1671,1696]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="2">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,305,1671,1696]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="38.[192,792,1719,1904]" lastBlockId="38.[840,1442,166,1902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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The family
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1833" box="[390,497,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of 302 genera and about 4,300 species. The fossil record of the family is quite good, with 103 fossil species (47 genera), 95% of which are in amber (about half of these in Baltic amber). Many extant phorids exhibit a parasitoid lifestyle and several genera are myr- mecophilous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[1004,1159,166,191]" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity Data Journal" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="22396" part="6" refId="ref34951" refString="Brown, B. V. 2018. A second contender for " world's smallest fly " (Diptera: Phoridae). Biodiversity Data Journal, 6: e 22396. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 6. e 22396" title="A second contender for " world's smallest fly " (Diptera: Phoridae)" type="journal article" year="2018">Brown, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The 14 extant species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[1000,1147,198,223]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1147,198,223]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presumed to be larval parasitoids of ant pupae. Members of the genus are markedly sexually dimorphic, with the female wingless and limuloid in shape, the latter an adaptation that provides defense against attack by ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[847,1006,358,383]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V. & Hash, J. M. & Hartop, E. A. & Porras, W. & Amorim, D. de" box="[1019,1250,358,383]" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity Data Journal" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="e" part="5" refId="ref34998" refString="Brown, B. V., Hash, J. M., Hartop, E. A., Porras, W., and Amorim, D. de S. 2017. Baby killers: Documentation and evolution of Scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitism of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brood. Biodiversity Data Journal, 5: e 11277. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / bdj. 5. e 11277" title="Baby killers: Documentation and evolution of Scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitism of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brood" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[1270,1437,358,383]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1561 - 1573" part="33" refId="ref34789" refString="Brown, B. V. 1999. Re-evaluation of the fossil Phoridae (Diptera). Journal of Natural History, 33 (10): 1561 - 1573. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399299897" title="Re-evaluation of the fossil Phoridae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1999">Brown (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in an examination of fossil phorids in Baltic and Fushun amber, concluded that many of the specimens assigned to extant genera actually belong to more primitive stem-groups.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brues, 1939" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Protophorites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Protophorites fimbriatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, C. T." box="[883,1029,518,543]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="413 - 436" part="85" refId="ref35119" refString="Brues, C. T. 1939. Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 85: 413 - 436." title="Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber" type="journal article" year="1939">Brues, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brues, 1939" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Protoplatyphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Protoplatyphora tertiaria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, C. T." box="[1021,1169,550,575]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="413 - 436" part="85" refId="ref35119" refString="Brues, C. T. 1939. Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 85: 413 - 436." title="Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber" type="journal article" year="1939">Brues, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1187,1290,550,575]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
lost), which was thought to be a stem group of a clade with the modern
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[939,1086,614,639]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[939,1086,614,639]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, based on a less limuloid body shape, the presence of wings (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Protophorites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Protophorites fimbriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a female) and the presence of large setae on the vertex and scutellum.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a phylogenetic analysis of the fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[840,987,774,799]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,987,774,799]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related genera, transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Protoplatyphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiaria">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Protoplatyphora tertiaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown, 2007" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Chaetopleurophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multisetosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chaetopleurophora multisetosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[927,1077,838,863]" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 116" part="14" refId="ref34869" refString="Brown, B. V. 2007. Novel character states in fossil species of modern phorid genera (Diptera: Phoridae). Studia Dipterologica, 14: 107 - 116." title="Novel character states in fossil species of modern phorid genera (Diptera: Phoridae)" type="journal article" year="2007">Brown, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[1117,1264,838,863]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1117,1264,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and described three new species from Baltic amber. With
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are currently a total of six fossil species in the genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brues, 1939" authorityName=", Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1440,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. tertiarius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, C. T." box="[840,989,966,991]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="413 - 436" part="85" refId="ref35119" refString="Brues, C. T. 1939. Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 85: 413 - 436." title="Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber" type="journal article" year="1939">Brues, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown, 2007" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2007" box="[1000,1295,966,991]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisetosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1132,966,991]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. bisetosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[1140,1295,966,991]" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 116" part="14" refId="ref34869" refString="Brown, B. V. 2007. Novel character states in fossil species of modern phorid genera (Diptera: Phoridae). Studia Dipterologica, 14: 107 - 116." title="Novel character states in fossil species of modern phorid genera (Diptera: Phoridae)" type="journal article" year="2007">Brown, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown, 2017" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" genus="Cyttaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[882,1038,998,1023]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown, 2017" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" box="[1049,1354,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1049,1195,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. primitivus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[1203,1354,998,1023]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brown, 2017" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigeroticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. nigeroticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[979,1136,1030,1055]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Brues 1939" authorityName=", Brues" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1352,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. tertiarius</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, C. T." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="413 - 436" part="85" refId="ref35119" refString="Brues, C. T. 1939. Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 85: 413 - 436." title="Fossil Phoridae in Baltic amber" type="journal article" year="1939">Brues 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[918,1138,1062,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[918,1138,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and an additional specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[906,983,1094,1120]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
159804) are females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="38.[840,1442,166,1902]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[898,1235,1126,1151]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1235,1126,1151]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1939" box="[975,1104,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Protoplatyphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiaria">
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,1104,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. tertiaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a much shorter costa (
|
||
<quantity box="[917,1022,1190,1215]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity box="[1071,1165,1190,1215]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), R
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1202,1238,1201,1221]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2+3</subScript>
|
||
vein absent, and the frons with large setae; from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2007" box="[1218,1351,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisetosa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1218,1351,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. bisetosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a much shorter body length (
|
||
<quantity box="[1239,1333,1259,1284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="4.35" valueMax="4.4" valueMin="4.3">4.3– 4.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), a much shorter costa and R
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1305,1341,1302,1322]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2+3</subScript>
|
||
absent; from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" box="[902,1062,1328,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" genus="Cyttaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,1062,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a rounded first flagellomere (vs. elongate) and a much shorter costa (
|
||
<quantity box="[846,954,1392,1417]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity box="[1008,1119,1392,1417]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.43">0.43 mm</quantity>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" box="[1201,1349,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="primitivus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1201,1349,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. primitivus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a much shorter costa (
|
||
<quantity box="[1156,1264,1424,1449]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity box="[1318,1430,1424,1449]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
); and from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="2017" box="[959,1124,1456,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigeroticus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1124,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. nigeroticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a much shorter costa (
|
||
<quantity box="[917,1023,1488,1513]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity box="[1073,1182,1488,1513]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
), R
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1220,1256,1498,1518]" fontSize="8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">2+3</subScript>
|
||
absent and the frons with large setae.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[1240,1387,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1240,1387,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. indet. (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[933,1010,1588,1614]" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
ENT 159804;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[1224,1394,1589,1614]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a female, in having a much shorter costa (
|
||
<quantity box="[1331,1440,1621,1646]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity box="[882,991,1653,1678]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="0.71">0.71 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Apparently, the set of extinct species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[873,1020,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[873,1020,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not constitute a clade sister to the extant species of the genus, but rather a grade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="38.[840,1442,166,1902]" lastBlockId="39.[192,796,169,1268]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The 21 fossil phorid flies of the Kishenehn formation are intriguing. With the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they are difficult to place to any modern group. None of the specimens exhibit proclinate supra-antennal setae, a condition found in most phorids of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1887" box="[561,711,169,194]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopininae">Metopininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is the numerically dominant group today. The earliest undoubted metopinines are known from Baltic amber, and even there they are a smaller portion of the fauna than today, suggesting that the metopinine radiation is indeed an evolutionarily recent (i.e., post-Eocene) event. Other character states visible in the Kishenehn phorids are not considered synapomorphic of any modern groups, with a single exception of
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,666,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" box="[442,663,457,482]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">A. kishenehnensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[192,796,169,1268]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Modern
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[349,496,489,514]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[349,496,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and most fossil species of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B. V." box="[356,515,521,546]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="275 - 285" part="15" refId="ref34902" refString="Brown, B. V. 2017. Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (4): 275 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2016. 1172676" title="Fossil evidence of social insect commensalism in the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2017">Brown, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), have a series of setulae along the radial vein, more than four scutellar setae and longitudinal, irregular rows of tightlypacked setulae (setal palisades) on the hind tibia in addition to the limuloid body form. None of these character states was convincingly observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dale E. Greenwalt & Daniel J. Bickel & Peter H. Kerr & Gregory R. Curler & Brian V. Brown & Herman de Jong & Scott J. Fitzgerald & Torsten Dikow & Michal Tkoč & Christian Kehlmaier & Dalton De Souza Amorim" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kishenehnensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. kishenehnensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the much more distinctive structure of the female terminal segments is clearly visible: the ovipositor has heavily striate membrane and thick, peglike setae. This structure is known from at least one fossil species,
|
||
<emphasis box="[591,737,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Brues" authorityYear="1939" box="[591,732,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiarius">A. tertiarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and all examined modern species, but no other phorids. The life history of two of the 14 modern species has been studied and both found to be parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[221,499,969,994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[221,317,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Formica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[325,499,969,994]" journalOrPublisher="Salvii, Stockholm" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref39659" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima L. Salvii, Stockholm." title="Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima L" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ant pupae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H. S. J. K." journalOrPublisher="George Routledge and Sons, London" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref36176" refString="Donisthorpe, H. S. J. K. 1927. The Guests of British Ants, Their Habits and Life Histories. George Routledge and Sons, London." title="The Guests of British Ants, Their Habits and Life Histories" type="book" year="1927">Donisthorpe, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No studies have been done on the function of this peculiar ovipositor, which is unlike those of other parasitoid phorids that attack adult ants, but it is likely related to the parasitic lifestyle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |