207 lines
25 KiB
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207 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54424" ID-PMC="PMC7567745" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-8-e54424" ID-Pensoft-UUID="00D3F97C107752E784967973F66E47A8" ID-PubMed="33117074" ModsDocID="1314-2828-8-e54424" checkinTime="1602302899397" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Trilar, Tomi, Gjonov, Ilia & Gogala, Matija" docDate="2020" docId="742A0C50C87E5CB3B2E19E5FF1948E7C" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 8: e54424" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 8" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54424" docTitle="Cicadatra persica" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="00D3F97C107752E784967973F66E47A8" lastPageNumber="54424" masterDocId="00D3F97C107752E784967973F66E47A8" masterDocTitle="Checklist and provisional atlas of singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Bulgaria, based on bioacoustics" masterLastPageNumber="54424" masterPageNumber="54424" pageNumber="54424" updateTime="1668128448721" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="99ECA777C06D6A85371C499189E8CE64">
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<mods:title id="F401E0812B897261E4806F547EA7E31B">Checklist and provisional atlas of singing cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Bulgaria, based on bioacoustics</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2DC4BFA9F39664A1ADA836D63CA82463" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="146E3E418E1CFEEFD4AFF55D53017340">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9181B1BBC2E5E79B4AF7E8FD7E57E6CB">Trilar, Tomi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6ADEBDB20C8A187D977C4EFCF1060421">Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="DC956F9F9C0BA298AC71AB8F5EB32BCB" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-2881</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7F6F69611BA4FCE98DAE8BE1BD747223" type="email">ttrilar@pms-lj.si</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="B07A4396DB7358E1EA11C89D67DF1877" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8DA697F818FFD400A6F241B037624440">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="19D908F72EC7EED4D402DC23FF6B09FD">Gjonov, Ilia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E75B31F842536282CB02F90641058752">Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Sofia, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3665110DE55341A93E0DBB98DF30B170" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4239-9756</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4542714ACD1A2C04490CE196B3D203B8" type="email">gjonov@cicadina.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3D4E7AF579D191B85EDE25FF50380207">Gogala, Matija</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BD2DA864E1B16B1DF3EB4150E593FAE1">Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B1BBDDF714094E1888D74F78D2BF220C" type="email">matija.gogala@guest.arnes.si</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="BB6FFB071A7CC5330CD1040CDD1895D7">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CE47E7749C6C77F628DA5AC82F18E6E3">
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<mods:date id="554C59B436ECC0BF75D64889F0635732">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="81FBFD37879649FDBA858851CF20AC1C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="93E99EE6380CF2F99E836428116F86F0">8</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="3972EF040477C23ABDC7DAA3707EA987">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54424</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="4CEEF98C82247DA48E5A8A8F7F247627">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C1B4BED45D727C14FC5C3A4C1EA92EF2" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54424</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="742A0C50C87E5CB3B2E19E5FF1948E7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:742A0C50C87E5CB3B2E19E5FF1948E7C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/742A0C50C87E5CB3B2E19E5FF1948E7C" lastPageNumber="54424" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<subSubSection id="2001A11B1047D7453352C6F6C955432E" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DE95AD697E71DBA0B5DB919620FAD31A" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<taxonomicName id="631FBAA85226A5E91BEF738723A5D238" ID-CoL="V6HR" LSID="742A0C50-C87E-5CB3-B2E1-9E5FF1948E7C" authority="(Kirkaldy, 1909)" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">Cicadatra persica (Kirkaldy, 1909)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B64A4BBD78D5910A2ACD19582D8BE8FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="DE91E00682EF32B0C0EE81EB43068D08" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="67D59E2453D985C5CF66C2C2C5763C5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<emphasis id="2B3EB7BA08C80574E9F44554E3E53F10" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">General distribution: Southern Europe</emphasis>
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: Bulgaria (this study), North Macedonia;
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<emphasis id="5DA4E40D6FE4E173F66609F60F0C42A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Eastern Europe</emphasis>
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: Russia (south European Russia);
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<emphasis id="A8FF9513F4DF71BC7BE1D0F23E497928" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Middle East</emphasis>
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: Iran, Israel, Syria, Turkey;
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<emphasis id="7A1819FA3B5CFA5A9E2F6170077DB01D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Transcaucasia</emphasis>
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: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia;
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<emphasis id="01D72B55CDB2FD53911DCA5A9DF34ABD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Central Asia</emphasis>
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: Pakistan (summarised by
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<bibRefCitation id="2CE9FF46DBAB64D00739FFD575A59A93" author="Duffels, J P" journalOrPublisher="Dr W Junk Publisher, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" refId="B5742783" refString="Duffels, J P, van der Laan, P A, 1985. Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) 1956-1980. Dr W Junk Publisher, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster" title="Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) 1956 - 1980" year="1985">Duffels and van der Laan 1985</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="BF91AE4D025623FF7E704604D97B6A2A" author="Sanborn, Allen F" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press / Elsevier, London, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" refId="B5743532" refString="Sanborn, Allen F, 2014. Catalogue of the Cicadoidea. Academic Press/Elsevier, London, UK" title="Catalogue of the Cicadoidea" year="2014">Sanborn 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D6E8639E7B088959545B70113C5DAD8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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According to
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<bibRefCitation id="4BDC8E1DDD2561433B4518D76E3134A7" author="Kudryasheva, J. V." journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Moskva" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" refId="B5743179" refString="Kudryasheva, J. V., 1979. Lichinki pevchikh tsikad (Homoptera, Cicadidae) fauny SSSR. Nauka, Moskva" title="Lichinki pevchikh tsikad (Homoptera, Cicadidae) fauny SSSR" year="1979">Kudryasheva (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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the western limit of distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="64D00074C206601A9193E95F8CCDB068" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="D7AE0965D34F34400039A0912723EC11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Mediterranean reaches as far as Sicily, but has not been confirmed by recent fieldwork with bioacoustic methods (Thomas Hertach, personal communication).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B5B788BBF8EBF99993088B2B6E4321C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<emphasis id="2DB46BEFE7DCEC67CCDFA288B58B465F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Distribution in Bulgaria</emphasis>
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: Two male and one female specimen of
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<taxonomicName id="9B370E4686C6F32961E89A2143F4A125" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="B6AC925E84F34555D45DA4F253469AC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Sliven are kept in the collections of SOFM and MZPW (Figs
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<figureCitation id="478A23F2464499ABF7589D813E3F044B" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F5781283" captionText="Figure 23. Map with localities of Cicadatra persica in Bulgaria. Blue - data from collections." figureDoi=".figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/445615" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">23</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="C8B8F7F81C06971BAB8F05FBE0B8F351" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F5781287" captionText="Figure 24. Altitudinal distribution of Cicadatra persica. The percentage of the recorded localities is displayed in 200 - metre altitude zones." figureDoi=".figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447379" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">24</figureCitation>
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). These data have never been published before.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B3F1A4C44C1C4C99F6687AA651978B63" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<taxonomicName id="A09DFB84B5D6D200DF17FA24A120B01A" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="C26C38F7063632D94F15579C1E32FA05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also mentioned for Bulgaria in literature by
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<bibRefCitation id="D5D0527657C6DB9C2D55D8EB17ED04BF" author="Hava, Jiri" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos entomoloxicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="137 - 138" refId="B5743015" refString="Hava, Jiri, 2016. Cicadatra persica (Kirkaldy, 1909) new for Bulgaria (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae). Arquivos entomoloxicos 16: 137 - 138" title="Cicadatra persica (Kirkaldy, 1909) new for Bulgaria (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)." volume="16" year="2016">
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<normalizedToken id="8EB7C4FA3FE1AD0EDDC58D4B2FFBAEF8" originalValue="Háva">Hava</normalizedToken>
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(2016)
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</bibRefCitation>
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from Sozopol on the Black Sea coast, but in this study, we find that the specimen was misidentified with an unusually coloured
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<taxonomicName id="29279E36754ED4BCE2FE74DBF47993BE" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra atra" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atra">
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<emphasis id="6A636CD727DE803A8A3E651AA6F5AB70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra atra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because of the large differences in body size.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B8294BA164BAAD632F4C35361C993D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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Using bioacoustic methods, we searched in Sliven and its surroundings under ideal weather conditions for singing cicadas and in suitable habitat (based on our own field experiences from North Macedonia (
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<bibRefCitation id="7D8AB3904FA0640DF795796236735FED" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742945" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 1998. First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 6 (1): 5 - 15" title="First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song" volume="6" year="1998">Gogala and Trilar 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A17A6B71F231FB2FDAB19C1B2EE8ACED" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742955" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 2003. Video analysis of wing clicking in Cicadas of the genera Cicadatra and Pagiphora (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 11 (1): 5 - 15" title="Video analysis of wing clicking in Cicadas of the genera Cicadatra and Pagiphora (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea)" volume="11" year="2003">Gogala and Trilar 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="437791427180640BB198652F7F611E05" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B5742975" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, Krpac, Vladimir T, 2005. Fauna of singing cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea) of Macedonia - a bioacoustic survey. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 13 (2): 103 - 126" title="Fauna of singing cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea) of Macedonia - a bioacoustic survey" volume="13" year="2005">Gogala et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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)), but could not detect the presence of
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<taxonomicName id="2867A7CDFAB46289B3A8B6423EDF2EB3" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="5F34B029C63EDDDAF1E89BB40DC88525" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="78AEAC7332899CC7AE5E475AE95278AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" type="notes">
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<paragraph id="E213B9B103EEC86DCA980F6C0157A781" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C120D7ECA231B7F6416DAFC2E2A0E4F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<emphasis id="F5639554881A0476DF0377ABDF015102" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Acoustic behaviour</emphasis>
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: The song with intensive wing clicking was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="A38D7058BB21B58DDB386AD92219953C" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742945" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 1998. First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 6 (1): 5 - 15" title="First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song" volume="6" year="1998">Gogala and Trilar (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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. Some years later,
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<bibRefCitation id="35EA37A76382D7474DAC2D068A5257F0" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742955" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 2003. Video analysis of wing clicking in Cicadas of the genera Cicadatra and Pagiphora (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 11 (1): 5 - 15" title="Video analysis of wing clicking in Cicadas of the genera Cicadatra and Pagiphora (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadoidea)" volume="11" year="2003">Gogala and Trilar (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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also described the mechanism of wing clicking.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E6AC26819A617D10D9B2737B9D521FD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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Like many other
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<taxonomicName id="713E5E2D19A3F47880FF3881573CF023" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E409C00019139A2F76BC472EB879E56D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="E0799717725A21E0BBBB8303149F9677" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="F8CF044A09A8B01D12F90CD5455CDDF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also has two types of songs: continuous calling song and courtship song with wing clicks. It is obvious that many species of this genus combine the normal tymbal sounds with clicks produced by wing beats against the body or substrate during their courtship song (
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<bibRefCitation id="C14568AA2065138EB88A51A60CDDAEA8" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742945" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 1998. First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 6 (1): 5 - 15" title="First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song" volume="6" year="1998">Gogala and Trilar 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42FE04F8ADA2226D4D216BB366B51D18" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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The phrases of a
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<emphasis id="035C46B29CCBEC819CFD6CC189B9FC9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">continuous calling song</emphasis>
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can last for many minutes without interruption (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="56905F9ACBA8E003A34AC25E7F8B1E2D" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F5781291" captionText="Figure 25. Calling song of Cicadatra persica. (A) spectrogram and oscillogram of the selected part of the continuous calling song; (B) oscillogram of the enlarged part corresponding to the inverted window in (A)." figureDoi=".figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/408015" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">25</figureCitation>
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). They begin without a distinct pattern of amplitude modulation and sometimes end with one or a few separate, irregular echemes. The frequency range is between 5.8 and 12.4 kHz (at -20 dB level) with maximum amplitude close to 8.4 kHz. In this wide frequency band, there are many small frequency peaks, 670-1300 Hz apart due to the ultrastructure of this song, which consists of pulses (tymbal rib clicks) with a repetition period of about 0.8 to 1.5 ms (repetition frequency 670 - 1250 Hz) (
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<bibRefCitation id="D4052D4EC1AE9A735D4FA281D07F08F7" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742945" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 1998. First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 6 (1): 5 - 15" title="First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song" volume="6" year="1998">Gogala and Trilar 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="50219059A35A491BC15A471F02775773" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<emphasis id="B67121255318D799A0EA4EF0B5507953" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Courtship song</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation id="99AC5D0C6C2AF876F80F9DB8170F7399" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F5781295" captionText="Figure 26. Courtship song of Cicadatra persica. (A) spectrogram and oscillogram of the selected part of the courtship song accompanied by wing clicks; (B) oscillogram of the enlarged part of the courtship song accompanied by wing clicks corresponding to the inverted window in (A)." figureDoi=".figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/408019" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">26</figureCitation>
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) consists of phrases (duration 5-7 s, average 6
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<normalizedToken id="FAFEDB46539D4B6546B174C4E153A563" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1.3 s) with a long series (N = 59
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<normalizedToken id="DE93273660D34F3F4BD25D5D20CEC5CB" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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14) of rapidly repeated wing clicks (repetition period 89
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<normalizedToken id="BCE92B00EFED574D224F726ECEC674FD" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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15 ms and repetition frequency approx. 11 Hz), which ends with a loud tymbal echeme with increasing amplitude (duration 186
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<normalizedToken id="B459ECC94D8E46AC6A8FD7051EDCCC74" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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26 ms). After a short pause, the wing clicks of the next phrase begin again. The first interval between the clicks is usually a bit longer and the last 2-6 intervals of a phrase are even longer. The interval between the last click and a tymbal echeme is extremely variable and can last between 60 and 600 ms. The frequency spectrum of tymbal echemes is similar to the spectrum of a continuous song, but the wing clicks have a wider frequency spectrum (2-20 kHz) with a maximum amplitude between 3 and 7 kHz (Gogala and Trilar 1998). The clicks always occur in connection with the opening and closing of the forewings. The hindwings remain more or less in the same position during this cycle (Gogala and Trilar 2003). The males singing close together often synchronise the phrases almost simultaneously, so that the tymbal echemes appear, but are slightly shifted for about 50-150 ms (Gogala and Trilar 1998).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D22AC7D11943DFE9A35B5C7CD313880B" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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In addition to these two types of song, a few irregular tymbal echemes are recorded with the same spectrum as the continuous song, usually before the cicadas flew away. This may be an alarm song (rivalry song or distress call) by animals singing or courting too close together (
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<bibRefCitation id="2ECEE82D85E29D4394EA8880F0F4C5A5" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Slovenica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" pagination="5 - 15" refId="B5742945" refString="Gogala, Matija, Trilar, Tomi, 1998. First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song. Acta Entomologica Slovenica 6 (1): 5 - 15" title="First record of Cicadatra persica Kirkaldy, 1909 from Macedonia, with description of its song" volume="6" year="1998">Gogala and Trilar 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0F7C7853CE8F5BAF6842D5FE50EF63C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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Selected sound samples of
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<emphasis id="BB8A9D8FE1887744A42089DE94DA7250" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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are available on the web pages
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<emphasis id="69DB7C5AB68C3F8E107853F04E29D8D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Songs of the European singing cicadas</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="3B850887A1CA75024632216E3A6DD798" author="Gogala, Matija" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Serbica" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" refId="B5743988" refString="GogalaMatijaSongs of European singing cicadas / Napevi evropskih skrzadovhttp://www.cicadasong.eu/2020-04-17T00:00:00+03:00" year="2016">Gogala 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD3483784B190B1B056C55BE314E3D31" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<emphasis id="1EB3B469000E7CFFEE4BD5C528034BA2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Materials</emphasis>
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: Suppl. material 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9339893DAC920EF0EFAED83D57AED88A" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="387D7877C307AAED1E3E7BDE25298BD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="359DAF2EC21CA342ADB3BA4CE23140BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">
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<taxonomicName id="8A46CBA536F87804BFCDC08C9C7F6459" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Cicadatra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicadatra persica" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persica">
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<emphasis id="FE5AD02ED3EA89EA754C6D23E0F87546" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">Cicadatra persica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation id="9A0E0E2A2DEB85282C17BFEF0FD6B1AD" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F5781279" captionText="Figure 22. Cicadatra persica singing male." figureDoi=".figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406993" pageId="0" pageNumber="54424">22</figureCitation>
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) is an ecologically very peculiar species that lives on steep slopes of river gorges overgrown with thermophilic Mediterranean vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |