235 lines
27 KiB
XML
235 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6280308" ID-GBIF-Dataset="647046fe-0ee5-401d-b4f8-aea0355fde7f" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124407450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6280308" checkinTime="1471630429166" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Piotr Naskrecki" docDate="2000" docId="634387D1A330FFD51767FD7BFB333EB6" docLanguage="en" docName="Naskrecki_KCR_2000.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Philadelphia, PA: The Orthopterists Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Orchelimum Serville 1839" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="9F7AFFA9A32AFFCE167AFFC3FFF13C6E" masterDocTitle="Katydids of Costa Rica / Vol. 1, Systematics and bioacoustics of the cone-head katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae sensu lato)." pageId="26" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1645797358202" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Katydids of Costa Rica / Vol. 1, Systematics and bioacoustics of the cone-head katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae sensu lato).</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Piotr Naskrecki</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2000</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher>The Orthopterists Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Philadelphia, PA</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:classification>book</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.270035</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">647046fe-0ee5-401d-b4f8-aea0355fde7f</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">270035</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6280308" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124407450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6280308" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:634387D1A330FFD51767FD7BFB333EB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D1A330FFD51767FD7BFB333EB6" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection box="[285,606,696,719]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[258,633,696,747]" box="[285,606,696,719]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<heading box="[285,606,696,719]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="14" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName authority="Serville, 1839" authorityName="Serville" authorityYear="1839" box="[285,606,696,719]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[285,460,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">ORCHELIMUM</emphasis>
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Serville, 1839
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[258,633,725,747]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[258,633,696,747]" box="[258,633,725,747]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<heading box="[258,633,725,747]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="14" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" reason="4">Common Name: Meadow katydids</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[151,739,782,918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">1839 Serville, Hist. nat. Ins., Orthopt.: 522 1915a Rehn & Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 41: 11-83 >>revision</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[151,739,782,918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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1999 Naskrecki and Otte, Illustr. Cat. Orthop. I (
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<collectionCode box="[634,670,868,889]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">CD</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode box="[674,732,868,890]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">ROM</collectionCode>
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) >>references;
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<typeStatus box="[350,407,897,918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">types</typeStatus>
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illustrated
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[151,741,954,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,233,954,975]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Note:</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName box="[353,476,954,975]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[353,476,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an example of a group maintained in the taxonomic literature by tradition rather than actual diagnostic characteristics that can identify it as a natural, monophyletic assemblage.
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<bibRefCitation author="Rehn, J. A. G. & Hebard, M." journalOrPublisher="Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc." pageId="26" pageNumber="23" pagination="11 - 83" part="61" refString="Rehn, J. A. G., and Hebard, M. 1915 a. Studies in American Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). IV. A synopsis of the species of the genus Orchelimum. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 61: 11 - 83." title="Studies in American Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). IV. A synopsis of the species of the genus Orchelimum" type="journal article" year="1915" yearSuffix="a">Rehn and Hebard (1915a)</bibRefCitation>
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present a combination of characters that supposedly identify
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<taxonomicName box="[312,444,1098,1119]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[312,444,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a genus distinct from
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<emphasis box="[151,291,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,287,1127,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Conocephalus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but even they admit that none of the characters is unique to
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<taxonomicName box="[349,471,1155,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[349,471,1155,1176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and all of them occur, albeit less frequently, in
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<taxonomicName box="[392,526,1184,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[392,526,1184,1205]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Conocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The only relatively consistent characteristics of
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<taxonomicName box="[459,583,1213,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[459,583,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. are their more robust appearance and larger body form, but even these characters broadly overlap with some species of
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<taxonomicName box="[151,282,1299,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[151,282,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Conocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. There are no consistent differences between the two genera either in the male or female genitalic structures, the male stridulatory apparatus, wing venation, leg armature, or any other structures considered diagnostic for
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<taxonomicName box="[256,398,1415,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigoniidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[151,741,954,1725]" lastBlockId="26.[771,1361,207,632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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Glenn K. Morris (personal communication) provides two behavioral characters that may indicate a degree of separateness of the two genera. The dominant spectral peak of the male’s call in
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<taxonomicName box="[428,551,1530,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[428,551,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the acoustic range (about 18 kHz) whereas in
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<taxonomicName box="[522,656,1559,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[522,656,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Conocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(where unfortunately only a small fraction of species have ever been recorded) the dominant spectral peak is in the ultrasonic range (30 kHz and above). Morris notes, however, that “this song parameter is of course not unrelated to size, though it is not fair to say that frequency is simply dictated by size”. The second behavioral character apparently unique to
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<taxonomicName box="[1011,1135,236,257]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1011,1135,236,257]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is high incidence of male fighting, and many of the species known to fight do it by grappling. The latter is unknown to occur in males of
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<taxonomicName box="[866,999,322,343]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[866,999,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Conocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. These observations, however, are based on a very limited number of species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1361,207,632]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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Despite the lack of strong support for the separate status of the genus
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<taxonomicName box="[942,1065,409,430]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[942,1065,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it seems unwise to synonymize the two genera at this point as both names are well established in taxonomic literature and many species of
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<taxonomicName box="[771,893,495,516]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[771,893,495,516]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are easily recognizable based on their larger size and sometimes distinct coloration. For the purpose of this review
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<taxonomicName box="[931,1054,553,574]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[931,1054,553,574]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Orchelimum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is treated as a separate, yet very closely related to
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<taxonomicName box="[1082,1234,581,602]" class="Insecta" family="Dryophthoridae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1082,1234,581,602]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Conocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus of
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<taxonomicName box="[771,942,610,632]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Conocephalinae">Conocephalinae</taxonomicName>
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s.l.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1360,668,1093]" box="[771,882,668,690]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<heading bold="true" box="[771,882,668,690]" fontSize="9" level="13" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" reason="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[771,882,668,690]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1360,668,1093]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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Body slender to robust, small to medium size as for the family; macropterous or mesopterous (
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<figureCitation box="[1252,1326,725,747]" captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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A); tegumen smooth. Fastigium of vertex laterally compressed, rounded apically, never cone-shaped; no traces of genal carinae present; mandibles and labrum symmetrical; eyes relatively large. Pronotum short, lateral lobes approximately triangular, humeral sinus weak to well developed, posterior edge of lobe with well developed “secondary tympanum.” Stridulatory file with peg like teeth, strongly sinusoidal. All legs slender, fore and mid
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<taxonomicName box="[820,895,985,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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unarmed on lower margins. Male cercus always armed with one internal tooth; ovipositor weakly to distinctly curved, lower and upper edges of ovipositor parallel to divergent midlength.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="23" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1360,1128,1727]" box="[771,1222,1128,1151]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[771,900,1128,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Description</emphasis>
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(male except where specified)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1360,1128,1727]" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[794,875,1157,1178]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Head.—</emphasis>
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Fastigium of vertex 0.75 to 1.4 times as wide as scapus (
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<figureCitation box="[892,963,1186,1208]" captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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B-C), laterally compressed, rounded dorsally and apically, never hook- or cone-shaped, never projecting strongly in front of eyes; fastigium of vertex touching fastigium of frons. Eyes large relative to size of head, weakly protruding. Frons weakly convex, smooth; tegumen of head smooth, without traces of genal carinae; face slender to moderately wide. Mandibles and labrum symmetrical.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="26.[771,1360,1128,1727]" lastBlockId="27.[174,764,207,1706]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[794,1023,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Thorax and wings.—</emphasis>
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Dorsal surface of pronotum smooth, flat or metazona slightly raised; anterior dorsal margin straight, posterior one straight or weakly convex; lateral lobes approximately triangular, with acute posterior angle; posterior edge of lateral lobe with “secondary tympanum” – a somewhat raised, narrowly elliptical area of thinner cuticle covering thoracic auditory spiracle; humeral sinus poorly to well developed (
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<figureCitation captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="23">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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A). Thoracic auditory spiracle large, elliptical, completely hidden under lateral lobe of pronotum; posterior edge of spiracle unmodified. Prosternum armed with two thin, short spines (modified basisternum); meso- and metasternum with lateral lobes of basisterna small, triangular, their inner margins touching; posterior part of metasternum strongly compressed causing hind coxa to nearly touch each other.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="27.[174,764,207,1706]" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
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Wings in both sexes fully developed, surpassing apices of hind
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<taxonomicName box="[295,372,380,402]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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, rarely somewhat shortened and not reaching hind knees; hind wings usually distinctly longer than tegmina. Stridulatory apparatus of male well developed; stridulatory area of left wing membranous, without a network of secondary veinlets; stridulatory file (vein AA1—new vein homology after Kukalova-Peck, personal communication; male stridulatory file used to be homologized with the vein Cu2) sinusoidal (
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<figureCitation box="[661,731,581,603]" captionStart="FIG. 41" captionStartId="139.[174,218,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[174,1383,204,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@139.[174,1385,204,1605]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="FIG. 41. Stridulatory file and cercus of Orchelimum fraternum. A. stridulatory file, B. proximal end of the stridulatory file, C. male left cercus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270077/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
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A), teeth thick, peg-like, sparsely arranged, especially on distal end of file; mirror of right wing approximately rectangular, with secondary veinlet next to AA1 always well developed, divergent from AA1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="27.[174,764,207,1706]" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis box="[196,270,726,747]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Legs.—</emphasis>
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All legs long and slender; fore coxa with an elongate, forward projecting spine dorsally. All
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<taxonomicName box="[687,762,754,776]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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unarmed dorsally; fore and mid
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<taxonomicName box="[528,603,784,806]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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unarmed ventrally, hind
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<taxonomicName box="[298,373,813,835]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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armed ventrally with relatively few minute spines or unarmed; genicular lobes of
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<taxonomicName box="[686,762,842,864]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Sphyrometopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="femora">femora</taxonomicName>
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usually armed with short spines. Fore and mid tibiae unarmed dorsally, both ventral margins with immovable spines as long as 1/4 to 1/2 diameter of tibia; hind tibia armed on all four dorsal and ventral margins; apex of tibia with two pairs of ventral and one pair of dorsal movable spurs. Tympanum on fore tibia bilaterally closed, tympanal slits facing forward, tympanal area weakly to distinctly swollen, with pair of small, elongated pits below tympanal slits.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="27.[174,764,207,1706]" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis box="[196,317,1132,1153]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Abdomen.—</emphasis>
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Dorsal surface of abdominal terga smooth, unmodified. Male 10th tergite usually strongly sclerotized, with narrow apical incision, supraanal plate small, triangular. Male cercus always with one internal spine, often accompanied by more or less developed dorsal, sinusoid groove (
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<figureCitation box="[339,411,1278,1300]" captionStart="FIG. 41" captionStartId="139.[174,218,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[174,1383,204,1604]" captionTargetId="figure@139.[174,1385,204,1605]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="FIG. 41. Stridulatory file and cercus of Orchelimum fraternum. A. stridulatory file, B. proximal end of the stridulatory file, C. male left cercus, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270077/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||
C); female cercus, simple, slender and weakly incurved. Subgenital plate of male with a pair of styli, distinct median keel, truncated apically (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D) or with triangular apical emargination; female subgenital plate approximately triangular, rounded or shallowly emarginated apically. Concealed genitalia of male with paired, heavily sclerotized, hook-like titillators (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[181,237,1481,1503]" captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Ovipositor narrow, straight to distinctly curved; its length variable, from less than half the length to almost as long as hind femur; both dorsal and ventral margins of ovipositor smooth, parallel to divergent midlength; apex of upper valvula sharp (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[609,667,1597,1619]" captionStart="FIG. 3" captionStartId="28.[151,195,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1333,204,1630]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIG. 3. Orchelimum fraternum. A. male - habitus, B. male face, C. male head and pronotum, dorsal view, D. male subgenital plate, ventral view, E. titillators, F. ovipositor." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270038/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[174,764,207,1706]" lastBlockId="27.[794,1383,207,728]" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[196,326,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Coloration.—</emphasis>
|
||
General coloration green to brown, almost invariably with dark, wide stripe on head and pronotum; head sometimes red dorsally (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Davis" authorityName="Davis" box="[493,755,1684,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[493,687,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">O. erythrocephalum</emphasis>
|
||
Davis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or face with median brown stripe (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder" authorityName="Scudder" box="[1144,1372,207,229]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concinnum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1278,208,229]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">O. concinnum</emphasis>
|
||
Scudder
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); abdomen green or yellow; sometimes dorsal side of abdomen yellow, with dark, longitudinal stripes. Tegmina straw brown to light green; legs green to light brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[794,1383,207,728]" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis box="[817,935,324,345]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Remarks.—</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1072,1200,324,345]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1200,324,345]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Orchelimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes 23 described species, distributed from south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1295,1379,354,376]" name="Canada" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, throughout eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1012,1158,383,405]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">United states</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1171,1249,383,405]" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1171,1249,383,405]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
to northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[794,908,412,434]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Most species occur in moist freshwater habitats among sedges or reeds, along streams or margins of ponds. Some species occur in less typical habitats such as dry weedy fields, salt marshes, and two species are arboreal. The only Costa Rican species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Orchelimum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraternum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">O. fraternum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occurs on tall grassy vegetation along edges of the dry forest of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1009,1132,589,610]" country="Costa Rica" name="Guanacaste" pageId="27" pageNumber="24">Guanacaste</collectingRegion>
|
||
as well as in open, savanna-like grasslands. It is a diurnal species, with males singing all day from tall vegetation. Nothing is know of their natural diet but in captivity they accepted grass seeds and various vegetables and fruits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |