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<mods:title id="AF643967FD3697E69521C68A7BF5D808">The black coral fauna (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of Bermuda with new records</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0B0EB426A39FFB26ECB9E01B568447F" bold="true" box="[151,539,1868,1894]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="369" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A39FFB26ECB9E01B568447F" ID-CoL="F28R" authority="Gray, 1857" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,539,1868,1894]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="369" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A39FFB26ECB9E01B568447F" bold="true" box="[151,539,1868,1894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A39FFB26ECB9E01B6F9447F" bold="true" box="[151,394,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="369">Antipathes atlantica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A39FFB26FCE9E01B568447F" author="Gray" box="[402,539,1868,1894]" pageId="2" pageNumber="369" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25, 278 - 294." type="journal article" year="1857">Gray, 1857</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A39FFB26ECB9EDFB60F44B2" ID-CoL="F28R" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,380,1938,1963]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="369" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A39FFB26ECB9EDFB60F44B2" box="[151,380,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="369">Antipathes atlantica</emphasis>
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forms large colonies that are
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in height or more, and are densely branched with most branches located in a single plane like a fan (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A39FFB26CD69EFBB46744D6" box="[650,788,1974,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[237,1341,628,1497]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[236,1350,628,1497]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Antipathes atlantica from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042990/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="369">Figure 1ac</figureCitation>
). Adjacent branches are sometimes fused together to form a net-like pattern. The terminal branches are straight or slightly curved, and typically shorter than
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without becoming branched. The skeletal spines are smooth, triangular or slightly inclined distally, and are about the same width at their base as they are tall (
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). The spines are never bifurcated and are 40100 µm in height. On smaller branches, the spines are arranged in axial rows with adjoining rows offset in a spiral pattern around the corallum (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36F569849B6094204" box="[266,378,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[237,1341,628,1497]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[236,1350,628,1497]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Antipathes atlantica from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042990/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 1d</figureCitation>
). Spine spacing is fairly even within each row, and ranges between 175300 µm. The polyps are arranged on only one side of the corallum, are generally
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in transverse diameter, and are spaced
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apart (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36F1B9801B6CA427D" box="[327,441,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[237,1341,628,1497]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[236,1350,628,1497]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Antipathes atlantica from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042990/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
). All colonies observed as part of this study were grayish white
<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36AE29800B27B427D" box="[1214,1288,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">in situ</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A38FFB36B479801B2FF427D" box="[1307,1420,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1518,1540]" captionTargetBox="[237,1341,628,1497]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[236,1350,628,1497]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Antipathes atlantica from Bermuda showing (a) colony in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on terminal branch under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on terminal branch under SEM (scale bar = 100 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 10 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042990/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Figure 1a</figureCitation>
), however, greenish colonies have also reported for this species in other locations (
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Opresko
<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36ACD983CB3B94291" box="[1169,1226,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36B439822B64D42B4" author="Opresko" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Opresko, D. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. (2005) Caribbean shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia). Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 492 - 507." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36F1798D8B69542B5" author="Warner" box="[331,486,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Warner, G. F. (1981) Species descriptions and ecological observations of black corals (Antipatharia) from Trinidad. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31, 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="1981">Warner, 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
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<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36FA698D9B50D42B4" box="[506,638,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">A. atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been reported from the Caribbean, Gulf of
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</collectingRegion>
and Northwest Atlantic at depths ranging between
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36D7D98FAB31242C9" author="Cairns" box="[801,1121,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Cairns, S. D., Opresko, D. M. &amp; Hopkins, T. S. (1993) New records of deep-water Cnidaria (Scleractinia &amp; Antipatharia) from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science, 13, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1993">
Cairns, Opresko
<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36DBC98F4B36C42C9" box="[992,1055,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">et al.,</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36A3198FAB26542C9" author="Opresko" box="[1133,1302,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2009) Antipatharia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Tunnell, J. W. Jr., Felder, D. L. &amp; Earle, S. A. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A &amp; M University Press, Corpus Christi, 359 - 363." type="book chapter" year="2009">Opresko, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
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Opresko
<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36BD498F4B7C742EC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36F519891B54F42EC" author="Opresko" box="[269,572,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Opresko, D. M. &amp; Sanchez, J. A. (2005) Caribbean shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia). Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 492 - 507." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko &amp; Sanchez, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36C169891B44D42ED" author="Padilla" box="[586,830,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Padilla, C. &amp; Lara, M. (2003) Banco Chinchorro: the last shelter for black coral in the Mexican Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 73, 197 - 202." type="journal article" year="2003">Padilla &amp; Lara, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36D109891B48642ED" author="Sanchez" box="[844,1013,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Sanchez, J. A. (1999) Black coral-octocoral distribution patterns on Imelda Bank, a deep-water reef, Colombia, Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 65, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1999">Sanchez, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36A5F9891B39D42ED" author="Sanchez" box="[1027,1262,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Sanchez, J. A., Zea, S. &amp; Diaz, J. M. (1998) Patterns of octocoral and black coral distribution in the oceanic barrier reef-complex of Providencia Island, Southwestern Caribbean. Caribbean Journal of Science, 34, 250 - 264." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sanchez
<emphasis id="B933803C6A38FFB36A359890B3D042EC" box="[1129,1187,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="370">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36AA09890B2EB42ED" author="Warner" box="[1276,1432,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Warner, G. F. (1981) Species descriptions and ecological observations of black corals (Antipatharia) from Trinidad. Bulletin of Marine Science, 31, 147 - 163." type="journal article" year="1981">Warner, 1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A38FFB36ECB98B2B7A74101" author="Warner" box="[151,212,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="370" refString="Warner, G. F. (2005) The occurrence of black corals in Jamaican reef environments, with special reference to Stichopathes lutkeni (Antipatharia: Antipathidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens examined as part of this study were collected at depths between
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(
<tableCitation id="C6C569956A38FFB36A8498B2B25D4101" box="[1240,1326,511,536]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,440,463]" captionText="TABLE 1. Black coral specimens examined as part of this study (BAMZ = Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo; NR = not reported; * = new record for Bermuda)." pageId="3" pageNumber="370">Table 1</tableCitation>
), thereby extending the known depth range of this species.
</paragraph>
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