294 lines
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294 lines
29 KiB
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<mods:title id="06CBE9D3297B723AEEEEBF9F1AD296B2">Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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<treatment id="DE7D0BECD4C35592965DE11F0D130D35" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197823860" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE7D0BECD4C35592965DE11F0D130D35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DE7D0BECD4C35592965DE11F0D130D35" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Polychaeta" scope_family="Aphroditidae" scope_order="Phyllodocida" scope_phylum="Annelida" scope_subOrder="Aphroditiformia">
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<paragraph id="28B9BFA2CF6F957FECEB6640EA4EE898" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="AF76165DC437A434F34CF672BACCF17C" ID-CoL="84CT4" LSID="DE7D0BEC-D4C3-5592-965D-E11F0D130D35" authority="Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019" authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="3C10FDD39993F3F6E9077D4F26344E21" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="E10BEAD02E0B842A513EA169705AB629" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="AADA12301F68BCE3F6AEBB5CD0AF81FB" accessionNumber="ON400703" collectingDate="2018-06-02" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="4999" latitude="6.9878" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-149.9119" specimenCount="1">
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Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
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<specimenCount id="BD6FE46F7F73A0751B57F0224B355C6A" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
|
; APEI 4;
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="A76AF1EED14777C8C5152859E00EFC64" degrees="6.9878" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="6.9878">6.9878°N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate id="7F4C7B45B052E71A64A790F5E4D8F37B" degrees="149.9119" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.9119">149.9119°W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
;
|
|
<quantity id="0B6AC17EE0D881DD577BC4CF9E30F210" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.999" unit="m" value="4999.0">
|
|
<elevation id="46D3B0BF01C59E72429164A0DCCFC2AF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.999" unit="m" value="4999.0">4999 m</elevation>
|
|
</quantity>
|
|
deep;
|
|
<collectingDate id="F267F85121FBDB27C891DCBE64055D00" value="2018-06-02">02 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
|
|
;
|
|
<collectorName id="A2346E50B7D7C939DBA3BEA388D94B87">Smith</collectorName>
|
|
&
|
|
<collectorName id="D6262DDA3361FD6A631BE72731B5EC04">Durden</collectorName>
|
|
leg.;
|
|
<collectorName id="68D2F430241AFAF8AC8560AF19C0E866">GenBank</collectorName>
|
|
:
|
|
<accessionNumber id="49511F2F93A2BD4B590D355D574A2BE7" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400703">ON400703</accessionNumber>
|
|
(COI); NHMUK 2021.19;
|
|
<collectorName id="3AFB63A833EC11A78FEBC0E56EBD36A4">Voucher</collectorName>
|
|
code: CCZ_086
|
|
</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7F4182AE4A0906061E347EB53E52CA64" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="9E48D5677E9038FA341CF1FA430AF866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="374CC2C3588212009358E73972C3D05F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Single specimen, colouration in situ is violet (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="C4BB07EC295D17966DD24D0039D77CB5" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42A, B</figureCitation>
|
|
). Body elongated and anteriorly depressed (L = 34.7 cm, W = 10.2 mm); with a broad brim. Short (approx. one twelfth of body length), conical, single-pointed, dorsal unpaired appendage, placed 2/5 of the body length from the posterior end (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="C580D5F33B9F735A335C433B267C2E7C" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42A-C</figureCitation>
|
|
). Dorsal skin, including the dorsal appendage, covered in warts (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="76E4C3BE630DFB506AD4A5C5C9503C8D" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42C, F</figureCitation>
|
|
). Each wart has an ossicle in the centre, a giant cross with a central apophysis and strongly curved arms, all visible through the skin (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="580E60CA1AC3F7A975ED2BC4874876F1" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42E, F</figureCitation>
|
|
). Dorsal skin also contains smaller crosses with spiny arms (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="9586FECE750E99558BCADEF097B06513" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ _ 086: A, B in situ images C dorsal view of specimen before preservation D ventral view E dorsal ossicles F detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall G mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (B); 2 cm (C, D); 100 μm (E). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A, B); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (C, D); Bribiesca-Contreras (E-G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42E, F</figureCitation>
|
|
). Approximately 30 pairs of mid-ventral tube feet arranged in two rows along the mid-ventral ambulacrum, arranged very close together on the anterior two thirds of the body, and scattered after posteriorly, with the last pairs being very close together again. Colouration of preserved specimen is also purple, with slightly lighter ventrum.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<caption id="B337EEDEE4079B3F7A67B61B1393A6F8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716368" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
|
|
<paragraph id="108D5456D8649BD9DFAE3E095420CF58" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="277E0709DE093D04C6513E510509193F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 42.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3CE7770E2D8078737EFCF897D7599816" authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D4D52DFFBBD769642F01CA7DE1635D9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li, 2019. Specimen CCZ_086:
|
|
<emphasis id="A350B5341C5FC1AF7946307ABFD80101" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
|
in situ images
|
|
<emphasis id="AFF20737DE394630DEFA6DE5A121C527" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
dorsal view of specimen before preservation
|
|
<emphasis id="29449978569B73DF74F9FA070EB4F27A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
|
ventral view
|
|
<emphasis id="E3B5F8E484425BF924116209FEE8E8A4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
|
dorsal ossicles
|
|
<emphasis id="3C42B942B79CDD7538C17ED68C7C229A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
|
detail of warts and ossicles on dorsal body wall
|
|
<emphasis id="EEF10248D485ACF70BD3840C72797535" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
|
mouth tentacles. Scale bars: 5 cm (
|
|
<emphasis id="8F4884ECDFB6316DCE60B4107EA83E29" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
); 2 cm (
|
|
<emphasis id="2800AEC6C084CF4FD82AF80A66147B85" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
|
|
); 100
|
|
<normalizedToken id="4F2BB2148AA7FDAAB40CB9A97A5E5FF6" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="345D3557AF22BAC8184FE2ECAA2EE607" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
|
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
|
|
<emphasis id="3AFF9F80FE926F4A71C3B6CFA89552FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
|
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
|
|
<emphasis id="CF094783D0E47952DE25DC2B8299D48E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, D</emphasis>
|
|
); Bribiesca-Contreras (
|
|
<emphasis id="A1F46C55CB7955512ABEDADB44EB4977" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-G</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="9D6C4D27106BC51404D74CDB9B234FCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph id="B20AF65B994C230DD3B4732C6605D840" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="24D85B578EDEE9648FC90D64BEB2E9B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
COI sequence is very similar (K2P distance = 0.77%) to the holotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8F11A0202D22E89D47AD83D053D7CF09" lsidName="P. verrucicaudatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="AAD894E56074D8AC6015D4C14C2C7F99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and they were recovered together in the phylogenetic tree (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="FB9B4B9499B7356D8C6C0E7876103533" captionStart="Figure 34" captionStartId="F34" captionText="Figure 34. Phylogenetic tree of the class Holothuroidea. Concatenated (12 S, 16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and H 3) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP> 0.70 and BS> 50 are shown, with values of PP> 0.95 and BS> 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716360" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">34</figureCitation>
|
|
). This species was described from the Jiaolong seamount, in the South China Sea, western Pacific Ocean at 3615 m deep (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="94801D9BE06D8F03D5E2CB5E4AF23FF4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" author="Xiao, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="421 - 430" refId="B104" refString="Xiao, N, Gong, L, Kou, Q, Li, X, 2019. Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 95 (3): 421 - 430, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" title="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus, a new species of deep-sea holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from a seamount in the South China Sea." url="https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0041" volume="95" year="2019">Xiao et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). External morphological characters are in accordance with the original description.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="51CBDDC638806ADBE334EF4E5DE98B41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="6C76085375F07C560BD96334D370973E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0A51DC350B7CB8480F0BD54587F55D1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specimen was found on the sedimented abyssal plain in APEI 4 at 4999 m depth.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7F35DA11413404C354A599CDC634E7A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph id="7546A67C9573485E195B256440C56F4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D52F4DF70AAFA9D0B4F854327011D4ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
A very similar
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1EB365494171C7BA5299DF6EE45FE89C" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="ACA9854B2C0466D9A263D20AB1091024" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychropotes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. morphotype (i.e.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7F6D22F3889C90E181253153C5F1B062" authorityName="Xiao, Gong, Kou, Li" authorityYear="2019" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psychropotidae" genus="Psychropotes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychropotes verrucicaudatus" order="Elasipodida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verrucicaudatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="513A0A332219D1B1D01195BC80A3E539" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psychropotes verrucicaudatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. inc., HOL_045) has been commonly encountered in seabed image surveys conducted across nodule fields areas of the eastern CCZ (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="498DD4965ED797CA8871651B4072552F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" author="Amon, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B6" refString="Amon, DJ, Ziegler, AF, Kremenetskaia, A, Mah, CL, Mooi, R, O'Hara, T, Pawson, DL, Roux, M, Smith, CR, 2017b. Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 11794: e11794. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" title="Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 11794: e 11794." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" year="2017 b">Amon et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), but not in the abyssal areas surveyed within the Kiribati EEZ.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |