217 lines
25 KiB
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217 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" ID-PMC="PMC4233396" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-449-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" ID-PubMed="25408612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578570" ID-ZooBank="75DDC58463EB4BF1BBF908C1D2954CAC" ModsDocID="1313-2970-449-1" checkinTime="1451245204622" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia" docDate="2014" docId="4FEB0356B8EC3BA93CB8623452ACDA50" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 449: 1-56" docOrigin="ZooKeys 449" docPubDate="2014-10-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813" docTitle="Calyptraster coa Sladen 1882" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1668159529239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">anneisabelley@yahoo.com.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Biologicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinhos Paulo Young, Bairro Cidade Universitaria s / n, CEP. 58059 - 900, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pereira Dias, Thelma Lucia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, CCBS, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratorio de Biologia Marinha, Campus I, Rua Baraunas, 351, Bairro Universitario, CEP 58429 - 500, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-10-22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>449</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.449.6813</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-449-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">75DDC58463EB4BF1BBF908C1D2954CAC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6920FF8C5744C128FF87527A336C6949</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578570</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4FEB0356B8EC3BA93CB8623452ACDA50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4FEB0356B8EC3BA93CB8623452ACDA50" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName LSID="4FEB0356-B8EC-3BA9-3CB8-623452ACDA50" authority="Sladen, 1882" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster coa" order="Velatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coa">Calyptraster coa Sladen, 1882</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 9a-h</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster coa" order="Velatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coa">Calyptraster coa</taxonomicName>
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Sladen, 1882: 207.
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<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
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: 13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster personatus" order="Velatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="personatus">Calyptraster personatus</taxonomicName>
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Madsen, 1947: 3-7, figs 1-2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MZUSP (without registration number), 1spec., W Besnardi, dredging 5142. MZUSP (without registration number), 2spec., W Besnardi, dredging 5363.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Body pentagonal (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9a, b, g, h</figureCitation>
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). Five short arms. Supradorsal membrane thin and transparent (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9a</figureCitation>
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). Spiracules moderately large, numerous, irregularly distributed. Oscule large, surrounded by long oscular valves with an enlarged extremity (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9g</figureCitation>
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). Abactinal surface with paxillae. Paxillae with long peduncles and a crown of 5 to 6 long and vitreous spinelets (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9c</figureCitation>
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). Skeletal figs narrow, long and vitreous, forming a reticulum. Actinal surface slightly concave. Oral spines long and vitreous, the lateral ones being longer and thicker (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9e</figureCitation>
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). Adambulacral figs with three or four spines (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Some species of the order Velatida (A-H) and Forcipulatida (I-M) recorded in northeastern Brazil. Calyptraster coa (A-H) A Abactinal view, in detail the supradorsal membrane B Actinal view C Detail of the paxillae with long peduncles D Actinal view of the arm E Detail of the mouth F Detail of the actinal intermediate area G Abactinal view, in detail oscular valves H Actinal view; Coscinasterias tenuispina (I-M) I Abactinal view J Actinal view L Abactinal view of the arm, in detail the bivalve pedicallariae (optical microscopic image), and M Lateral view of the arms, in detail the bivalve pedicellariae (optical microscopic image)." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9d</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 8.</emphasis>
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Some species of the order
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="order">Valvatida</taxonomicName>
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recorded in northeastern Brazil.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Oreaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oreaster reticulatus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oreaster reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(A-G)</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
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Abactinal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
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Actinal view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
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Detail view da abactinal surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
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Detail of the mouth
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E</emphasis>
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Actinal view of the arm
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F</emphasis>
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Detail of the bivalve pedicellariae, and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G</emphasis>
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Skeleton, in detail its arrangement into a reticulum.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Colour.</emphasis>
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From light brown to hey-coloured (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sladen, WP" journalOrPublisher="Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 935" refId="B128" refString="Sladen, WP, 1889. Report on the Asteroidea collected by H.M.S. 'Challenger' during the years 1873-1876. Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology 30: 1 - 935" title="Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876." volume="30" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The Bahamas, Florida, and Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). In Brazil: PE (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tommasi, LR" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B134" refString="Tommasi, LR, 1970. Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil. In: Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo.: 1 - 61" title="Lista de asteroides recentes do Brasil." volumeTitle="Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo." year="1970">Tommasi 1970</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). From 260 to 933 m in depth (
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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presently contains five species (
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<bibRefCitation author="Mah, CL" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" publicationUrl="http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea" refId="B86" refString="Mah, CL, 2013. World Asteroidea database., http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea [acessed 5 November 2013]" title="World Asteroidea database" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea" year="2013">Mah 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), four of which occur in the Western Atlantic:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster coa" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster coa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster personatus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="personatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster personatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Perrier, 1885),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernasconi" authorityYear="1966" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster tenuissimus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuissimus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster tenuissimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bernasconi, 1966 and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernasconi" authorityYear="1972" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster vitreus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vitreus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster vitreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Bernasconi, 1972. The first two have a similar geographical distribution, occurring from the Bahamas to Brazil and Colombia, respectively, while the last two are restricted to the coast of Argentina. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, AM" journalOrPublisher="Chapman & Hall, London, UK" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="B33" refString="Clark, AM, Downey, ME, 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall, London, UK" title="Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3." year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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, this genus is problematic, and the distinctions between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster coa" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster coa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster personatus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="personatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster personatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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remain to be better established.
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<bibRefCitation author="Walenkamp, JHC" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 97" refId="B154" refString="Walenkamp, JHC, 1979. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen 170: 1 - 97" title="Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf." volume="170" year="1979">Walenkamp (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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provides good descriptions and discusses the main morphological diferences between these species. In the phylogenetic analysis of the family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1875" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Velatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Pterasteridae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Viller, L" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="281 - 299" publicationUrl="10.1007/BF03009226" refId="B152" refString="Viller, L, Blake, DB, Jagt, JWM, Kutscher, M, 2004. A preliminary phylogeny of the Pterasteridae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and the first fossil record: Late Cretaceous of Germany and Belgium. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 78: 281 - 299, DOI: 10.1007/BF03009226" title="A preliminary phylogeny of the Pterasteridae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and the first fossil record: Late Cretaceous of Germany and Belgium." url="10.1007/BF03009226" volume="78" year="2004">Villier et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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, it is concluded that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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representes a monophyletic genus.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1882" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster coa" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster coa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Asteroidea" family="Pterasteridae" genus="Calyptraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calyptraster personatus" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="personatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Calyptraster personatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for having conical suboral spines, an osculum surrounded by valves with enlarged extremities, and for being distributed no deeper than 1000 m. Specimens observed in this study were all juveniles. Smaller specimens tend to have longer arms and a more flattened body. Our material was badly preserved in general, not permitting a detailed description of their morphological characters.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="ecological notes">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecological notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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This species is quite rare, from deep waters, with little known of its biology and ecology. The species was collected in bottoms containing red mud (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sladen, WP" journalOrPublisher="Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 935" refId="B128" refString="Sladen, WP, 1889. Report on the Asteroidea collected by H.M.S. 'Challenger' during the years 1873-1876. Report Scientia Results Voyage Challenger, Zoology 30: 1 - 935" title="Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876." volume="30" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |