222 lines
26 KiB
XML
222 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="49029523D5177987ABCD558B8497A0F1">
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<mods:title id="7CE12A9795DC0696AA13D32B3F88C2E6">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7CE2AA7FDBC98646D10D0CA3057E72C4">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1101AF94F8D5FF673A16B45DDD495DEE">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="1EA2F16E3D3C9D2BEB472CB0659D7778">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="BA4BB7E87D93DE19751A7BA78EFA913C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFFBF6158C643715FA1EF215" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFFBF6158C643715FA1EF215" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFFBF6158C643715FA1EF215" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C643715FA6FFCAC" box="[1402,1482,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C643715FA6FFCAC" blockId="63.[1398,2536,777,903]" box="[1402,1482,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFBF6158C643715FA6FFCAC" box="[1402,1482,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFFBF6158C643715FA6FFCAC" box="[1402,1482,777,823]" captionStart="Plate 6: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="57.[107,137,3293,3318]" captionTargetBox="[11,2749,17,3661]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="95. African Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum), 96. Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon dupreanum), 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene tenax), 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene aello), 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cyclotis), 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene certans), 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene wrighiae), 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene varius), 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene albiventer), 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene draconilla), 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene masalai), 107. Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene malaitensis), 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene vizcaccia), 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene major), 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori), 111. Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cephalotes), 112. Keast’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene keasti), 113. Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene robinsont)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448867/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">111.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158CC53715F796FCAC" box="[1499,2099,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158CC53715F796FCAC" blockId="63.[1398,2536,777,903]" box="[1499,2099,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFBF6158CC53715F796FCAC" box="[1499,2099,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF6158CC53715F796FCAC" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1499,2099,777,823]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF61581663715F64DFCAC" box="[2168,2536,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF61581663715F64DFCAC" blockId="63.[1398,2536,777,903]" box="[2168,2536,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFFBF61581663715F64DFCAC" box="[2168,2536,777,823]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF61581663715F64DFCAC" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2168,2536,777,823]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF61581663715F64DFCAC" box="[2168,2536,777,823]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Nyctimene cephalotes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C693756F6C9FC1D" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C693756F63BFCC4" blockId="63.[1398,2536,777,903]" box="[1399,2462,842,863]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFBF6158C693756F63BFCC4" box="[1399,2462,842,863]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C693756FA66FCC4" bold="true" box="[1399,1475,842,863]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF6158CD33756F966FCC4" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1485,1731,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Nyctiméne a grosse téte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158FC63756F896FCC4" bold="true" box="[1752,1843,842,863]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF6158E233756F7FCFCC4" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1853,2137,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Pallas-Rohrennasenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF61581703756F76CFCC4" bold="true" box="[2158,2249,842,863]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF61581CD3756F63BFCC4" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2259,2462,842,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Nyctimeno de Pallas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C69376DF6C9FC1D" blockId="63.[1398,2536,777,903]" box="[1399,2412,881,902]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFFBF6158C69376DF6C9FC1D" box="[1399,2412,881,902]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C69376DF9CBFC1D" bold="true" box="[1399,1646,881,902]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF6158F66376DF8D4FC1D" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1656,1905,881,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Northern Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF6158E9E376DF7C2FC1D" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1920,2151,881,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Pallas’s Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFFBF615816F376DF6C9FC1D" ID-CoL="485LC" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2161,2412,881,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Torresian Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158EC537A8F780FC60" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158EC537A8F780FC60" blockId="63.[2011,2607,948,1376]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158EC537A8F7D2FC4E" bold="true" box="[2011,2167,948,981]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF615818137A8F784FC60" ID-CoL="aa6463bf-419f-4b74-a4bb-69b29918881a" authority="Pallas, 1767" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Vespertilio cephalotes Pallas, 1767</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF615812C37C2F7CBFBE8" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF615812C37C2F7CBFBE8" blockId="63.[2011,2607,948,1376]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFFBF615812C37C2F7CBFBE8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391364" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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“Celeb[es]. atque Amiciss.” Restricted by KE. Andersen in 1912 to “
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFBF61580A83017F583FBBF" box="[2486,2598,1035,1060]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Celebes</collectingRegion>
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; Amboina; Tenimber Is[land].; Timor,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFBF6158EC2304EF7CCFBE8" box="[2012,2153,1106,1139]" name="Indonesia" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158EC33065F7A9F9BE" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158EC33065F7A9F9BE" blockId="63.[2011,2607,948,1376]" lastBlockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158EC33065F750FB01" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2013,2293,1145,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Nyctimene cephalotes</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF61580AF3065F58AFB01" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2481,2607,1145,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">cephalotes</taxonomicName>
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species group. A record from Numfor Island off of north-western New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFBF61580DB30D4F588FB72" box="[2501,2605,1224,1257]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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apparently represents an undescribed species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158161310BF6A6FAA3" box="[2175,2307,1303,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctimene</taxonomicName>
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from the Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay region.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF61580B5315FFA53FA1C" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">Nyctimene cephalotes</taxonomicName>
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has been reported from mainland New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFFBF615815F3172F70CFA1C" box="[2113,2217,1390,1415]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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and Moa Island, but these are now tentatively regarded as misidentified N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158157318EF719FA34" authorityName=": Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[2121,2236,1426,1455]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinson">robinson</taxonomicName>
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: and are included under that species.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158F3131A9F8A0FA4D" box="[1583,1797,1461,1494]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keasti">Nyctimene keasti</taxonomicName>
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might be best recognized as a synonym or subspecies of N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158CBB31FDF987FA65" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[1445,1570,1505,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalotes">cephalotes</taxonomicName>
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based on limited genetic data and the few morphological differences that distinguish it. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C68322CF82EF970" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFFBF6158C68322CF82EF970" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803804/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" startId="63.[1398,1552,1584,1613]" targetBox="[1396,1987,962,1375]" targetPageId="63">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C68322CF8A2F9D6" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" box="[1398,1799,1584,1613]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C68322CF8A2F9D6" bold="true" box="[1398,1799,1584,1613]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C69324BF88DF958" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158C69324BF88DF958" authority="Pallas, 1767" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1767" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cephalotes" subSpecies="cephalotes">N.c.cephalotesPallas,1767—SulaIs(MangoleandSanana),CMoluccas(Buru,Am-bon,andSeram),TanimbarIs(Yamdena),andELesserSundaIs(Timor),althoughitisprobablyextinctonTimor.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6932CEF82EF970" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" box="[1399,1931,1746,1771]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF6158C6932CEF949F970" authority="Kitchener, 1995" authorityName="Kitchener" authorityYear="1995" box="[1399,1772,1746,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cephalotes" subSpecies="aplini">N. c. aplini Kitchener, 1995</taxonomicName>
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—
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFBF6158E0E32CEF822F970" box="[1808,1927,1746,1771]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6832EDFA5BF5CB" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6832EDFA5BF5CB" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6832EDF9D0F889" bold="true" box="[1398,1653,1777,1810]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 87-4-100-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF6158EA332EDF7AEF889" box="[1981,2059,1777,1810]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
,tail 17-8-25-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF61581CD32EDF68FF889" box="[2259,2346,1777,1810]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 12:
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF615808032EDF580F889" box="[2462,2597,1777,1810]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="7.0">7-18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 13:
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF6158F313304F918F8A2" box="[1583,1725,1816,1849]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="7.0">7-18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 62-2-69-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF6158ECC3304F788F8A2" box="[2002,2093,1816,1849]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF61581AC3304F68DF8A2" box="[2226,2344,1816,1849]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.45" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="g" value="44.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="40.0">40-49 g</quantity>
|
||
. Head of Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is broad, with deep face, broad, bluntly pointed ears, and tubular divergent nostrils. Eyes are large, with amberirises. Pelage is thick and woolly. Dorsal pelage is mottled gray and brown (hairs with dark brown bases, pale gray brown middles, and medium brown tips), with distinctive thin dark blackish brown mid-dorsal stripe (3-5-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF6158FD633C1F881F865" box="[1736,1828,2013,2046]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick) stretching from shoulders to rump. Ventral pelage is pale grayish brown, with some yellowish patches. Females generally have paler dorsum than males. There is yellow spotting on forearms, wings, and ears (ears sometimes not spotted); wings are dark brown, with greenish wash. Second digit of wing has a claw, and wing attaches at second digit of foot. Tail is short, black, and wrinkled, and narrow uropatagium connects at base and stretches to calcar at ankles. Claws are brown. Skull and mandible are robust; rostrum is short; incisive foramen to posterior palatal length is shorter relative to postorbital breadth compared with the Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF615817D3D05F742F6A1" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[2147,2279,2329,2362]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
); condylo-basal length is generally longer relative to both rostrum height, interorbital breadth, and cranial height compared with Keast’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFFBF61581FE3D71F68DF611" box="[2272,2344,2413,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keasti">keasti</taxonomicName>
|
||
); lambdoidal and sagittal crests are moderately developed; and margin of posterior palate is a broad U-shape and extends well beyond M'. Single lower incisor is completely deciduous, falling out before adulthood; lower molars are broad and rounded in dorsal view; C, replaces incisors and is long and powerful; and P,is elongated and longer than P,andP,.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6B3E4BF98CF504" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6B3E4BF98CF504" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6B3E4BFA41F5E3" bold="true" box="[1397,1508,2647,2680]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily primary tropical moist forest from sea level up to an elevation of at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFFBF6158CA13E62F983F504" box="[1471,1574,2686,2719]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6B3EB9F853F576" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6B3EB9F853F576" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6B3EB9F924F55D" bold="true" box="[1397,1665,2725,2758]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. It might also eat insects, but they might be accidentally ingested.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6B3EE8F9E5F410" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6B3EE8F9E5F410" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6B3EE8FA59F48E" bold="true" box="[1397,1532,2804,2837]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bats with single embryos have been reported in October and January in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFBF6158E7C3F00F87CF4A6" box="[1890,2009,2844,2877]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and an adult male with descended testes was captured in January. Two pregnant females were collected in mid-November on Sanana Island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6D3F8EFA7AF440" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6D3F8EFA7AF440" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6D3F8EF9C4F428" bold="true" box="[1395,1633,2962,2995]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is nocturnal, roosting in trees during the day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6B3FFDFA62F3B2" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6B3FFDFA62F3B2" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6B3FFDF795F399" bold="true" box="[1397,2096,3041,3074]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bats roost alone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C6B382CFA16F28D" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C6B382CFA16F28D" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C6B382CF978F3CA" bold="true" box="[1397,1757,3120,3153]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat has a relatively wide distribution but is dependent on primary forests. Deforestation seems to be its greatest threat, and it might have disappeared from Timor already due to the near complete loss of primary moist forest on the island. This species is occasionally hunted in some regions and sold as food in markets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFFBF6158C683939FA1EF215" pageId="63" pageNumber="121" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFFBF6158C683939FA1EF215" blockId="63.[1395,2608,1390,3470]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFFBF6158C683939F9AAF2A5" bold="true" box="[1398,1551,3365,3390]" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (2001), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Colgan &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFFBF61580893939F671F2A5" box="[2455,2516,3365,3390]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="63" pageNumber="121">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2002), Flannery (1995a), Kitchener, Packer & Suyanto (1995), Newbound et al. (2008), Tsang (2016¢), Wiantoro et al. (2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |