218 lines
25 KiB
XML
218 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="D9DFFAC5328DC62445410B30F432DBAE" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDAF63489B63D13F685F959" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier 1929" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="88" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="2D3D33DEE71930E0A9194B02D390DFB4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AF015467985DBDF363EF04A15EEB5478">
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<mods:title id="199016CF45A0A9E9E52581E5A4ECAC44">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="132582E4CADBF771EA2B7A3C972ECE68" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="89421AC02173F6A9C39FEAC8D0AE4118">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E4B8B7B612102FF0BCD77B4ABC92C603">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B15EA8E93B8C9424999FDC90F40E8AD8">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CCFB51E156C01CC47E492378D9B965C8">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="5020296FBE63AA99032F2B943A86EDE4" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="AD8E7166FD1F92792C243A1A982FA0F3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="E1B44AF922747ED71DD23E7E049691D3">
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<mods:placeTerm id="80F92404EF98FB6233F3BF89D78184E4">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C9BF5FA1A0C9E972828D6F7C21C28CB9">
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<mods:title id="669617D09753F407365DF61CA5C5CBBA">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="86350A2F27A42702F238E8401E0DECF4">
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<mods:start id="9F23269B7A6FC105D521179C451CF341">16</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="D83A319D673B0582809D39C97BCCF11F" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFDAF63489B63D13F685F959" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448927" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379288" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDAF63489B63D13F685F959" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDAF63489B63D13F685F959" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489B63D13FF44F6A6" box="[168,225,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B63D13FF44F6A6" blockId="30.[166,1218,2319,2446]" box="[168,225,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF63489B63D13FF44F6A6" box="[168,225,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFDAF63489B63D13FF44F6A6" box="[168,225,2319,2365]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">47.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489EC3D13FDD5F6A6" box="[242,624,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489EC3D13FDD5F6A6" blockId="30.[166,1218,2319,2446]" box="[242,624,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF63489EC3D13FDD5F6A6" box="[242,624,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF63489EC3D13FDD5F6A6" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[242,624,2319,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Malagasy Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348BA83D13FB0AF6A6" box="[694,1199,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348BA83D13FB0AF6A6" blockId="30.[166,1218,2319,2446]" box="[694,1199,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF6348BA83D13FB0AF6A6" box="[694,1199,2319,2365]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348BA83D13FB0AF6A6" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[694,1199,2319,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348BA83D13FB0AF6A6" box="[694,1199,2319,2365]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Rousettus madagascariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489B63D53FCD4F617" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B63D53FB67F6FF" blockId="30.[166,1218,2319,2446]" box="[168,1218,2383,2404]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF63489B63D53FB67F6FF" box="[168,1218,2383,2404]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489B63D53FF56F6FF" bold="true" box="[168,243,2383,2404]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF63489E33D53FDA6F6FF" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[253,515,2383,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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Roussette de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63488943D53FDA6F6FF" box="[394,515,2383,2404]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348B093D53FDD4F6FF" bold="true" box="[535,625,2383,2404]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348B653D53FCF0F6FF" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[635,853,2383,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">MadagaskarFlughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348A753D53FC63F6FF" bold="true" box="[875,966,2383,2404]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348ACE3D53FB67F6FF" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[976,1218,2383,2404]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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Rosetus de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348D573D53FB67F6FF" box="[1097,1218,2383,2404]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B93D6BFCD4F617" blockId="30.[166,1218,2319,2446]" box="[167,881,2423,2444]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDAF63489B93D6BFCD4F617" box="[167,881,2423,2444]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489B93D6BFE3AF617" bold="true" box="[167,415,2423,2444]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF63488B73D6BFD2CF617" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[425,649,2423,2444]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Madagascan Rousette</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDAF6348B893D6BFCD4F617" ID-CoL="4THCX" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[663,881,2423,2444]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348B893D6BFCB5F617" box="[663,784,2423,2444]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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Rousette
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348A123DA0FB94F59A" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348A123DA0FB94F59A" blockId="30.[780,1375,2492,2916]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348A123DA0FC0DF642" bold="true" box="[780,936,2492,2521]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348AC73DA0FB88F59A" ID-CoL="4THCX" authority="G. Grandidier, 1929" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1929</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348D5E3DF4FB83F5B2" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348D5E3DF4FB83F5B2" blockId="30.[780,1375,2492,2916]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFDAF6348D5E3DF4FB83F5B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391344" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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surroundings of Beforona,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348A633E0CFB87F5B2" box="[893,1058,2576,2601]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348A103E33FC0FF55C" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348A103E33FC0FF55C" blockId="30.[780,1375,2492,2916]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348A103E33FBCAF5CB" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[782,1135,2607,2640]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Rousettus madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to, but clearly distinct from, other African rousettes (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348ABC3E62FBF9F504" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[930,1116,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">R. aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348DB83E62FAEAF504" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[1190,1359,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">R. obliviosus</taxonomicName>
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). Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348A133ECDFBDDF48D" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFDAF6348A133ECDFBDDF48D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803680/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" startId="30.[781,953,2769,2798]" targetBox="[165,757,2498,2913]" targetPageId="30">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348A133ECDFBDDF48D" blockId="30.[780,1375,2492,2916]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348A133ECDFC18F575" bold="true" box="[781,957,2769,2798]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348ACE3ECDFBD0F575" box="[976,1141,2769,2798]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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except C highlands and arid SW region.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348A133F00FC23F215" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348A133F00FC23F215" blockId="30.[780,1375,2492,2916]" lastBlockId="30.[167,1375,2931,3470]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348A133F00FB80F4A6" bold="true" box="[781,1061,2844,2877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348C003F00FC25F4FF" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" metricValueMax="1.43" metricValueMin="1.19" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="131.0" valueMax="143.0" valueMin="119.0">119- 143 mm</quantity>
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||
, tail 6~13-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348D0E3F5BFBFEF4FF" box="[1040,1115,2887,2916]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear 13-
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348DC83F5BFAF3F4FF" box="[1238,1366,2887,2916]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="5.0">5-17 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF634882D3F6FFE6DF417" box="[307,456,2931,2956]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="16.0">16-19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348B423F6FFD51F417" box="[604,756,2931,2956]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="73.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="66.0">66-80 mm</quantity>
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; weight 31-81-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348AD33F6FFC5BF417" box="[973,1022,2931,2956]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
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||
. Skull is delicately built, premaxillae are not co-ossified and projected forward, braincase is moderately deflect ed, and alveolar line projects backward passing through upper part of or just above condylus occipitalis or just above foramen magnum. Fur is somewhat longer, denser, and more persistent than that of the Egyptian Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF6348AC73811FB3FF3B1" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[985,1178,3085,3114]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">R. aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Dorsal hairs and on top of head are light grayish to brownish at their bases and darker brown at tips. Overall color is brown, with reddish brown and grayish hues. Fur is lighter on venter and sparser on neck, shoulders, and throat. Uropatagium is sparsely furred in some zones. Dorsal side oftibia is practically naked. Wings attach between first and second toes. Postorbital width is larger than interorbital width in most specimens, supraoccipital crest is low, and zygomatic arches are slender. Palatal ridges arranged ina 4 + 3 + 1 pattern. Cheekteeth are relatively narrow, with widths of premolars and molars about equal to or slightly longer than one-half their lengths, except for M* and M, in which width is distinctly longer. Diploid number is 2n = 36.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBC3500F830FE30" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBC3500F830FE30" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBC3500F9B4FEAE" bold="true" box="[1442,1553,284,309]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Eastern humid forests, western, and north-western dry deciduous forests, plantations and other agricultural areas, and villages from sea level up to elevations of c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348CAB357EF980FE18" box="[1461,1573,354,387]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="1150.0">1150 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Malagasy Rousette is rare or absent in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF634800A357EF61FFE18" box="[2324,2490,354,387]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Highlands and arid south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348FF33596F837FE30" box="[1773,1938,394,427]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBC35ADF907FCAE" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBC35ADF907FCAE" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBC35ADF908FE49" bold="true" box="[1442,1709,433,466]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Few seeds were found in feces of Malagasy Rousettes, suggesting that they either feed on fruits with seeds too large to ingest or they use other food sources preferentially, such as nectar, flower parts, and leaves.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF634802E361CF5F6FDBA" box="[2352,2643,512,545]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus sp. (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
seeds were found in feces in March-April, and individuals were captured near fruiting fig trees. Feeding observation in captivity showed that Madagascan fruit bats feed on fruits that they consume by ingesting fruit juice and pulp and spitting out the fiber. They preferred lipid- and calcium-rich fruits, and fruits of no commercial value over commercially important ones. Nectar appears to be an important dietary element; bats have been observed feeding on kapok flowers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF634819536F0F771FC96" box="[2187,2260,748,781]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63481F836F0F6D2FC96" box="[2278,2423,748,781]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and on nectar of banana flowers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBC3727F5F2FC48" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBC3727F5F2FC48" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBC3727F98FFCC7" bold="true" box="[1442,1578,827,860]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnancy and lactation of Malagasy Rousettes coincide with summer and higher food availability. In Maromizaha Forest (eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63481DD377FF6CAFC1F" box="[2243,2415,867,900]" name="Madagascar" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
), pregnancy was recorded in October and December, and lactating females were caught in December—January. Weaning of young occurs at c.8 weeks old and sexual maturity at c.1 year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBF37C5F8E6FBD1" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBF37C5F8E6FBD1" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBF37C5F92AFC61" bold="true" box="[1441,1679,985,1018]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Malagasy Rousette roosts in caves and rock shelters. Because it occurs in areas far from caves, it might roost at othersites such as tree holes. It is high mobile below forest canopies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBD304CF95BFAAC" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBD304CF95BFAAC" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBD304CF7FCFBEA" bold="true" box="[1443,2137,1104,1137]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Roosting sites of Malagasy Rousettes can be
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348F0C3064F9FEFB02" box="[1554,1627,1144,1177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
from food sources. Foraging routes can include round trips of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348CBA3083FA58FB5B" box="[1444,1533,1183,1216]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
|
||
, according to radio-tracking observations. Colonies range from a few hundred individuals to over a thousand. A genetic study using cytochrome-b and six microsatellite loci surveyed individuals throughout the distribution and found no geographic structure in populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBA3121F660F9D0" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBA3121F660F9D0" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBA3121F8A3FAC5" bold="true" box="[1444,1798,1341,1374]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Main threat to the Malagasy Rousette is subsistence hunting that is common in roost caves. Disturbance of caves by tourism and mining activities also are probably threats to colonies. Although Malagasy Rousettes are not strictly dependent on intact forests, impact of forest loss has not been evaluated but might impact their foraging behavior. Presently recorded in six protect areas: Ankarana, Analamerana, and Tsingy de Namoroka reserves and Ankarafantsika, Tsingy de Bemaraha, and Isalo national parks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF6348CBA3246F685F959" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF6348CBA3246F685F959" blockId="30.[1441,2651,283,1733]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF6348CBA3246F998F9E8" bold="true" box="[1444,1597,1626,1651]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andriafidison et al. (2008a), Andrianaivoarivelo, Jenkins et al. (2012), Andrianaivoarivelo, Ramilijaona et al. (2011),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDAF6348F96329DF96BF901" box="[1672,1742,1665,1690]" country="United Kingdom" name="Cardiff" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Cardiff</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2009), Goodman, Andriafidison et al. (2005), Goodman, Chan et al. (2010), Goodman, Rajemison et al. (2017), Jenkins & Racey (2008), Richards et al. (2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |