229 lines
25 KiB
XML
229 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="5A3E168DE8B7560F6F4941667E7F2D3F" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFD9F637899D31E5F9C0FCC6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rousettus celebensis K. Andersen 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5D76536454D7CFF5262B0215ABA10D72">
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<mods:title id="7806F3C5778964F1099BDF66732383B9">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7DE8B789B3439C406226001246D2C7FE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ABF6BB0D8E1E8328BA0C30DA32D4925A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CA8DC9FEDA5CDC7E4882AEB80145F66B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A178CD8698E0F484A89253710E1ADCD0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="631E3F5D7B9E78B48918A1476A635C0E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FC4DA891AA7A2E3F3C106901328BC732">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5978EDE44C408FC1EC0CC684D64DEE46">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="AC871C17A468249615CD6924F2B25232" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="107561C3096A7847D0CDAA7033F0BE17">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="60D93C4366FD8FDAC6598AEBD20AB129">
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<mods:placeTerm id="BC9B5318BCB75528B8CDB7A255A3814C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="F828C65DF95CD37F1FDE7C40F58BD416">
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<mods:title id="194A185FAAC8579E5003BFF8F6FDDE79">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="ED1CB80C0EB2105CA1747499EDE152EF">
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<mods:start id="C7389CF93E5BB9C8EF8364D343926708">16</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="38D3D5F9A19267E6479CF52F17F0B96F">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D6E53E4C77A7081FC8682E9430D5BEBD" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ABBEDBEE79AC60CCDEBF4C35A822E556" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD9F637899D31E5F9C0FCC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448923" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448923" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD9F637899D31E5F9C0FCC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD9F637899D31E5F9C0FCC6" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F637899D31E5FF19F9B8" box="[131,188,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F637899D31E5FF19F9B8" blockId="29.[129,1077,1529,1649]" box="[131,188,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F637899D31E5FF19F9B8" box="[131,188,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD9F637899D31E5FF19F9B8" box="[131,188,1529,1571]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">45.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F63789D031E5FD98F9B8" box="[206,573,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F63789D031E5FD98F9B8" blockId="29.[129,1077,1529,1649]" box="[206,573,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F63789D031E5FD98F9B8" box="[206,573,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F63789D031E5FD98F9B8" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[206,573,1529,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F63789D031E5FEDEF9B8" box="[206,379,1529,1571]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Rousette
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378B9A31E5FC7AF9B8" box="[644,991,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378B9A31E5FC7AF9B8" blockId="29.[129,1077,1529,1649]" box="[644,991,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378B9A31E5FC7AF9B8" box="[644,991,1529,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378B9A31E5FC7AF9B8" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[644,991,1529,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378B9A31E5FC7AF9B8" box="[644,991,1529,1571]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Rousettus celebensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F637899C3229FDF0F9EA" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F637899C3229FB91F9D1" blockId="29.[129,1077,1529,1649]" box="[130,1076,1589,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F637899C3229FB91F9D1" box="[130,1076,1589,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F637899C3229FF6BF9D1" bold="true" box="[130,206,1589,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F63789C63229FE1EF9D1" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[216,443,1589,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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Roussette de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F637887A3229FE1EF9D1" box="[356,443,1589,1610]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F63788CF3229FD8EF9D1" bold="true" box="[465,555,1589,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378B2B3229FD54F9D1" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[565,753,1589,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sulawesi-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378A183229FCC4F9D1" bold="true" box="[774,865,1589,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378A723229FB91F9D1" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[876,1076,1589,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
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Rosetus de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378AFA3229FB91F9D1" box="[996,1076,1589,1610]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Célebes</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F637899C3240FDF0F9EA" blockId="29.[129,1077,1529,1649]" box="[130,597,1628,1649]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F637899C3240FDF0F9EA" box="[130,597,1628,1649]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F637899C3240FEDFF9EA" bold="true" box="[130,378,1628,1649]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F637889D3240FDF0F9EA" ID-CoL="4THCR" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[387,597,1628,1649]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sulawesian Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378BF632B8FC02F973" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378BF632B8FC02F973" blockId="29.[744,1336,1700,2123]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378BF632B8FC26F95A" bold="true" box="[744,899,1700,1729]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378ABB32B8FC07F973" ID-CoL="4THCR" authority="K. Andersen, 1907" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Rousettus celebensis K. Andersen, 1907</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378AA632D7FA84F88B" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378AA632D7FA84F88B" blockId="29.[744,1336,1700,2123]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD9F6378AA632D7FA84F88B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391335" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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“Mt. Masarang,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378D8132D7FAAEF973" box="[1183,1291,1739,1768]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Celebes</collectingRegion>
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[=
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378BF732F3FCC5F88B" box="[745,864,1775,1808]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F6378A6E32F3FBA6F88B" box="[880,1027,1775,1808]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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], 3500’ [=
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378D8532F3FAA1F88B" box="[1179,1284,1775,1808]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.067" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="1067.0">1067 m</quantity>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378BF7330AFBF6F8AC" box="[745,1107,1814,1847]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378BF7330AFBF6F8AC" blockId="29.[744,1336,1700,2123]" box="[745,1107,1814,1847]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378BF63321FCC6F867" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD9F6378BF63321FCC6F867" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803676/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" startId="29.[744,916,1853,1886]" targetBox="[129,721,1704,2119]" targetPageId="29">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378BF63321FCC6F867" blockId="29.[744,1336,1700,2123]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378BF63321FC3DF8C5" bold="true" box="[744,920,1853,1886]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378ABD3321FBBDF8C5" box="[931,1048,1853,1886]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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and nearby Is (Togian, Peleng, Wowoni, Buton, Kabaena, and Tukangbesi), also on Sangihe Is (Sangihe, Siau, Tagulandang) and Sula Is (Mangole, Sanana).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378BF63C1FFD6AF465" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378BF63C1FFD6AF465" blockId="29.[744,1336,1700,2123]" lastBlockId="29.[128,1336,2129,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378BF63C1FFC58F7BF" bold="true" box="[744,1021,2051,2084]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 88-5- 109-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378A3B3C2EFC27F7D0" box="[805,898,2098,2123]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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, tail 23-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378D173C2EFB36F7D0" box="[1033,1171,2098,2123]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="1.0">1-30 mm</quantity>
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, ear 16-819-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F63789B33C4DFF5AF7E9" box="[173,255,2129,2162]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot 22-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F63788DF3C4DFDE5F7E9" box="[449,576,2129,2162]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="5.0">5-23 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm 71-8-80-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378A213C4DFC36F7E9" box="[831,915,2129,2162]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378D193C4DFBD6F7E9" box="[1031,1139,2129,2162]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="9.1" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="g" value="77.5" valueMax="91.0" valueMin="64.0">64-91 g</quantity>
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||
. The
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378DDC3C4DFA92F7E9" box="[1218,1335,2129,2162]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Rousette can be distinguished from its congeners by narrow bony palate and unusually narrow upper and lower last premolars and molars. Fur is longer and richer in color than in other eastern congeners; uropatagium is partly or wholly haired. Rostrum is very low, slender, and relatively longer, with longer upper and lower tooth rows and smaller average distance between the two M*. It is generally brown but brighter colored than Geoffroy’s Rousette (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378B343D5FFC96F6FB" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[554,819,2371,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">R. amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Ears are as in Geoffroy’s Rousette: not attenuated below tips, which are broadly rounded, with reduced or obsolete antitragal lobe. Tail is long, digits are proportionally longer than in any other eastern species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F63789FD3DA9FEFBF64D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[227,350,2485,2518]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and pollex is much longer. Wing inserts at or near rear of second toe and is relatively large, with low wing loading that enables
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378AA73DC0FB88F666" box="[953,1069,2524,2557]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousettes to carry heavy fruits. Uropatagium, face, and tibia are furred; forearms,tibia, and uropatagium have long hair. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F63788613E37FDF0F5D7" box="[383,597,2603,2636]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">North Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, specimens are slightly bright yellowish on chest and belly and dark orange on neck. Glandular gray brown tuft occurs on each side of neck in both sexes. Glans penis is flattened and triangular. Tooth rows are nearly parallel (vs. posterior divergence in Geoffroy’s Rousette). Premaxillae are in simple contact in front; bony palate is unusually narrow posteriorly. Interorbital region is flat, temporal fossa is narrow, and temporal lines form low sagittal crest in fully mature individuals. Palatal ridges are arranged in a 4 + 3 + 1 pattern. C' and P?® are widely separated, and P! is located in center of interspace between these two teeth and is not deciduous. M, 1s at least twice as long as broad; M, 1s small, less than one-half the size of M,; and M,is subcircular in outline. P is 3-4 times the size of lower incisor. Last premolaris longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, and upper and lower molars are narrow and also longer than in Geoffroy’s Rousette, especially M.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F637899E3811FD8DF370" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F637899E3811FD8DF370" blockId="29.[128,1336,2129,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F637899E3811FF55F3BD" bold="true" box="[128,240,3085,3110]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Lowland and lower mountain habitats, including lower montane forests, swamp forests, marshes, lowland forests, mixed gardens, and degraded forest, from sea level up to elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378B363848FD34F3EE" box="[552,657,3156,3189]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
|
||
(more commonly
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378AB53848FBFBF3EE" box="[939,1118,3156,3189]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="300.0">300-1400 m</quantity>
|
||
). In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378B0B3863FD51F307" box="[533,756,3199,3228]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">North Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
), the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378A543863FC18F307" box="[842,957,3199,3228]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette was recorded in moss forests, submontane forests, lowland forests,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378A4F38BBFB61F35F" box="[849,1220,3239,3268]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Casuarinaceae" genus="Casuarina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Casuarina (Casuarinaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
forests, coastal forests, and shrubland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F637899E38EDFE53F213" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F637899E38EDFE53F213" blockId="29.[128,1336,2129,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F637899E38EDFE2FF289" bold="true" box="[128,394,3313,3346]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F63788C338EDFDF4F289" box="[477,593,3313,3346]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette is likely a generalist frugivore, but narrow muzzle and teeth also suggest use of flowers. An individual caught in mist net with a fruit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F63789F0395CFED1F2FA" box="[238,372,3392,3425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Gonystylus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gonystylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
macrophyllus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378B28395CFCB7F2FA" box="[566,786,3392,3425]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Thymelaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggests that it feeds on this fruit and contributesto its dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9E3508F90CFEC7" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E3508F90CFEC7" blockId="29.[1406,2615,276,862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9E3508F9A3FEAE" bold="true" box="[1408,1542,276,309]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant and lactating
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378E7B3508F87CFEAE" box="[1893,2009,276,309]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousettes with dependent young were recorded in November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C60357FF97AFE61" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C60357FF97AFE61" blockId="29.[1406,2615,276,862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C60357FF9CFFE1F" bold="true" box="[1406,1642,355,388]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378FA4357FF88BFE1F" box="[1722,1838,355,388]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette is almost certainly nocturnal, emerging from caves at dusk and returning before dawn. It roosts in caves and large hollowed trees. In Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, it was caught during rainy and dry seasons with mist nets at ground level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9E361CF9A4FDD3" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E361CF9A4FDD3" blockId="29.[1406,2615,276,862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9E361CF7ECFDBA" bold="true" box="[1408,2121,512,545]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378182361CF6B5FDBA" box="[2204,2320,512,545]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette roosts gregariously.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9E3653F90AFD7D" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E3653F90AFD7D" blockId="29.[1406,2615,276,862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9E3653F949FDEB" bold="true" box="[1408,1772,591,624]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F6378C9F3667FA50FD03" box="[1409,1525,635,664]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette is abundant in most of its distribution, and extent of occurrence is greater than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378F263682F964FD24" box="[1592,1729,670,703]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="km" value="20.0">20,000 km</quantity>
|
||
®. Nevertheless,it is locally threatened by hunting, habitat loss, and cave disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9F36E9F9C0FCC6" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9F36E9F9C0FCC6" blockId="29.[1406,2615,276,862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9F36E9F9BFFC95" bold="true" box="[1409,1562,757,782]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Hill (1983), Kevan & Gaskell (1986), Maryanto & Yani (2003), Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981), Ruedas, Kingston, Sinaga & Maharadatunkamsi (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |