245 lines
33 KiB
XML
245 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BADF1E7E93C91239AF2A2A45628F8FD3">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9B20A52C2084B1AE1DF264CE9F11568A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3C1F31C3B3432F1F97AFF17DA2434658">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="484AFC984A3E8CEF2D6D39BAB3F1A04D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD9F6348C9F37BAFCF9F75D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448925" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448925" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD9F6348C9F37BAFCF9F75D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD9F6348C9F37BAFCF9F75D" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9F37BAFA1EFC4F" box="[1409,1467,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9F37BAFA1EFC4F" blockId="29.[1407,2321,934,1061]" box="[1409,1467,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378C9F37BAFA1EFC4F" box="[1409,1467,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD9F6378C9F37BAFA1EFC4F" box="[1409,1467,934,980]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">46.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378CD537BAF8E0FC4F" box="[1483,1861,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378CD537BAF8E0FC4F" blockId="29.[1407,2321,934,1061]" box="[1483,1861,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378CD537BAF8E0FC4F" box="[1483,1861,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378CD537BAF8E0FC4F" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1483,1861,934,980]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Egyptian Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378E9537BAF6B4FC4F" box="[1931,2321,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378E9537BAF6B4FC4F" blockId="29.[1407,2321,934,1061]" box="[1931,2321,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378E9537BAF6B4FC4F" box="[1931,2321,934,980]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378E9537BAF6B4FC4F" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1931,2321,934,980]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378E9537BAF6B4FC4F" box="[1931,2321,934,980]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Rousettus aegyptiacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C9F37FAF894FBB9" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9F37FAF764FC60" blockId="29.[1407,2321,934,1061]" box="[1409,2241,998,1019]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378C9F37FAF764FC60" box="[1409,2241,998,1019]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9F37FAFA69FC60" bold="true" box="[1409,1484,998,1019]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378CC837FAF93FFC60" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1494,1690,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Roussette d'Egypte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378FB137FAF8ACFC60" bold="true" box="[1711,1801,998,1019]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378E0D37FAF82AFC60" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1811,1935,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Nil-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378EBA37FAF7A5FC60" bold="true" box="[1956,2048,998,1019]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F637811437FAF764FC60" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[2058,2241,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
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Rosetus de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F637819D37FAF764FC60" box="[2179,2241,998,1019]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Egipto</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E3011F894FBB9" blockId="29.[1407,2321,934,1061]" box="[1408,1841,1037,1058]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD9F6378C9E3011F894FBB9" box="[1408,1841,1037,1058]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C9E3011F9D2FBB9" bold="true" box="[1408,1655,1037,1058]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD9F6378F9C3011F894FBB9" ID-CoL="4THCH" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1666,1841,1037,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Egyptian Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378EFB3048F757FB0D" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378EFB3048F757FB0D" blockId="29.[2020,2615,1108,1533]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378EFB3048F725FBEA" bold="true" box="[2021,2176,1108,1137]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F63781953048F748FB0D" ID-CoL="45c6bf8e-a3f0-4479-9751-5c7410d25115" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Pteropus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F63781E33074F79EFB5A" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F63781E33074F79EFB5A" blockId="29.[2020,2615,1108,1533]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD9F63781E33074F79EFB5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391329" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD9F63781E33074F69FFB0D" box="[2301,2362,1128,1174]" country="Egypt" name="Al Jizah" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Giza</collectingRegion>
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(Great Pyramid),
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F6378EFB30B8F792FB5A" box="[2021,2103,1188,1217]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378EF830DBF5B1FB73" box="[2022,2580,1223,1256]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378EF830DBF5B1FB73" blockId="29.[2020,2615,1108,1533]" box="[2022,2580,1223,1256]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Six subspecies are currently recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378EFB30EBF8FBF88B" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD9F6378EFB30EBF8FBF88B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803678/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" startId="29.[2021,2176,1271,1296]" targetBox="[1405,1998,1113,1528]" targetPageId="29">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378EFB30EBF601FA35" blockId="29.[2020,2615,1108,1533]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378EFB30EBF6D3FA8B" bold="true" box="[2021,2422,1271,1296]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378EF8310AF601FA35" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="aegyptiacus">R.a.aegyptiacusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—MiddleEastinSTurkey,Cyprus,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,WJordan,andEgypt(NcoastandNileValley).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378EFB31A8FA5EF9B8" blockId="29.[2020,2615,1108,1533]" lastBlockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378EFB31A8FA5EF9B8" authority="J. Anderson & de Winton, 1902" authorityName="Anderson & de Winton" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="arabicus">R.a.arabicusJ.Anderson&deWinton,1902—ArabianPeninsula,SIran,andSWPakistan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E3236F6D3F9D0" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" box="[1408,2422,1578,1611]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378C9E3236F6D3F9D0" authority="A. Smith, 1829" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1829" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1408,2422,1578,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="leachii">R.a.leachiiA.Smith,1829—E&SAfrica,fromEthiopiatoSouthAfrica.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E324DF7AFF9E9" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" box="[1408,2058,1617,1650]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378C9E324DF7AFF9E9" authority="& Ibanez, 1993" authorityName="& Ibanez" authorityYear="1993" box="[1408,2058,1617,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="princepsjuste">R.a.princeps Juste &Ibanez,1993—-Principe1.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E329DF784F901" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" box="[1408,2081,1665,1690]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378C9E329DF784F901" authority="& Ibanez, 1993" authorityName="& Ibanez" authorityYear="1993" box="[1408,2081,1665,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="tomensisjuste">R.a.tomensis Juste &Ibanez,1993—SaoToméI.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E32BCF58BF95A" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" box="[1408,2606,1696,1729]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378C9E32BCF8AFF95A" authority=". E. Gray, 1870" authorityName="]. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1408,1802,1696,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aegyptiacus" subSpecies="unicolor">R. a. unicolor]. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
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— W Africa, from
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F637811832BCF7D6F95A" box="[2054,2163,1696,1729]" name="Senegal" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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to WC
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F63781C232BCF6E6F95A" box="[2268,2371,1696,1729]" name="Angola" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Angola</collectingCountry>
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; also on Bioko I.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C9E32D4F8FBF88B" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Introduced during the 2000s in the Canary Is (Tenerife), but probably successfully eradicated and no longer present.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C61330BF880F4A1" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C61330BF880F4A1" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C61330BF9DCF8A3" bold="true" box="[1407,1657,1815,1848]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378E2D330BF84CF8A3" box="[1843,2025,1815,1848]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.92" metricValueMin="1.38" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="165.0" valueMax="192.0" valueMin="138.0">138-192 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 6-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378157330BF76BF8A3" box="[2121,2254,1815,1848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="6.0">6-25 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378008330BF60CF8A3" box="[2326,2473,1815,1848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="18.0">18-27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378C9C3322F9BCF8C4" box="[1410,1561,1854,1887]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="27.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="17.0">17-38 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378FB33322F8FDF8C4" box="[1709,1880,1854,1887]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="mm" value="94.0" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="82.0">82-106 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378EC83322F7FCF8C4" box="[2006,2137,1854,1887]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.26" metricValueMax="1.71" metricValueMin="0.8099999999999999" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="g" value="126.0" valueMax="171.0" valueMin="81.0">81-171 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Egyptian Rousette is shortfurred has wingspan less or equal to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F6378E97337AF87AF81C" box="[1929,2015,1894,1927]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Head is relatively large to contain a large brain—one of the highest brain to body weight ratios in bats. Eyes are large, with brown irises. Ears are of moderate size, round at apex, and dark. Sense of smell and vision are well developed, with adaptations for twilight vision. Facial fur is longer on forehead, covers face nearly to tip of muzzle, and is same color as dorsal fur. Dorsum varies from light (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F6378F613C37F975F7D7" box="[1663,1744,2091,2124]" name="Egypt" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to dark brown (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F6378ED73C37F7D8F7D7" box="[1993,2173,2091,2124]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and grayish (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F63780513C37F614F7D7" box="[2383,2481,2091,2124]" name="Cyprus" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Tur key). Wings are dark brown in western and southern Africa, becoming lighter in the northern distribution. Venteris lighter than dorsum. Pale light yellow or orange is often present around neck. Stuff hairs are associated with sebaceous glands on throat of both sexes, although more developed in males. Fur extends dorsally and ventrally onto one-half of forearms and dorsally onto legs up to ankles and surface of uropatagium. Index claw is present; toes have perforated claws. Wing membrane (plagiopatagium) attaches to first toe. Tail is short. Skull is larger and more robust than in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378CFE3D7BF9FEF613" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1504,1627,2407,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with deeper and broader rostrum. Braincase is moderately deflected. Frontal region between postorbital processes is flattened, with width of interorbital constriction in adult specimens distinctly larger than width of postorbital constriction. Temporal crests unite into sagittal crest a short distance behind postorbital processes. Palate is usually broader posteriorly than between canines. Palatal ridge pattern is 4+ 4+ 1or4+3+ 1. Dental formula and tooth morphology are conservative. P! is much reduced, M, is shorter than other two molars combined, and upperincisors are almost equidistant. Tympanic bone does not extend into auditory meatus. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66-68, with twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, four pairs of medium-sized subtelocentric, and one pair of small acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is the smallest acrocentric in the set.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6378C603F5DF9B0F44C" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6378C603F5DF9B0F44C" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C603F5DFA48F4F9" bold="true" box="[1406,1517,2881,2914]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Arid to moist tropical biomes from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD9F63780A23F5DF58BF4F9" box="[2492,2606,2881,2914]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
|
||
. Populations of Egyptian Rousettes in arid areas of northern Africa and the Middle East have a patchy distribution in human-altered areas with increased roost and food availability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD9F6348C603FC3FBE0FE37" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD9F6348C603FC3FBE0FE37" blockId="29.[1405,2616,1538,3466]" lastBlockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD9F6378C603FC3F928F39B" bold="true" box="[1406,1677,3039,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Egyptian Rousette feeds mostly on soft fruits from at least twelve genera of native species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378E60381AF864F3BC" box="[1918,1985,3078,3111]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378ECC381AF7F9F3BC" box="[2002,2140,3078,3111]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in nine families and introduced species including cultivated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F6378E063831F83DF3D5" box="[1816,1944,3117,3150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. plum, loquat, and apple) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD9F63780AA3831FA4FF3ED" authority="(Citrus)" baseAuthorityName="Citrus" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rutaceae (Citrus)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. After fruits have been collected from trees, individuals often use other trees as feeding roosts. Adults consume 50-150% of their body weight daily. Consumption increases for pregnant and lactating females to meet increased nutritional demands. Egyptian Rousettes forage in groups. They might also feed on flowers, occasionally leaves, and even insects. Feeding on insects has been inferred by analyses offeces,saliva, and stomach contents and with direct observation. Egyptian Rousettes deliberately forage for insects; in an urban setting in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD9F6378EA6395DF7CCF2F9" box="[1976,2153,3393,3426]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="87">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they foraged for and consumed garden fruit chafers (Pachnoda sinuata, Coleoptera), alternating with consumption of figs that were also available in the same area. Efficient glucose absorption by the intestine happens mostly through passive paracellular absorption. Olfaction plays an important role in finding and selecting food. In its Mediterranean distribution, Egyptian Rousettes are viewed as agricultural pests in commercial orchards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489BB35ABFD3DFC66" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489BB35ABFD3DFC66" blockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489BB35ABFE89FE4F" bold="true" box="[165,300,439,468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive seasonality of the Egyptian Rousette varies geographically. In some regions, it reproduces year-round, and in other regions, reproduction can be biannual (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348864361EFDB4FDB8" box="[378,529,514,547]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
) or concentrated in one breeding season that lasts one to several months (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63488D73632FDDAFDD0" box="[457,639,558,587]" name="South Africa" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
). In areas where births are seasonal, they tend to occur during rainy seasons. Although females usually give birth to one young, twins seem to occur frequently. Gestation lasts 105-107 days in captivity. Lactation lasts 60-70 days. Testes of subadult males are abdominal and scrotal in adult males. Testes are ovoid or round and during mating are c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348B7036DBFD76FD73" box="[622,723,711,744]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; seminal vesicles increase in size during mating. Uterus is duplex and symmetrical, and two uterine horns are externally united. There is evidence to suggest that ovaries function alternately from one pregnancy to the next. Pregnancy rates are 80-96%. Neonatal crown-rump length is ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348DF53721FAF1FCC5" box="[1259,1364,829,862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and weights at birth are
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDAF6348B1E3779FDC9FC1D" box="[512,620,869,902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" unit="g" value="21.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="18.0">18-24 g</quantity>
|
||
. Neonates are born with folded ears and closed eyes. They are naked except for thin, downy covering on head and dorsum. At ten days of age, ears become erect and mobile, and eyes open. In ¢.9 months of age, both sexes have attained adult size and weight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489BA301EFB51FAFB" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489BA301EFB51FAFB" blockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489BA301EFE2BFBB8" bold="true" box="[164,398,1026,1059]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Egyptian Rousettes leave their roosts to feed every night. Activity initiates after sunset and ends before sunrise. A study in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348A603037FB88FBD7" box="[894,1069,1067,1100]" name="South Africa" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
showed that the period of activity in summeris longer than in winter when start of activity is a little delayed and individuals return earlier to roosts. The Egyptian Rousette typically roosts in caves but also uses different types of holes and crevices including artificial ones (tombs, temples, mines, tunnels, etc.). This habit is facilitated by its echolocation abilities. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDAF63489D030ECFEEDFA8A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[206,328,1264,1297]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are able to use echolocation, accomplished by tongue clicking. Egyptian Rousette calls last 140-250 microseconds and allow individuals to detect and avoid, experimentally, 6-mm wires. Echolocation is used in light and dark conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489B8317AFB42F8A1" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B8317AFB42F8A1" blockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489B8317AFCFEFA1C" bold="true" box="[166,859,1382,1415]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Egyptian Rousettes have from 100 to several thousand individuals (up to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFDAF6348A5B3192FC0CFA34" box="[837,937,1422,1455]" degrees="40,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" precision="55" value="40.0">40,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFDAF6348AB73192FBB0FA34" box="[937,1045,1422,1455]" degrees="50,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" precision="55" value="-50.0">-50,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
). Colonysize fluctuates seasonally, and during breeding season (summer), sexes segregate, with females forming nursery colonies. Roosts are often shared with other bat species. Individuals cluster together forming clusters in dark corners and crevices, whose availabilities can limit population sizes. Seasonal migration follows fruit abundance, especially in Mediterranean populations. Individuals in a colony interact with vocalizations and grooming. A study suggested that individuals spend about one-half of their nights in grooming activity, during which body, head, and wings are thoroughly combed and cleaned. Fights seem to be frequent and include bites, strikes, and loud screams. Because of their cave roosting habit, Egyptian Rousettes might travel long distances to food sources. Tracking and genetic studies indicate relatively high gene flow among populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489B8335CFEA2F7BC" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B8335CFEA2F7BC" blockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489B8335CFDA1F8FA" bold="true" box="[166,516,1856,1889]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Egyptian Rousette has a wide distribution and large overall population and is adaptable to human-modified environments. It is hunted for food in some parts of Africa. In its Mediterranean distribution, fruit farmers considerit a pest leading to destruction and fumigation of caves, although these practices have stopped in some countries (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF63489B93C16FF5CF7BC" box="[167,249,2058,2087]" name="Israel" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDAF63489B93C2AFCF9F75D" pageId="30" pageNumber="88" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDAF63489B93C2AFCF9F75D" blockId="30.[164,1375,277,2249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDAF63489B93C2AFEE5F7D4" bold="true" box="[167,320,2102,2127]" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Barclay et al. (2006), Bergmans (1979a, 1994), Bernard (1988a), Centeno-Cuadros et al. (2017), Del Vaglio et al. (2011), Herzig-Straschil & Robinson (1978),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDAF6348D0F3C42FBC5F7EC" box="[1041,1120,2142,2167]" name="Netherlands" pageId="30" pageNumber="88">Holland</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. (2004), Jacobsen & DuPlessis (1976), Jones (1971), Korine (2016), Korine et al. (2004), Kwiecinski & Griffiths (1999), Penzhorn & Rautenbach (1988), Tracy et al. (2007), Waters & Vollrath (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |