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<document id="6ED9C888B029BB6C1493F3FE1D2E2EAF" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF98F6778CB33D40FDCBF7DC" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus anetianus" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="150" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
<mods:mods id="BD1A20B5B5064E9D30BEC8403D29CB08" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="74B96B9F157AE0CD138DC5904C00531A">
<mods:title id="C48ABC18AEF28901D6F025E0E7A4D602">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="AB6106DC10593DC78BB7ABD766120E73" type="personal">
<mods:role id="687D4B96AB24614D626BE780076809CA">
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<mods:namePart id="0A64DDDBB089F3C812D19C615726A977">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ED673BA35F16B1CE692221231F63868D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B8B63295A4DF5114FCFA1A3EA55E1297">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="615547EAEDF51E3017BCE1F70E3997FD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="48B461DAB9143DD4EAF4546ECC7588D3">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="E03878F565892EF1D294ED157D9CD7E9" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="18A980E5E0364C919D427F307218C544">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="97C315D0457BEB344AF2FCA539F7F5EF">
<mods:placeTerm id="C635EB670EF92CCF1ADEAF6C9BCA2992">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="259A9FB883B94587E242B84E70FD105F">
<mods:title id="CFC9937120C6F685A9A4A11E5790EFB3">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="45958FF6F22D3CEBB6FC98897E41AA0C">
<mods:extent id="9553D91D208B2A31F132D6D1A081EA56" unit="page">
<mods:start id="CBE485758BA17A79D7BA7C19DFB8859A">16</mods:start>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="EA298E7FEF420F2C63157BF8F471D1BB">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B10FF5FFC4592C113F8729EFBF1627ED" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="35F8A21216387D669B27D414118C286A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="91C055C8CC33631E1DB2BDE706780612" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E2F00A2653027000144F7D69FDF21295" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF98F6778CB33D40FDCBF7DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795010" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379360" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF98F6778CB33D40FDCBF7DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF98F6778CB33D40FDCBF7DC" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768CB33D40FA5BF611" box="[1453,1534,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB33D40FA5BF611" blockId="92.[1449,2420,2396,2525]" box="[1453,1534,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768CB33D40FA5BF611" box="[1453,1534,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF98F6768CB33D40FA5BF611" box="[1453,1534,2396,2442]" captionStart="Plate 10: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="91.[102,132,3363,3388]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="161. New Britain Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus capistratus), 162. New Ireland Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus ennisae), 163. New Caledonia Flying Fox (Pteropus vetula), 164. Common Samoan Flying Fox (Pteropus samoensis), 165. Banks Flying Fox (Pteropus fundatus), 166. Vanuatu Flying Fox (Pleropus anetianus), 167. Vanikoro Flying Fox (Pleropus tuberculatus), 168. Temotu Flying Fox (Pteropus nitendiensis), 169. Solomons Flying Fox (Pteropus rayneri), 170. Makira Flying Fox (Pteropus cognatus), 171. Rennell Flying Fox (Pteropus rennelli), 172. Temminck’s Flying Fox (Pteropus temminckui), 173. Gray-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448901/files/figure.png" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">166.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768F153D40F806F611" box="[1547,1955,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768F153D40F806F611" blockId="92.[1449,2420,2396,2525]" box="[1547,1955,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768F153D40F806F611" box="[1547,1955,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768F153D40F806F611" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1547,1955,2396,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768F153D40F91EF611" box="[1547,1723,2396,2442]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
Flying Fox
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768EF83D40F69BF611" box="[2022,2366,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768EF83D40F69BF611" blockId="92.[1449,2420,2396,2525]" box="[2022,2366,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768EF83D40F69BF611" box="[2022,2366,2396,2442]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768EF83D40F69BF611" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[2022,2366,2396,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768EF83D40F69BF611" box="[2022,2366,2396,2442]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Pteropus anetianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768CB43D80F78BF642" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB43D80F6D6F62A" blockId="92.[1449,2420,2396,2525]" box="[1450,2419,2460,2481]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768CB43D80F6D6F62A" box="[1450,2419,2460,2481]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768CB43D80FA53F62A" bold="true" box="[1450,1526,2460,2481]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768F1E3D80F97DF62A" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1536,1752,2460,2481]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">
Roussette du
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768F973D80F97DF62A" box="[1673,1752,2460,2481]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768FF33D80F8EDF62A" bold="true" box="[1773,1864,2460,2481]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768E503D80F7A4F62A" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1870,2049,2460,2481]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">Vanuatu-Flughund</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67681093D80F7D7F62A" bold="true" box="[2071,2162,2460,2481]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F67681653D80F6D6F62A" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[2171,2419,2460,2481]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">
Zorro volador de
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F676803A3D80F6D6F62A" box="[2340,2419,2460,2481]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB43DD8F78BF642" blockId="92.[1449,2420,2396,2525]" box="[1450,2094,2500,2521]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768CB43DD8F78BF642" box="[1450,2094,2500,2521]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768CB43DD8F904F642" bold="true" box="[1450,1697,2500,2521]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768FB53DD8F8DEF642" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1707,1915,2500,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">Solomons Flying Fox</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768E983DD8F78BF642" ID-CoL="4Q2Y3" baseAuthorityName="J. E. Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1926,2094,2500,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">White Flying Fox</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67681113E16F7FCF5D4" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67681113E16F7FCF5D4" blockId="92.[2062,2657,2570,2993]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67681113E16F70FF5BC" bold="true" box="[2063,2218,2570,2599]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67681A53E16F7F1F5D4" ID-CoL="fc2fb047-cdf9-42e9-991c-3ab8a1818caa" authority="J. E. Gray, 1870" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Spectrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianum">Spectrum anetianum J. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67681773E2EF6C3F5ED" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67681773E2EF6C3F5ED" blockId="92.[2062,2657,2570,2993]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF98F67681773E2EF6C3F5ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391469" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
“
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F676816D3E2EF6E0F5D4" box="[2163,2373,2610,2639]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">New Hebrides</collectingCountry>
: Aneiteum [= Aneityum Island,
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67681D33E49F6EEF5ED" box="[2253,2379,2645,2678]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67681103E60F60CF4F9" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67681103E60F60CF4F9" blockId="92.[2062,2657,2570,2993]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
Widely used subspecific name banksiana has been changed for gender agreement.
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676810E3ED3F6ACF577" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[2064,2313,2767,2796]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anetianus">Pteropus anetianus</taxonomicName>
is in the
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67680BF3ED3F5B8F577" box="[2465,2589,2767,2796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
species group. Well-differentiated subspecies warrant additional taxonomic assessment. Seven subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F676810E3F75F5FBF2A7" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
<caption id="DF7B6664FF98F676810E3F75F5FBF2A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448907/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" startId="92.[1452,1472,3000,3033]" targetBox="[1448,2040,2579,2994]" targetPageId="92">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F676810E3F75F604F411" blockId="92.[2062,2657,2570,2993]" box="[2064,2465,2921,2954]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F676810E3F75F604F411" bold="true" box="[2064,2465,2921,2954]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F676810F3F8CF6CFF3B3" blockId="92.[2062,2657,2570,2993]" lastBlockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676810F3F8CF60BF42A" box="[2065,2478,2960,2993]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata">P. a. anetianusJ. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
— S
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67680F43F8CF5C5F42A" box="[2538,2656,2960,2993]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
Is in Erromango and Aneityum (= Anatom).
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768CB23FF8F6CFF3B3" authority="Lawrence, 1945" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1945" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anetianus" subSpecies="aorensis">P.a.aorensisLawrence,1945—CVanuatuIs(EspirituSantoandAore)P.a.bakeriThomas,1925—CVanuatuIs(Nguma,Emao,andEfate).</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB23833F944F3EC" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768CB23833F944F3EC" authority="Sanborn, 1930" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1930" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anetianus" subSpecies="banksianus">P.a.banksianusSanborn,1930—NVanuatuinBanksIs(Ureparara,VanuaLava,andGauaorSantaMaria).</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB2389DF7B6F375" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768CB2389DF7B6F375" authority="K. Andersen, 1913" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anetianus" subSpecies="eotinus">P.a.eotinusK.Andersen,1913—CVanuatuIsinMaewo(=Aurora),Ambae(=Aoba),Pentecost,Malo,andMalekula(=Malakula)Is;populationsofAmbryn,Lopevi,andEpiIstentativelyassignedtothissubspecies.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB238E4F68CF28E" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" box="[1452,2345,3320,3349]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768CB238E4F68CF28E" authority="Felten &amp; Kock, 1972" authorityName="Felten &amp; Kock" authorityYear="1972" box="[1452,2345,3320,3349]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anetianus" subSpecies="motalavae">P.a.motalavaeFelten&amp;Kock,1972—NVanuatuIs(MotaLava).</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB23903F5FBF2A7" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" box="[1452,2654,3359,3388]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768CB23903F8F9F2A7" authority="Felten &amp; Kock, 1972" authorityName="Felten &amp; Kock" authorityYear="1972" box="[1452,1884,3359,3388]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="anetianus" subSpecies="pastoris">P. a. pastoris Felten &amp; Kock, 1972</taxonomicName>
— C VanuatuIs (Tongoa, Emae, and Shepperd Is group).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6778CB5395AFB0EFA1B" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6778CB5395AFB0EFA1B" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" lastBlockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" lastPageId="93" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768CB5395AF902F2F8" bold="true" box="[1451,1703,3398,3427]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—-body
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768E75395AF785F2F8" box="[1899,2080,3398,3427]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.05" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="180.0" valueMax="205.0" valueMin="155.0">155-205 mm</quantity>
(tailless), ear
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F67681E7395AF637F2F8" box="[2297,2450,3398,3427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="20.0">20-26 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F676832F395AF9A8F210" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="30.0">30- 35 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768F863972F8ECF210" box="[1688,1865,3438,3467]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" metricValueMax="1.35" metricValueMin="1.17" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="126.0" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="117.0">117-135 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768EA23972F7A0F210" box="[1980,2053,3438,3467]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.46" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="g" value="346.0">346 g</quantity>
(mean). The
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Flying Fox is reddish brown and highly variable. Muzzle is short, rhinarium is black, and eyes have chestnutbrown irises. Ears are narrowly rounded, and one-half concealed by long fur. Pelage overall is long and woolly. Face and head are dark brown, tipped with paler brown, often with whitish hairs in mustache and between eyes that can extend in some individuals to forehead and cheeks as an ample creamy white mask. Mantle is reddish brown, and margins and shoulders are paler yellowish. Back is reddish brown, and hairs are not adpressed, becoming yellowish brown toward rump. Fur extends along humerus and forearm, and tibia is furred to ankle. Chest and belly are dark brown, grading to reddish brown toward wing membranes. Uropatagium is concealed by long fur at its center. Wing membranes are black and originate from sides of body. Skull is typical pteropine, with moderate basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is short, thin, and tapering; premaxillae are slender; forehead slopes; orbits are large; zygomatic rootis above upper alveolar line; zygoma is arched; braincase is domed; and occiputis salient. Dorsally, rostrum is moderately wide; interorbital width is very narrow; postorbital foramina are tiny; base of long and projecting postorbital processesis very wide; temporal lines join immediately anterior to well-marked postorbital constriction into sharp sagittal crest; braincase is oval; and nuchal crest is very obvious. Ventrally, palate is flat, with posteriorly diverging tooth rows; post-dental palate is long and narrow ending concave; zygomatic arches are wide; and ear region is relatively small, with ring-like ectotympanic. Mandible has sloping symphysis and stout body; coronoid is large and almost vertical; condyle is well above lower alveolar line; and angle is well marked. Upper incisors are long, with strong, broad posterior basal ledge; C' is relatively small, slender, and grooved anteriorly, with strong cingulum; P' is comparatively rather bulky; next premolars are relatively tall, with strong posterior ledge; occlusal outline is oval; M' is rectangular in occlusal outline and long; and last molaris small, with labial cusp. I, is spatulated and much larger than minute I; C, is slender, almoststraight with marked cingulum; P is bulky; cheekteeth are tall, short, and slanted anteriorly, with strong posterior ledge extending anteriorly on lingual side of teeth as broad shelf; M, is smaller than last premolar; and last molar is peg-like, often missing on one or both sides in adults.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789683197FDAFFA33" box="[118,522,1419,1448]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789683197FDAFFA33" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" box="[118,522,1419,1448]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789683197FF43FA33" bold="true" box="[118,230,1419,1448]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Habitat.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF99F67789EE3197FEC3FA33" box="[240,358,1419,1448]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
rainforests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F677896831B2FDDFF9DE" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F677896831B2FDDFF9DE" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F677896831B2FEDCFA54" bold="true" box="[118,377,1454,1487]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Residents of Mota and Vanua Lava islands indicated
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Flying Foxes prefer young coconuts and
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778B7B31CAFC62FA6C" box="[613,967,1494,1527]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus (Pandanaceae)</taxonomicName>
fruits. Fruits of
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778DA431CAFEBAF985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F677886C321DFE5BF985" box="[370,510,1537,1566]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
altilis (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778B77321DFD50F985" box="[617,757,1537,1566]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
) and flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778AF5321DFE80F9DE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Barringtonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="edulis">Barringtonia edulis (Lecythidaceae)</taxonomicName>
also contribute to diets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789683250FEB4F90F" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789683250FEB4F90F" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789683250FF5EF9F6" bold="true" box="[118,251,1612,1645]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Breeding.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF99F67788193250FEECF9F6" box="[263,329,1612,1645]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Male</collectingRegion>
testes size peaks in October—January, and births likely peak in August— September.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F677896B3287FB0FF97F" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F677896B3287FB0FF97F" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F677896B3287FEC1F927" bold="true" box="[117,356,1691,1724]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF99F67788A93287FD88F927" box="[439,557,1691,1724]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
Flying Fox is somewhat active diurnally and at dusk, presumably to avoid competition with larger Pacific Flying Fox (
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF99F6778AE032DFFB38F97F" box="[1022,1181,1731,1764]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Elaeocarpaceae" genus="Elaeocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonganus">P. tonganus</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F677896832F6FB69F8A9" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F677896832F6FB69F8A9" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F677896832F6FCE5F890" bold="true" box="[118,832,1770,1803]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
The
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Flying Fox roosts in small, quiet colonies and occasionally in larger colonies of Pacific Flying Foxes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789693325FE27F86C" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789693325FE27F86C" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789693325FE7EF8C1" bold="true" box="[119,475,1849,1882]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The [UCN Red Last. Distribution of the
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF99F6778B17337CFDDAF81A" box="[521,639,1888,1921]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
Flying Fox is severely fragmented, and number of locations where it occurs and number of mature individuals are likely declining. High rates of hunting following disturbance by cyclones are threats. It occurs in Vatthe Conservation Area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF99F67789693C1BFDCBF7DC" pageId="93" pageNumber="151" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF99F67789693C1BFDCBF7DC" blockId="93.[117,1330,271,2124]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF99F67789693C1BFEB5F7BB" bold="true" box="[119,272,2055,2080]" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Baker &amp; Baker (1936), Flannery (1995a), Helgen &amp; Hamilton (2008a),
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF99F677885D3C32FE05F7DC" box="[323,416,2094,2119]" country="United Kingdom" name="Medway" pageId="93" pageNumber="151">Medway</collectingRegion>
&amp; Marshall (1975).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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