337 lines
54 KiB
XML
337 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="E4171F0024A861AF572FAC6BF3C77A37" ID-CLB-Dataset="20065" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b29224-e672-4a29-b553-1186211e3559" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391240" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:231E3A73-1800-4559-A995-013482DEA623" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648490830014" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Monvoisin, Evariste, Allain, Ronan, Buffetaut, Eric & Picot, Laurent" docDate="2022" docId="03F29C74FFF4961ED6B46E93FA9B9CE5" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.12.385-415.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Megalosauridae Fitzinger 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="392" masterDocId="FFCBE40CFFF29617D5436C66FFD49F4A" masterDocTitle="New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)" masterLastPageNumber="415" masterPageNumber="385" pageNumber="389" updateTime="1699318653955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CF4D537F9A56DDDB30AD71255EECABFF">
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<mods:title id="002875E1E064D31686993849D98AA7F7">New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6F916C7769D1ADA08B8F43FF550E9872">Monvoisin, Evariste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E056D5DE6C9C2048C46A059484B728F4">Allain, Ronan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F6ED198E803BDA4D4163BF0E2184B1B4">Buffetaut, Eric</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="11F5BB53670E9E57D49C918545A0F259" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="53323111E8ACBDF082394936363E6D7A">Picot, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="48A6A27D23FA294F405632FE8C688969">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="762DC7A266FEDAA4B60D52CD2727AC6C">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7EF19ADFB850D0CB995826B1069FB0BE">
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<mods:date id="D81434EB04D8F1CC36B3879A1C99CF10">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B0CE2EC2BAEDC4309446C4CB7AB033D9">2022-03-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="823E8E8636EDDBA58850673DC3C839F8">44</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F29C74FFF4961ED6B46E93FA9B9CE5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399011" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194312170" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6399011" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F29C74FFF4961ED6B46E93FA9B9CE5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F29C74FFF4961ED6B46E93FA9B9CE5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="392" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFF49611D6B46E93FB319C45" box="[1015,1253,757,783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF49611D6B46E93FB319C45" blockId="6.[1015,1253,757,783]" box="[1015,1253,757,783]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D6B46E93FB4B9C45" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1015,1183,757,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFF49611D66E6F53FC499C25" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF49611D66E6F53FC2A9C04" blockId="6.[813,1250,821,911]" box="[813,1022,821,847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">CRANIAL SKELETON</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF49611D66E6F33FC499C25" blockId="6.[813,1250,821,911]" box="[813,925,853,879]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D66E6F33FC499C25" box="[813,925,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Premaxilla</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFF49611D66E6F13FA7B9B44" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF49611D66E6F13FB369CC5" blockId="6.[813,1250,821,911]" box="[813,1250,885,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D66E6F13FC469CC5" bold="true" box="[813,914,885,911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Material.</emphasis>
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B1, a right premaxilla (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFF49611D1D76F13FB069CC5" box="[1172,1234,885,911]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF49611D66E6FD2FA7B9B44" blockId="6.[811,1457,948,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D66E6FD2FC6C9C84" bold="true" box="[813,952,948,974]" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
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Oolithe Ferrugineuse de Villers (H15) as defined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D60F6FB2FC339CA5" author="HEBERT E." box="[844,999,980,1007]" firstAuthor="Hebert" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="300 - 316" part="17" refId="ref22280" refString="HEBERT E. 1860. - Du terrain jurassique superieur sur les Cotes de la Manche. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 17 (2): 300 - 316." title="Du terrain jurassique superieur sur les Cotes de la Manche" type="journal article" year="1860">Hébert (1860)</bibRefCitation>
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maintained in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D1C76FB3FA809CA5" author="DUGUE O. & FILY G. & RIOULT M." bookContentInfo="132 p." box="[1156,1364,980,1007]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dugue" journalOrPublisher="Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" refId="ref21835" refString="DUGUE O., FILY G. & RIOULT M. 1998. - Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle. Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre. 132 p." title="Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle" type="book" year="1998">
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Dugué
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D1976FB3FAD29CA4" box="[1236,1286,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">et al.</emphasis>
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(1998)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, according to the ferruginous ooliths of the matrix. Lower Oxfordian.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFF4961ED6006872FF059D7A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="392" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF4961ED6006872FDC39E9B" blockId="6.[811,1457,948,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[131,777,215,465]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="392" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">
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The posterodorsal part of the premaxilla is fractured and the nasal process is missing, clearly cut at its base. The maxillary process is also absent. The medial side is eroded, revealing dental alveoli and replacement teeth (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFF49611D18B6812FACF9BC5" box="[1224,1307,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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). The bone is massive. It is
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<quantity id="4CA38087FFF49611D6FD68F2FBC89BE4" box="[958,1052,1172,1198]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
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high under the ventral margin of the nostril and
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<quantity id="4CA38087FFF49611D6ED68D2FBDA9B84" box="[942,1038,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
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long. By comparison with theropods skulls, notably
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D69168B2FAED9BA4" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[978,1337,1236,1262]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D69168B2FB5D9BA4" box="[978,1161,1236,1262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Allosaurus fragilis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D1DA68B2FAFB9BA4" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[1177,1327,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, the entire skull length must have exceeded one meter. Similarly to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D0C16892FB3F9A64" authority="Galton & Jensen, 1979" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D0C16892FC089A67" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
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Galton & Jensen, 1979
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</taxonomicName>
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, the premaxillary body is as long as it is wide (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D12B6955FB0F9A07" author="BRITT B. B." box="[1128,1243,1331,1357]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). The lateral side is pierced by more than 15 foramina. Most of them are wider than
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<quantity id="4CA38087FFF49611D6256915FC739AC4" box="[870,935,1395,1422]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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and concentrated in the anteroventral corner of the bone. They are interpreted as perforations for trigeminal nerve branches of the neurovascular system (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D1AD69D5FA749A87" author="BARKER C. T. & NAISH D. & NEWHAM E. & KATSAMENIS O. L. & DYKE G." box="[1262,1440,1459,1485]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Barker" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="1 - 8" part="7" refId="ref20231" refString="BARKER C. T., NAISH D., NEWHAM E., KATSAMENIS O. L. & DYKE G. 2017. - Complex neuroanatomy in the rostrum of the Isle of Wight theropod Neovenator salerii. Scientific Reports 7 (1): 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 016 - 0028 - x" title="Complex neuroanatomy in the rostrum of the Isle of Wight theropod Neovenator salerii" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Barker
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D07569D2FAB29A87" box="[1334,1382,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">et al.</emphasis>
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2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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). As in
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D62569B2FB6E9AA7" authority="(Britt 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Britt" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[870,1210,1491,1517]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D62569B2FBE59AA7" box="[870,1073,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D10169B5FB659AA7" author="BRITT B. B." box="[1090,1201,1491,1517]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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the anterior part of the bone slopes rearward (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFF49611D15C6995FBA79947" box="[1055,1139,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). The medial surface is flat to form the symphysis with the left premaxilla. The width of the bone at this level is
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<quantity id="4CA38087FFF49611D1676A55FBA69907" box="[1060,1138,1587,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
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so that the entire snout width was about
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<quantity id="4CA38087FFF49611D6D86A34FC2E9927" box="[923,1018,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
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. A depression linked to the external nares is visible in the posterodorsal corner. Thus, the premaxillary body is quite anteriorly placed relative to the nostril. The angle between the basis of the nasal process and the alveolar margin is about 60°.This is more similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D1B36AB4FC159846" authority="Walker, 1964" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D1B36AB4FA7A99A6" box="[1264,1454,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D66E6A94FC159846" author="WALKER A. D." box="[813,961,1778,1804]" firstAuthor="Walker" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="53 - 134" part="248" refId="ref23786" refString="WALKER A. D. 1964. - Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 248 (744): 53 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1964.0009" title="Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs" type="journal article" year="1964">Walker, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D68D6A94FA649846" authority="(Allain, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Allain" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[974,1456,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valesdunensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D68D6A94FADA9846" box="[974,1294,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF49611D05E6A94FA739846" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1309,1447,1778,1804]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D61E6B74FC0D9861" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[861,985,1810,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D61E6B74FC0D9861" box="[861,985,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
than to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D1796B74FA449866" authority="Currie & Zhao, 1993" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1993" box="[1082,1424,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D1796B74FB4F9866" box="[1082,1179,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
|
Currie & Zhao, 1993
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFF49611D66E6B57FBF19806" authority="Marsh, 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[813,1061,1841,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF49611D66E6B57FC419801" box="[813,917,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
Marsh, 1877
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Posteriorly, the contact facet with the maxilla is visible. It is flat and medially oriented, with three foramina. The subnarial foramen is placed dorsally on the facet (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFF49611D62D6BF7FC1498E1" box="[878,960,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="389">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
|
). On the medial face, the interdental plates are broken so that replacement teeth are visible. However, they do not seem to be fused in their ventral margin. The paradental lamina separates the interdental plates from the body of the premaxilla body. In ventral view, 4 ellipsoidal alveoli are visible. They are mediolaterally oriented, with an erupted tooth in the second one. This tooth is transversally broken at the level of the ventral margin of the premaxilla (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFA961FD06D6BD7FA759886" box="[1326,1441,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
|
). Above this tooth, the apex of a replacement tooth is visible. The first and third alveoli bear only one replacement tooth each. Denticles are mainly visible on the teeth of the first and second alveoli (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED46B6D71FEA89E78" box="[296,380,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-103@8.[698,1267,764,1341]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Megalosauroidea indet., left premaxilla (B1), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (A), medial (B) and posterior (C) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: snf, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
|
). There are seven mesial denticles per five millimetres; they are subrectangular and perpendicular to the crown. However, these dental characteristics are very similar to those of both allosauroids and megalosauroids (except spinosaurids) so that they do not help to differentiate these groups (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED4596DD0FDD39E9B" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[282,519,438,465]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|
Hendrickx
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED4D66DD1FE1C9E9A" box="[405,456,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2014
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF247DEAFFF59610D5C76BA4FD7998A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391242" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391242/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" startId="7.[132,143,1986,2003]" targetBox="[160,1408,215,1905]" targetPageId="7">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFF59610D5C76BA4FD7998A3" blockId="7.[132,1455,1986,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">
|
|
FIG. 1. — Vaches Noires cliffs synthetic log with studied specimen position.
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF59610D6416BA4FCA09899" bold="true" box="[770,884,1986,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">Grey interval</emphasis>
|
|
indicates unclear provenance;
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF59610D1386BA4FB0E9899" bold="true" box="[1147,1242,1986,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">dotted line</emphasis>
|
|
is for easily recognizable Oolithes Ferrugineuse de Villers (modified from
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFF59610D74C6BBEFD7698A3" author="DUGUE O. & FILY G. & RIOULT M." bookContentInfo="132 p." box="[527,674,2008,2025]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dugue" journalOrPublisher="Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre" pageId="7" pageNumber="390" refId="ref21835" refString="DUGUE O., FILY G. & RIOULT M. 1998. - Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle. Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre. 132 p." title="Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle" type="book" year="1998">
|
|
Dugué
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFF59610D7086BBEFDA098A3" box="[587,628,2008,2025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="390">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1998
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="DF247DEAFFFA961FD5C76B54FB769810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391244" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391244" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391244/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="391" startId="8.[132,143,1842,1859]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1800]" targetPageId="8">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFA961FD5C76B54FB769810" blockId="8.[132,1455,1842,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">
|
|
FIG. 2. —
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFA961FD5946B54FEB39809" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[215,359,1842,1859]" family="Megalosauroidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="389" rank="family">Megalosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
|
indet., left premaxilla (
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD7646B54FDEB9809" bold="true" box="[551,575,1842,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">B1</emphasis>
|
|
), Oolithes Ferrugineuses de Villers, in lateral (
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD6826B54FC1A9809" bold="true" box="[961,974,1842,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">A</emphasis>
|
|
), medial (
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD1626B54FBFA9809" bold="true" box="[1057,1070,1842,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">B</emphasis>
|
|
) and posterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD1F66B54FB179809" bold="true" box="[1205,1219,1842,1859]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">C</emphasis>
|
|
) views. Distal denticles of a replacement tooth of the first alveoli in lingual view (
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD7706B2FFD959810" bold="true" box="[563,577,1865,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">D</emphasis>
|
|
). Abbreviations:
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFA961FD78E6B2FFD3C9810" bold="true" box="[717,744,1865,1882]" pageId="8" pageNumber="391">snf</emphasis>
|
|
, subnarial foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5C76D90FE4C9D45" blockId="9.[132,408,502,560]" box="[132,408,502,528]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">APPENDICULAR SKELETON</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5C76E71FF059D7A" blockId="9.[132,408,502,560]" box="[132,209,535,560]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED5C76E71FF059D7A" box="[132,209,535,560]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Femora</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFB961ED5C76E30FD3B9BC4" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5C76E30FE469DDA" blockId="9.[131,774,598,656]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED5C76E30FF3D9D3A" bold="true" box="[132,233,598,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Material.</emphasis>
|
|
right femur
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFFB961ED42D6E30FE189D3A" box="[366,460,598,624]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
|
.F.RJN471(
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED70A6E30FD519D3A" box="[585,645,598,624]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|
); NMH1, a distal end of a left femur.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5C76ED3FCDD9C05" blockId="9.[130,777,693,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED5C76ED3FEC69D85" bold="true" box="[132,274,693,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
|
|
Found
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED42E6ED0FE649D85" box="[365,432,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">in situ</emphasis>
|
|
in the Marnes de Villers (H14 level according toHébert [1860] maintained by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED7C76EB0FF1A9C5A" author="DUGUE O. & FILY G. & RIOULT M." bookContentInfo="132 p." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dugue" journalOrPublisher="Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" refId="ref21835" refString="DUGUE O., FILY G. & RIOULT M. 1998. - Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle. Le Havre, France, Editions du Museum du Havre. 132 p." title="Le Jurassique des cotes du Calvados: biostratigraphie, sedimentologie, paleoecologie, paleogeographie et stratigraphie sequentielle" type="book" year="1998">
|
|
Dugué
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED7966EB0FCD39DA5" box="[725,775,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
[1998]
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Lower Oxfordian (
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFFB961ED4EC6E90FDD99C5A" box="[431,525,758,784]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
|
.F.RJN471). Marnes de Dives Callovian marls according to the Nicolet collection catalogue made by Max Bülow and Michel Rioult (NMH1).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5D86F33FD3B9BC4" blockId="9.[130,777,693,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
The diaphysis is missing so that the femur
|
|
<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFFB961ED77F6F30FD429C3A" box="[572,662,854,880]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
|
.F.RJN471 is in two parts (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED4636F13FE5F9CC5" box="[288,395,885,911]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig.3A, B</figureCitation>
|
|
). Both extremities are quite fractured and eroded, especially the proximal one. Only the base of the articular head is preserved. The proximal part of the greater trochanter is broken, as well as the lesser trochanter.The fourth trochanter is missing because this part of the diaphysis is not preserved. The distal part is broken anteromedially. The crista tibiofibularis is missing, leaving a subrectangular base. The femur is massive and belongs to a very large theropod. The complete bone may have been up to one metre in length.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFB961ED5D868F2FA9B9CE5" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5D868F2FD509987" blockId="9.[130,777,693,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
In posterior view, a ligament groove is visible just lateral to what could be the emplacement of the base of the articular head. Below that structure, in the long axis of the bone a
|
|
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFB961ED5C56892FF009A44" box="[134,212,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
|
long oval foramen is visible. Because the middle part of the diaphysis is missing as well as the head, the orientation of the latter cannot be reconstructed. The greater trochanter is a
|
|
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFB961ED5EC6935FF2A9A24" box="[175,254,1363,1390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
|
|
large bony plate on the lateral side of the bone. Its anterior middle margin is slightly convex proximodistally. The lesser trochanter is a thick blade of bone detached from the diaphysis and anteriorly oriented (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED75A69D5FDBF9A87" box="[537,619,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
|
). Even though it is damaged, it probably did not reach the proximal margin of the femur, as is the case in basal tetanuran and nontetanuran theropods (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED4326A75FD939967" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[369,583,1554,1581]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
|
Carrano
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED4916A75FDD39966" box="[466,519,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2012
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A protuberance distally positioned on the trochanter could be a remain of the accessory trochanter, but abrasion makes the observation unclear. A bulge is visible medially to the most distal point of the lesser trochanter, which is interpreted as an attachment for the iliofemoralis muscle (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED4F86AD4FDAF9986" author="HUTCHINSON J. R." box="[443,635,1714,1740]" firstAuthor="Hutchinson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="169 - 197" part="131" refId="ref22551" refString="HUTCHINSON J. R. 2001. - The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131 (2): 169 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01314. x" title="The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes)" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFB961ED5D86AB4FA9B9CE5" blockId="9.[130,777,693,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1457,215,943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">
|
|
The distal extremity of the femur is
|
|
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFB961ED7656AB4FD5099A6" box="[550,644,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="229.0">229 mm</quantity>
|
|
wide mediolaterally so that it is larger than the other femur (NHM1) described by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED44F6B74FE059866" author="BUFFETAUT E." box="[268,465,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin d'Information des Geologues du Bassin de Paris" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="9 - 12" part="31" refId="ref20907" refString="BUFFETAUT E. 1994 b. - Restes de dinosaures du Callovien des Vaches Noires (Calvados) appartenant a la collection Nicolet (Houlgate). Bulletin d'Information des Geologues du Bassin de Paris 31 (2): 9 - 12." title="Restes de dinosaures du Callovien des Vaches Noires (Calvados) appartenant a la collection Nicolet (Houlgate)" type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="b">Buffetaut (1994b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. In distal view, both condyles remain visible. The lateral one is rounded and the medial one is narrower and elongate (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED4D46B37FE329826" box="[407,486,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
|
). The medial condyle bears deep and wide striations (one posterior and one anterior) but they may have been exaggerated by erosion. The medial condyle is anteroposteriorly oriented, but the articular facet seems more posterior. As a result, in medial view, the bone takes the shape of a reversed J (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED13B6CB1FB1E9FB8" box="[1144,1226,215,242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
|
). The medial condyle bears a striking feature above the broken area: a very thick and high mesiodistal crest extending on the midline of the distal diaphysis. The crest peaks at about
|
|
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFB961ED1AD6D51FAEA9E1B" box="[1262,1342,311,337]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
|
relative to the lateral side. This structure makes the cross section of the diaphysis triangular (
|
|
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFB961ED14E6D11FBB69EDB" box="[1037,1122,375,401]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1786,1803]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1744]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Specimen MNHN.F.RJN471, right femur of an indeterminate Megalosauridae from H14 level of Marnes de Villers, in anterior (A) and lateral (B) views; proximal end in proximal view (C); distal end in proximal (D), medial (E) and distal (F) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; gt, great trochanter; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; mdc, mesiodistal crest. Scale bar: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391246/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
|
). This is very different from the condition in
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED6F56DF0FBB19EFA" box="[950,1125,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Streptospondylus,</emphasis>
|
|
in which this area is flat. There is no depression for the femorotibialis externus (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED00A6DD0FC469EBA" author="HUTCHINSON J. R." firstAuthor="Hutchinson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="169 - 197" part="131" refId="ref22551" refString="HUTCHINSON J. R. 2001. - The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131 (2): 169 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01314. x" title="The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes)" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutchinson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED6E16DB0FBAC9EBA" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[930,1144,470,496]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
|
Carrano
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED1406DB1FBED9EBA" box="[1027,1081,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2012
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) on that crest in contrast to what is seen in allosauroids (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED1326D91FAD19D5A" author="BENSON R. B. J." box="[1137,1285,502,529]" firstAuthor="Benson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20299" refString="BENSON R. B. J. 2010. - A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 882 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00569. x" title="A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Benson 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED0566D90FCB29D7A" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
|
Carrano
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED03A6D91FA649D5A" box="[1401,1456,502,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2012
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED6356E70FB739D7A" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[886,1191,534,561]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Moreover, the crest is rounded and thick in contrast with some allosauroids such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFB961ED6046E30FC659D3A" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[839,945,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED6046E30FC659D3A" box="[839,945,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFB961ED6A56E30FA979D3A" authority="(Currie & Zhao 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[998,1347,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED6A56E30FB939D3A" box="[998,1095,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED1146E30FAEC9D3A" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[1111,1336,598,624]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A similar morphology of the structure is mentioned by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED05D6E10FC049DFA" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
on a distal fragment of a femur referred to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFB961ED66D6ED0FC7C9D85" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[814,936,694,719]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED66D6ED0FC7C9D85" box="[814,936,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This hypertrophied mesiodistal crest is present in the two species of the genus, but it is reduced as compared with MNHN.F.RJN471 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED17E6E93FA8D9C45" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[1085,1369,757,784]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) insofar as it does not make the cross section triangular (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED0076F73FC4F9C05" author="SIEGWARTH J. D. & LINDBECK R. A. & REDMAN P. D. & SOUTHWELL E. H. & BAKKER R. T." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Siegwarth" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Tate Museum Collections, Casper, Wyoming" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="1 - 33" part="2" refId="ref23665" refString="SIEGWARTH J. D., LINDBECK R. A., REDMAN P. D., SOUTHWELL E. H. & BAKKER R. T. 1997. - Giant carnivorous dinosaurs of the family Megalosauridae from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of eastern Wyoming. Contributions from the Tate Museum Collections, Casper, Wyoming 2: 1 - 33." title="Giant carnivorous dinosaurs of the family Megalosauridae from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of eastern Wyoming" type="journal article" year="1997">
|
|
Siegwarth
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED66E6F50FC8B9C05" box="[813,863,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1997
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFB961ED68F6F53FADE9C05" authority="Buckland, 1822" authorityName="Buckland" authorityYear="1822" box="[972,1290,821,847]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFB961ED68F6F53FB8C9C05" box="[972,1112,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="392">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
Buckland, 1822
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the mesiodistal crest is poorly developed (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED17B6F30FB179C25" author="BENSON R. B. J." box="[1080,1219,853,880]" firstAuthor="Benson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20299" refString="BENSON R. B. J. 2010. - A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 882 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00569. x" title="A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Benson 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFB961ED18C6F33FCB69CC5" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The extensor groove is only visible in its most proximal part. The flexor groove is convex and
|
|
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFB961ED1FD6FF3FAD99CE5" box="[1214,1293,917,943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="392" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
|
wide.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |