551 lines
86 KiB
XML
551 lines
86 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1711D6DEBF0ED3E56F8EDCB7E2232ECB">An integrative taxonomic review of the South Asian microhylid genus Uperodon</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="71B9D2F49F4B6B9367B697F66F423CDD">Wijayathilaka, Nayana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C42D669EDBEA1721B41D4A8AED44805">Deuti, Kaushik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9522FC2920E2183696CC9DC5990892AA">Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A2910F0C6106770236C0E6C79E23EEE">Biju, Sd</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587719" ID-GBIF-Taxon="141119106" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587719" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF5ACCFDFD71FF0D" blockId="36.[151,795,151,247]" box="[151,721,151,178]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5ACCFDFE05FF0E" ID-CoL="7DM7G" box="[151,421,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
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<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACCFDFE05FF0E" bold="true" box="[151,421,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFE78CCF2FDC9FF0D" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[437,617,152,178]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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“1875”)
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<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF5ACCD0FE54FF6C" blockId="36.[151,795,151,247]" box="[151,500,186,211]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Triangle-spotted Globular Frog</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C367468B6C19946FFF5ACCB4FAF9FE4C" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF5ACCB4FCBBFF48" blockId="36.[151,795,151,247]" box="[151,795,222,247]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFF52CCB4FF4CFF48" box="[159,236,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1632,1654]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,199,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,195,1608]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogram based on 511 bp of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences from 73 individuals representing all known members of the genus Uperodon. Three samples representing taxon under synonymy are shown inquotationmarks.Outgroup not shown for graphical purposes.BayesianPosterior Probabilities and bootstrap values of>50 are shown above and below the branches, respectively. Values towards the species labels represent mean uncorrected genetic distances between the species with range values in parentheses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183457/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFF37CCB5FEEDFF48" box="[250,333,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,196,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Geographic distribution of the genus Uperodon in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; B. Distributionof Uperodon globulosus, U. systomaand U.taprobanicus; C. Distribution of four endemic Uperodon species of the Western Ghats (excluding the widely distributed Indian member U. variegatus, shown in Fig.12A); D. Distribution of four endemic Uperdodon species of Sri Lanka. Details of localities reported in the present study are provided in Table 1. Records from literature are listed in supplementary Table S1 and indicated here based onapproximate coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183459/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">2A, 2C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFE94CCB5FED4FF48" box="[345,372,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Preserved type specimens of Uperodon species in dorsal and ventral view. A. Uperodon systoma, Syntype, ZMB 3551 (female); B. Uperodon globulosus, Syntype, NHM 62.12.29.4 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.97) (female); C. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica, Holotype, NHM 1905.3.25.138 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.62) (female); D. Ramanella anamalaiensis, Neotype, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/956 (male); E. Hylaedactylus montanus, Holotype, NHM 72.4.17.212 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.19) (female); F. Ramanella mormorata, Neotype, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/958, (female); G. Ramanella nagaoi, Holotype, WHT 2826 (male); H. Callula obscura, Holotype, NHM 58.11.28.42 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.20) (female); I. Ramanella palmata, Holotype, NHM 90.11.8.62 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.21); J. Callula triangularis, Lectotype, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.15) (male); K.Hylaedactylus carnaticus, Lectotype, ZSI 2761(female); L. Uperodonrohani sp. nov., Holotype, DZ1449 (male).(Images: SD Biju and Sonali Garg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183461/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">3J</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFE4DCCB4FE3AFF48" box="[384,410,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,1093,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,1087,1567]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ventral surface of the palate in Uperodon species showing vomerine odontophores separated or fused with dermal projectionsand/or neopalatinalridgeson posterior sides ofthe choanae (indicated witharrows).A. Uperodon systoma, SDBDU 2005.2787 (female) and SDBDU 2005.2806 (male); B. Uperodon globulosus, SDBDU 2014.2673 (female) and SDBDU 2005.4762 (female); C. Uperodon taprobanicus, SDBDU 2007.6364 (female) and SDBDU 2005.4732A (male); D. Uperodon anamalaiensis, SDBDU 2013.2302 (female) and SDBDU 2002.3050 (male); E. Uperodon montanus, SDBDU 2002.24B (female) and SDBDU 2003.40115 (male); F. Uperodon mormorata, SDBDU 2011.507 (male) and SDBDU 2012.43 (male); G. Uperodon obscurus, DZ 1366 (male); H. Uperodon palmatus, DZ 1331 (male); I. Uperodon triangularis, SDBDU 2007.6400 (female) and ZSI/WGRC/V/A/959 (male); J. Uperodon variegatus, SDBDU 2005.4726 (female) and SDBDU 2005.4727 (male); K.Uperodon rohani sp. nov., DZ 1521 (male).(Images:SD Biju)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183465/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<date id="FFC333C06C19946FFE4DCCB4FE3AFF48" box="[384,410,222,247]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">5I</date>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFE68CCB5FE7FFF48" box="[421,479,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,953,975]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,196,930]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,193,932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male advertisement calls of Uperodon anamalaiensis, U. mormorata and U. triangularis. A–D. Uperodon anamalaiensis: A. ten second call segment; B. one second call segment; C. 0.1 second segment showing a single non-pulsatile call; D.spectrogram of the call shown in Figure8B; E–H. Uperodon mormorata:E.ten second call segment; F. one second call segment; G. 0.1 second segment showing a single non-pulsatile call; H. spectrogram of the call shown in Figure 8G; I–L. Uperodon triangularis: I. ten second call segment; J. one second call segment; K. 0.1 second segment showing a single nonpulsatile call; L. spectrogram of the call shown in Figure 8J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183471/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<date id="FFC333C06C19946FFE68CCB5FE1CFF48" box="[421,444,223,247]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">8I</date>
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–L
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFE27CCB5FD90FF48" box="[490,560,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,537,1193]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,531,1208]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 10. Head, hand, foot and foot webbing in Uperodon obscurus, U. palmatus, U. triangularis and U.variegatus. A–D. Holotype ofUperodon obscurus(NHM58.11.28.42 ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.20, female):A. Lateralview of head; B. ventral view of hand; C. ventral view of foot; D. schematic illustration of foot webbing; E–H. Holotype of Uperodon palmatus (NHM 90.11.8.62 ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.21, female): E. Lateral view of head; F. ventral view of hand; G. ventral view of foot; H. schematic illustration of foot webbing; I–L. Lectotype of Uperodon triangularis (NHM 74.4.29.897 ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.15, male): I. Lateral view of head; J. ventral view of hand; K. ventral view of foot; L. schematic illustration of foot webbing; M. Lectotype of Uperodon variegatus (ZSI 2761, female), lateral view of head; N–P. Referred specimen of Uperodon variegatus (ZSI 4726, female): N. ventral view of hand; O. ventral view of foot; P. schematic illustration of foot webbing. (Illustrations: SD Biju)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183475/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<date id="FFC333C06C19946FFE27CCB5FDAEFF48" box="[490,526,223,247]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2010-01">10I</date>
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–L
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFDF1CCB5FD2CFF48" box="[572,652,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1093,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,450,1064]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,450,1072]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 11. Uperodon palmatus, U. triangularis and U. variegatus in life. A–E. Uperodon palmatus: A. Dorsolateral view (DZ 1372, male); B. dorsolateral view (DZ 1372, male); C. ventral view (DZ 1371, male); D. dorsal view (DZ 1331, male); E. dorsolateral view (DZ 1331, male); F–K. Uperodon triangularis: F. Dorsolateral view (ZSI/WGRC/V/A/959, male); G. dorsal view (SDBDU 2015.2857, male); H. ventral view (SDBDU 2015.2857, male); I. dorsolateral view (SDBDU 2011.502, male); J. dorsolateral view (SDBDU 2012.2200, subadult male); K. dorsofrontal view (SDBDU 2012.2038, male); L–P. Uperodon variegatus: L. Dorsolateral view (not preserved); M. ventral view (SDBDU 2007.4994, male); N. dorsolateral view (not preserved); O. dorsolateral view of an albino (or possibly leucistic) form (not preserved); P. dorsolateral view (not preserved). (Images: SD Biju,Sonali Garg, N & P - Shyamal L, O - Romulus Whitaker)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183477/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">11F–K</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6FF20BB6C19946FFD55CCB4FCB2FF48" box="[664,786,222,247]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,239,1593,1616]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,239,1084,1107]" captionStartId-2="48.[119,193,547,566]" captionTargetBox-2="[135,1884,616,1625]" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Collection localities for the genetically and/or morphologically studied Uperodon samples in the present study." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Samples used for the molecular study." captionText-2="TABLE 4. Morphometric measurements of Uperodon species.All measurements are in millimetres (mm). The status of each specimen is given after the museum number:Holotype (HT), Paratype (PT), Neotype (NT), Lectotype (LT), Syntype (ST)." httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0245886C0D947BFFBACE49F8ECFD89" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" tableUuid-2="DF0245886C0D947BFFBACE49F8ECFD89">Tables 1–4</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACD4CFDADFE80" bold="true" box="[151,525,294,319]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Original name and description.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFDD9CD4CFC3DFE80" authority="Gunther, 1876" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1876" box="[532,925,294,319]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Callula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFDD9CD4CFD55FE80" box="[532,757,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Callula triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFD31CD4CFC3DFE80" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[764,925,294,319]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“1875”. Third report on collections of Indian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5ACD20FF4AFEDC" authorityName="Linnæus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,234,330,355]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Reptiles" pageId="36" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">reptiles</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained by the British Museum.
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFD46CD20FB72FEDC" box="[651,1234,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</emphasis>
|
||
, 1875: 567–577.
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACD04FEA9FE38" bold="true" box="[151,265,366,391]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Syntypes.</emphasis>
|
||
NHM 74.4.29.891–900 and NHM 74.4.29.1010, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFC03CD04FBCCFE38" author="Parker, H. W." bookContentInfo="208 pp." box="[974,1132,366,391]" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum, London" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref38477" refString="Parker, H. W. (1934) A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 208 pp." title="A Monograph of the Frogs of the Family Microhylidae" type="book" year="1934">Parker (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFBB5CD04FAB7FE38" bold="true" box="[1144,1303,366,391]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Type locality.</emphasis>
|
||
“Malabar”, India.
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF13CDF8FDF8FE14" bold="true" box="[222,600,402,427]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Current status of specific name.</emphasis>
|
||
Valid name, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFCC4CDF8FBA6FE14" box="[777,1030,402,427]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFCC4CDF8FBA6FE14" box="[777,1030,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFBD9CDF8FB16FE14" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[1044,1206,402,427]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1875”).
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFAE8CDF8FA3CFE14" bold="true" box="[1317,1436,402,427]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Synonym.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5ACDDCFC8DFE70" authority="Rao, 1937" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,813,438,463]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACDDCFDBCFE70" box="[151,540,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFDEECDDDFD35FE70" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[547,661,439,463]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFD6ECDDDFC85FE70" author="Dutta, S. K." bookContentInfo="342 pp." box="[675,805,439,463]" journalOrPublisher="Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref36876" refString="Dutta, S. K. (1997) Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka, (Checklist and Bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar, 342 pp." title="Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka, (Checklist and Bibliography)" type="book" year="1997">Dutta 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Neotype by present designation, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/959, an adult male, from Mudigere, Karnataka state, India, collected by SD Biju and team on
|
||
<date id="FFC333C06C19946FFBB5CDB1FAF6FE4C" box="[1144,1366,474,499]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2012-09-28">28 September 2012</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C367468B6C19946FFF0ACD94FC4BF82C" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF0ACD94FCFAFCAC" blockId="36.[151,1437,294,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF0ACD94FEEFFDA8" bold="true" box="[199,335,510,535]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The original description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFDB0CD94FC83FDA8" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[637,803,510,535]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1875”) mentions 11 syntypes from Malabar, all from Col. Beddome’s collection. We examined all the syntypes (nine males and two females) available at NHM, and found NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.15) to be in agreement with the original description. This specimen was also found to be in well-preserved condition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFD0ECE00FCB2FD3C" box="[707,786,618,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Preserved type specimens of Uperodon species in dorsal and ventral view. A. Uperodon systoma, Syntype, ZMB 3551 (female); B. Uperodon globulosus, Syntype, NHM 62.12.29.4 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.97) (female); C. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica, Holotype, NHM 1905.3.25.138 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.62) (female); D. Ramanella anamalaiensis, Neotype, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/956 (male); E. Hylaedactylus montanus, Holotype, NHM 72.4.17.212 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.19) (female); F. Ramanella mormorata, Neotype, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/958, (female); G. Ramanella nagaoi, Holotype, WHT 2826 (male); H. Callula obscura, Holotype, NHM 58.11.28.42 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.20) (female); I. Ramanella palmata, Holotype, NHM 90.11.8.62 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.21); J. Callula triangularis, Lectotype, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.15) (male); K.Hylaedactylus carnaticus, Lectotype, ZSI 2761(female); L. Uperodonrohani sp. nov., Holotype, DZ1449 (male).(Images: SD Biju and Sonali Garg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183461/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Since the original description for this nominal taxon was brief and based on several specimens from an imprecise locality “Malabar” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFC33CEE4FBD5FD18" author="Biju, S. D." box="[1022,1141,654,679]" journalOrPublisher="ISBC - Occasional Publication" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 24" part="1" refId="ref35658" refString="Biju, S. D. (2001) A synopsis to the frog fauna of the Western Ghats, India. ISBC - Occasional Publication, 1, 1 - 24." title="A synopsis to the frog fauna of the Western Ghats, India" type="journal article" year="2001">Biju 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and because this species has often been misidentified by researchers (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFD29CED9FCF8FD74" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[740,856,691,715]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFCA5CED9FB93FD74" author="Inger, R. F. & Shaffer, H. B. & Koshy, M. & Bakde, R." box="[872,1075,690,715]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="406 - 427" part="81" refId="ref45561" refString="Inger, R. F., Shaffer, H. B., Koshy, M. & Bakde, R. (1984) A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 81 (2), 406 - 427." title="A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Inger
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC62CEDEFC45FD74" box="[943,997,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we herein provide a detailed description of an adult male specimen from the type series, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.15), that may serve as a reference of this species for future taxonomic works.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF0ACF74FD16F994" blockId="36.[151,1437,294,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF0ACF74FB78FC88" bold="true" box="[199,1240,798,823]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Notes on synonymy and neotypification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFD0CCF74FB73FC88" authority="Rao, 1937" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[705,1235,798,823]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFD0CCF74FBF4FC88" bold="true" box="[705,1108,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFB96CF74FB73FC88" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[1115,1235,798,823]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A new variety of this species was described from “Mudigere, Kadur, Saklespur, Hassan” in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C19946FFC38CF28FBC8FCE4" box="[1013,1128,834,859]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFB5ECF28FEB0FCC0" authority="Garg & Senevirathne & Wijayathilaka & Phuge & Deuti & Manamendra-Arachchi & Meegaskumbura & Biju, 2018" authorityName="Garg & Senevirathne & Wijayathilaka & Phuge & Deuti & Manamendra-Arachchi & Meegaskumbura & Biju" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" status="var. nov." subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFB5ECF28FEB0FCC0" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23A74696C19946FFED5CF0DFEF9FCC1" box="[280,345,871,894]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="variety">n. var</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFEACCF0DFE78FCC0" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[353,472,871,895]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This taxon was considered to be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFC36CF0CFAA3FCC0" box="[1019,1283,870,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC36CF0CFAA3FCC0" box="[1019,1283,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFAE6CF0CFEBDFC1C" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFAE6CF0CFEBDFC1C" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by implication (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFE12CFE1FDC2FC1C" author="Dutta, S. K." bookContentInfo="342 pp." box="[479,610,907,931]" journalOrPublisher="Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref36876" refString="Dutta, S. K. (1997) Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka, (Checklist and Bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar, 342 pp." title="Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka, (Checklist and Bibliography)" type="book" year="1997">Dutta 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however, without any justification or comparison. In order to verify this action, we compared the two taxa based on the original description. While describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFB5CCFC4FEEEFC55" authority=", Rao" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFB5CCFC4FEB0FC54" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
, Rao
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stated two major differences between the new variety “of the plains” and the typical forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5ACF9CFE38FBB0" box="[151,408,1014,1039]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACF9CFE38FBB0" box="[151,408,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from “Malnad areas” (= Malenadu region of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C19946FFC78CF9CFB8EFBB0" box="[949,1070,1014,1039]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
): (1) “the snout is pointed, tips obliquely truncated, prominent”, and (2) “Tibio-tarsal articulation stands well behind the shoulder”, and also included illustrations (Pl. XXIX. Figs. 18 and 18a). Apart from these characters, he used colour and marking differences to distinguish the new variety. During our surveys in regions spanning the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFBBAC809FB07FBC4" box="[1143,1191,1123,1147]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of this name bearing taxon (“Mudigere”), we collected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFDB2C8ECFD50FB20" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[639,752,1158,1183]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFDB2C8ECFD50FB20" box="[639,752,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens that were comparable with Rao’s description of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF6EC8C0FD8CFB7C" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[163,556,1194,1219]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris" variety="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF6EC8C0FD8CFB7C" box="[163,556,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” particularly in having a more reddish dorsal colour. Due to unavailability of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFF5AC8A5FF67FB58" box="[151,199,1231,1255]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, considered lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFDEBC8A4FD63FB58" author="Dubois, A." box="[550,707,1230,1255]" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="143 - 159" part="3" refId="ref36782" refString="Dubois, A. (1984) Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829 (Amphibiens, Anoures). Alytes, 3 (4), 143 - 159." title="Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829 (Amphibiens, Anoures)" type="journal article" year="1984">Dubois 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we relied on the original description to compare our new collections. We found majority of the characters to be same as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFC0FC898FB66FAB4" box="[962,1222,1266,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC0FC898FB66FAB4" box="[962,1222,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFA94C898FA3CFAB4" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[1369,1436,1266,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
differences in colour and markings that were not reliable for distinguishing the two taxa from each other. Further, since the snout shape mentioned in the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFC9BC950FB7EFAEC" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[854,1246,1338,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC9BC950FB7EFAEC" box="[854,1246,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is contradicting, we relied on the illustration that clearly shows the snout as “truncate” and not “pointed”, which is also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5AC9E8FE38FA24" box="[151,408,1410,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5AC9E8FE38FA24" box="[151,408,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences of our new collections comparable with Rao’s new variety, and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFDDEC9CCFCB4FA00" box="[531,788,1446,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFDDEC9CCFCB4FA00" box="[531,788,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Malabar region of northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C19946FFB1FC9CCFABFFA00" box="[1234,1311,1446,1471]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
, were also found to be shallowly divergent (1.5%). Hence, based on findings in this study we confirm
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFB5BC9A0FE38F9B8" authority="Rao, 1937" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFB5BC9A0FEB0F9B8" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFED3C985FE38F9B8" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[286,408,1519,1543]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFCB5C984FAB6F9B8" authority="Gunther, 1876" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1876" box="[888,1302,1518,1543]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Callula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFCB5C984FBC0F9B8" box="[888,1120,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Callula triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFBA3C984FAB6F9B8" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[1134,1302,1518,1543]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“1875” [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFF5ACA78FE34F994" box="[151,404,1554,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF5ACA78FE34F994" box="[151,404,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFE6FCA78FDE5F994" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[418,581,1554,1579]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="567 - 577" part="1875" refId="ref44979" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1876 " 1875 ") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567 - 577." title="Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum" type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1875”)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF0ACA5CFC72F960" blockId="36.[151,1437,294,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Additionally, since the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFE02CA5DFE5FF9F0" box="[463,511,1591,1615]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFD58CA5CFB3CF9F0" authority="Rao, 1937" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" box="[661,1180,1590,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFD58CA5CFBBEF9F0" box="[661,1054,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFBEACA5DFB3CF9F0" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[1063,1180,1591,1615]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is lost (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFB35CA5CFA30F9F0" author="Dubois, A." box="[1272,1424,1590,1615]" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="143 - 159" part="3" refId="ref36782" refString="Dubois, A. (1984) Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829 (Amphibiens, Anoures). Alytes, 3 (4), 143 - 159." title="Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1829 (Amphibiens, Anoures)" type="journal article" year="1984">Dubois 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we herein also designate ZSI/WGRC/V/A/959 (an adult male from Mudigere) as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFB54CA31FB52F9CC" box="[1177,1266,1627,1651]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFAEECA30FD80F928" authority="Rao, 1937" authorityName=", Rao" authorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Ramanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="triangularis" subSpecies="rufeventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFAEECA30FE3FF928" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Ramanella triangularis rufeventris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC68F16C19946FFE64CA15FD80F928" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[425,544,1663,1687]" journalOrPublisher="India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="387 - 427" part="6" refId="ref49235" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1937) On some new forms of Batrachia from S. India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 6, 387 - 427." title="On some new forms of Batrachia from S" type="journal article" year="1937">Rao, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in order to define this taxon objectively and to establish taxonomic stability. The description provided along with figures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C19946FFD5CCAC8FCB7F904" box="[657,791,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1632,1654]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,199,1603]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,195,1608]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogram based on 511 bp of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences from 73 individuals representing all known members of the genus Uperodon. Three samples representing taxon under synonymy are shown inquotationmarks.Outgroup not shown for graphical purposes.BayesianPosterior Probabilities and bootstrap values of>50 are shown above and below the branches, respectively. Values towards the species labels represent mean uncorrected genetic distances between the species with range values in parentheses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183457/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs. S1F–J</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the supplementary file S1 also shows that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFA8ECAC9FA3CF904" box="[1347,1436,1699,1723]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is largely consistent with what is known of the former name-bearing
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C19946FFC57CAADFC6EF960" box="[922,974,1735,1759]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946FFF0ACA80FC4BF82C" blockId="36.[151,1437,294,2011]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF0ACA80FEC1F8BC" bold="true" box="[199,353,1770,1795]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
For comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFD8ECA80FCE2F8BC" box="[579,834,1770,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFD8ECA80FCE2F8BC" box="[579,834,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFC4ECA86FBBFF8BC" box="[899,1055,1770,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="globulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC4ECA86FBBFF8BC" box="[899,1055,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. globulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFBE2CA86FB0CF8BC" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[1071,1196,1772,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="systoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFBE2CA86FB0CF8BC" box="[1071,1196,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. systoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFB71CA86FAD2F8BC" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[1212,1394,1770,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taprobanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFB71CA86FAD2F8BC" box="[1212,1394,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. taprobanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFA4CCA86FE99F898" authorityName="M Parambikulam" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamalaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFA4CCA86FE99F898" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. anamalaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFE8ACB65FE77F899" box="[327,471,1807,1830]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFE8ACB65FE77F899" box="[327,471,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. montanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFE28CB65FD26F899" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[485,646,1807,1830]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mormorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFE28CB65FD26F899" box="[485,646,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. mormorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFD58CB65FCA6F899" baseAuthorityName="Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[661,774,1807,1830]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nagaoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFD58CB65FCA6F899" box="[661,774,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. nagaoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFCD9CB65FC3CF898" box="[788,924,1806,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFCD9CB65FC3CF898" box="[788,924,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFC19CB65FBFEF898" box="[980,1118,1806,1831]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palmatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFC19CB65FBFEF898" box="[980,1118,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. palmatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see ‘comparison’ section of those species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFEF0CB58FD9EF8F4" box="[317,574,1842,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFEF0CB58FD9EF8F4" box="[317,574,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be confused with the two other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFBBDCB5EFB7FF8F4" authority="Garg & Senevirathne & Wijayathilaka & Phuge & Deuti & Manamendra-Arachchi & Meegaskumbura & Biju, 2018" authorityName="Garg & Senevirathne & Wijayathilaka & Phuge & Deuti & Manamendra-Arachchi & Meegaskumbura & Biju" authorityYear="2018" box="[1136,1247,1842,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rohani" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFBBDCB5EFB7FF8F4" box="[1136,1247,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. rohani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFB25CB58FAE5F8F4" bold="true" box="[1256,1349,1842,1867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23A74696C19946FFB25CB58FAE5F8F4" box="[1256,1349,1842,1867]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFA4CCB5EFEADF8D1" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFA4CCB5EFEADF8D1" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U. variegatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because of its ventral skin being brown to dark blackish-brown with prominent light grey spots and blotches (vs. uniformly white with complete absence of spots and blotches).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C367468B6C19946DFF0ACBF4FEE0FD73" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C19946EFF0ACBF4FB05FF47" blockId="36.[151,1437,294,2011]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFF0ACBF4FE1DF808" bold="true" box="[199,445,1950,1975]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Genetic divergence.</emphasis>
|
||
For 16S mitochondrial gene sequences, the sampled populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C19946FFAE6CBF4FEBDF864" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFAE6CBF4FEBDF864" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed an average intraspecific distance of 0.9% (range 0–1.6%,
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C19946FFBC4CBAEFBBCF864" box="[1033,1052,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 9). Populations from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C19946FFAE4CBA8FA3CF864" box="[1321,1436,1986,2011]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C18946EFF07CCFDFEB5FF0F" box="[202,277,151,176]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
were observed to be divergent by up to 1.6%. Genetically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C18946EFC14CCF3FB25FF0F" box="[985,1157,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFC14CCF3FB25FF0F" box="[985,1157,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">U. triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C18946EFA4CCCF3FEB5FF6B" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mormorata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFA4CCCF3FEB5FF6B" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">U. mormorata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it was found to differ by an average uncorrected genetic distance of 2.9% (range 2.4–3.6%,
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF5ACC8BFF0AFF47" box="[151,170,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 99). For interspecific genetic distances with all other members of the genus, see Table 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0ACD6EFC26FC84" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF0ACD6EFD10FEA2" bold="true" box="[199,688,260,285]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C6ABA26C18946EFEBBCD6EFE73FEA2" box="[374,467,260,285]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
, NHM 74.4.29.897
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(measurements in mm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFC04CD6EFB83FEA3" box="[969,1059,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Preserved type specimens of Uperodon species in dorsal and ventral view. A. Uperodon systoma, Syntype, ZMB 3551 (female); B. Uperodon globulosus, Syntype, NHM 62.12.29.4 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.97) (female); C. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica, Holotype, NHM 1905.3.25.138 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.62) (female); D. Ramanella anamalaiensis, Neotype, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/956 (male); E. Hylaedactylus montanus, Holotype, NHM 72.4.17.212 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.19) (female); F. Ramanella mormorata, Neotype, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/958, (female); G. Ramanella nagaoi, Holotype, WHT 2826 (male); H. Callula obscura, Holotype, NHM 58.11.28.42 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.20) (female); I. Ramanella palmata, Holotype, NHM 90.11.8.62 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.21); J. Callula triangularis, Lectotype, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.15) (male); K.Hylaedactylus carnaticus, Lectotype, ZSI 2761(female); L. Uperodonrohani sp. nov., Holotype, DZ1449 (male).(Images: SD Biju and Sonali Garg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183461/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFBE2CD6EFBD8FEA3" box="[1071,1144,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[157,1426,537,1193]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,531,1208]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 10. Head, hand, foot and foot webbing in Uperodon obscurus, U. palmatus, U. triangularis and U.variegatus. A–D. Holotype ofUperodon obscurus(NHM58.11.28.42 ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.20, female):A. Lateralview of head; B. ventral view of hand; C. ventral view of foot; D. schematic illustration of foot webbing; E–H. Holotype of Uperodon palmatus (NHM 90.11.8.62 ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.21, female): E. Lateral view of head; F. ventral view of hand; G. ventral view of foot; H. schematic illustration of foot webbing; I–L. Lectotype of Uperodon triangularis (NHM 74.4.29.897 ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.15, male): I. Lateral view of head; J. ventral view of hand; K. ventral view of foot; L. schematic illustration of foot webbing; M. Lectotype of Uperodon variegatus (ZSI 2761, female), lateral view of head; N–P. Referred specimen of Uperodon variegatus (ZSI 4726, female): N. ventral view of hand; O. ventral view of foot; P. schematic illustration of foot webbing. (Illustrations: SD Biju)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183475/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<date id="FFC333C06C18946EFBE2CD6EFBF5FEA3" box="[1071,1109,260,284]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2010-01">10I</date>
|
||
–L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Small-sized (SVL 31.6), slender adult female; head small (HW 9.6, HL 7.7, IFE 3.6, IBE 8.4), almost one-fourth (24.4%) of body length, wider than long (HW/HL ratio 1.2); snout rounded to nearly truncate in dorsal and ventral view, nearly acute in lateral view, its length (SL 3.7) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 2.5); loreal region obtuse with rounded canthus rostralis; interorbital space wider (IUE 3.4) than upper eyelid width (UEW 1.9); nostril much closer to tip of snout (NS 0.9) than to eye (EN 2.1); supratympanic fold distinct, extending from posterior corner of upper eyelid to insertion of forelimb at axilla; eye diameter (EL 2.5); vomerine odontophores present on the palate, without teeth; presence of two weakly-developed neopalatinal ridges on posterior side of each choana, fused with the vomerine odontophores; tongue emarginated. Forelimb (FAL 7.1) shorter than hand length (HAL 8.7); finger length formula I<II<IV<III, tips of all fingers with truncate discs, discs moderately wide compared to finger width (FD I 0.8, FW I 0.6; FD II 1.0, FW II 0.7; FD III 0.9, FW III 0.6; FD IV 0.8, FW IV 0.5); subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, all present; two well-developed palmar tubercles (inner, oval,
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C18946EFC41CEF9FC45FD15" box="[908,997,659,683]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; outer, shallowly lobed,
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C18946EFB3ACEF8FAF1FD14" box="[1271,1361,658,683]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Hind limbs relatively long and thin, thigh length (TL 11.4) longer than shank (SHL 10.9), and shorter than foot (FOL 12.1); tips of all toes with small truncate to rounded discs, discs rather wide compared to toe width; webbing absent between toes; dermal fringes absent on all toes; subarticular tubercles prominent, oval; two smooth metatarsal tubercles, oval, outer one longer (
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C18946EFDC2CF48FDC7FC84" box="[527,615,802,827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than the inner (
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C18946EFCD2CF49FCDAFC84" box="[799,890,803,827]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0ACF2CFCAFFC18" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Skin of snout, between eyes, sides of head, anterior parts of dorsum, posterior parts of back, and upper and lower parts of flank, shagreened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFDE5CF00FDDDFC3C" box="[552,637,874,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Preserved type specimens of Uperodon species in dorsal and ventral view. A. Uperodon systoma, Syntype, ZMB 3551 (female); B. Uperodon globulosus, Syntype, NHM 62.12.29.4 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.97) (female); C. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica, Holotype, NHM 1905.3.25.138 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.62) (female); D. Ramanella anamalaiensis, Neotype, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/956 (male); E. Hylaedactylus montanus, Holotype, NHM 72.4.17.212 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.19) (female); F. Ramanella mormorata, Neotype, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/958, (female); G. Ramanella nagaoi, Holotype, WHT 2826 (male); H. Callula obscura, Holotype, NHM 58.11.28.42 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.20) (female); I. Ramanella palmata, Holotype, NHM 90.11.8.62 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.21); J. Callula triangularis, Lectotype, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.15) (male); K.Hylaedactylus carnaticus, Lectotype, ZSI 2761(female); L. Uperodonrohani sp. nov., Holotype, DZ1449 (male).(Images: SD Biju and Sonali Garg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183461/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
); dorsal surfaces of forelimb, thigh, tibia and tarsus, shagreened to sparsely granular; ventral surface uniformly shagreened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0ACFD8FE50FB54" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF0ACFD8FEFFFC74" bold="true" box="[199,351,946,971]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFEAACFDEFDB5FC74" box="[359,533,948,971]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">In preservation</emphasis>
|
||
(NHM 74.4.29.897): Dorsum orangish-brown with solid darker brown median band on the back starting just above the level of shoulders and extending up to vent, where it becomes wider; brown stripe between eyes; flanks with orangish-brown patches; lateral sides of head brown, anterior and posterior parts orangish-brown; ventral surfaces (including limbs) brown with scattered light brown spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFB2BC874FA97FB88" box="[1254,1335,1054,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,644,1728]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Preserved type specimens of Uperodon species in dorsal and ventral view. A. Uperodon systoma, Syntype, ZMB 3551 (female); B. Uperodon globulosus, Syntype, NHM 62.12.29.4 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.97) (female); C. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica, Holotype, NHM 1905.3.25.138 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.10.62) (female); D. Ramanella anamalaiensis, Neotype, ZSI/ WGRC/V/A/956 (male); E. Hylaedactylus montanus, Holotype, NHM 72.4.17.212 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.19) (female); F. Ramanella mormorata, Neotype, ZSI/WGRC/V/A/958, (female); G. Ramanella nagaoi, Holotype, WHT 2826 (male); H. Callula obscura, Holotype, NHM 58.11.28.42 (ex. BMNH 1947.2.11.20) (female); I. Ramanella palmata, Holotype, NHM 90.11.8.62 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.21); J. Callula triangularis, Lectotype, NHM 74.4.29.897 (ex.BMNH 1947.2.11.15) (male); K.Hylaedactylus carnaticus, Lectotype, ZSI 2761(female); L. Uperodonrohani sp. nov., Holotype, DZ1449 (male).(Images: SD Biju and Sonali Garg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183461/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFA81C874FF77FBE4" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Colour in life</emphasis>
|
||
(SDBDU 2015.2857): Dorsum orange with solid dark brown median band on the back starting just above the level of shoulders and extending close to vent, where it becomes wider; dark brown stripe between eyes and another streak over snout; lateral sides of head and flanks dark brown; dorsal surfaces of limbs (including fingers and toes) dark brown, elbow and knee orange; ventral surfaces (including limbs) dark greyish-brown with scattered light grey spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFE9EC8B8FE43FB54" box="[339,483,1234,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1093,1115]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,450,1064]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,450,1072]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 11. Uperodon palmatus, U. triangularis and U. variegatus in life. A–E. Uperodon palmatus: A. Dorsolateral view (DZ 1372, male); B. dorsolateral view (DZ 1372, male); C. ventral view (DZ 1371, male); D. dorsal view (DZ 1331, male); E. dorsolateral view (DZ 1331, male); F–K. Uperodon triangularis: F. Dorsolateral view (ZSI/WGRC/V/A/959, male); G. dorsal view (SDBDU 2015.2857, male); H. ventral view (SDBDU 2015.2857, male); I. dorsolateral view (SDBDU 2011.502, male); J. dorsolateral view (SDBDU 2012.2200, subadult male); K. dorsofrontal view (SDBDU 2012.2038, male); L–P. Uperodon variegatus: L. Dorsolateral view (not preserved); M. ventral view (SDBDU 2007.4994, male); N. dorsolateral view (not preserved); O. dorsolateral view of an albino (or possibly leucistic) form (not preserved); P. dorsolateral view (not preserved). (Images: SD Biju,Sonali Garg, N & P - Shyamal L, O - Romulus Whitaker)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183477/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs. 11F–K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0AC89CFD14FA7C" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF0AC89CFEEAFAB0" bold="true" box="[199,330,1270,1295]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric measurements for 19 males and four females are given in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FF20BB6C18946EFB2CC89CFA9FFAB0" box="[1249,1343,1270,1295]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="48.[119,193,547,566]" captionTargetBox="[135,1884,616,1625]" captionText="TABLE 4. Morphometric measurements of Uperodon species.All measurements are in millimetres (mm). The status of each specimen is given after the museum number:Holotype (HT), Paratype (PT), Neotype (NT), Lectotype (LT), Syntype (ST)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0245886C0D947BFFBACE49F8ECFD89" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="DF0245886C0D947BFFBACE49F8ECFD89">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
. Dorsal colouration and markings are highly variable among the examined specimens. SDBDU 2011.503: dorsal skin shagreened to sparsely granular, orange-coloured dorsolateral band discontinuous towards vent; SDBDU 2011.502: dorsal skin shagreened to sparsely granular, orange-coloured dorsolateral band patchy and discontinuous; SDBDU 2012.2038: dorsum largely olive grey in colour with dark brown median patch. SDBDU 2008.409: dorsum light brown with narrow band between upper eyelids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0AC9A4FB3FF9B4" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF0AC9A4FD8EFA58" bold="true" box="[199,558,1486,1511]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
Male (SDBDU 2011.504): vocal sac externally visible on the lower jaw; female (SDBDU 2007.6400): ova white, pigmented on pole (diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C18946EFC63C998FB97F9B5" box="[942,1079,1522,1547]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFB8FC99EFBF5F9B4" box="[1090,1109,1524,1547]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946EFF0ACA7CFC0AF8F0" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFF0ACA7CFE66F990" bold="true" box="[199,454,1558,1583]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Tadpole morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
In dorsal view, tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C18946EFCC0CA7CFBAEF990" box="[781,1038,1558,1583]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFCC0CA7CFBAEF990" box="[781,1038,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gosner stage 35,
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFB21CA72FB5FF990" box="[1260,1279,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2) have an elliptical body with narrower anterior region, and wider and longer posterior region; snout appears rounded in dorsal view and depressed in lateral view; eyes small, bulbous, positioned laterally; nasolacrimal duct absent; narial depressions clearly visible in lateral view, located much closer to snout than eyes, pigmentation not visible around nasal depressions; spiracle opens near vent, flap absent; vent tubular, positioned mid-ventrally with aperture opening medially in line with the plane of ventral fin; tail ends bluntly, composed of bilateral myotomic muscle masses divided by V-shaped septa, with unequal membranes on either side of tail musculature; dorsal fins originate after tail-body junction, margin of lower fin not parallel to margin of tail muscle; mouth terminal and appears as slit opening, keratinized structures absent, papillae absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C18946EFCCFCB5CFC3EF8F0" box="[770,926,1846,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1172,1194]" captionTargetBox="[164,1397,563,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[152,1407,537,1159]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 16. Tadpoles of Uperodon globulosus, U. anamalaiensis, U. nagaoi, U. obscurus and U. triangularis. A–C. Uperodon globulosus in life, Gosner stage 32:A. Lateral view; B. dorsal view; C. ventral view; D–F. Uperodon anamalaiensis in preservation, Gosner stage 34; D. Lateral view; E. dorsal view; F. ventral view; G–H. Uperodon nagaoi in preservation, Gosner stage 37: G. Lateral view; H. lateral view of head; I–J. Uperodon obscurus in life: I. Lateral view, Gosner stage 30; J. Lateral view of head, Gosner stage 38; K–M. Uperodon triangularis in life,Gosner stage 35: K. Lateral view; L. ventral view; M. dorsal view.(Images:SD Biju, I–J& G–H.Madhava Meegaskumbura)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183487/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figs. 16K–M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C18946DFF0ACB31FBB7FF6B" blockId="37.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Measurements (mm) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFE0CCB36FE74F8CC" box="[449,468,1884,1907]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1): Lateral measurements include; maximum height of body (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFB6ACB30FB63F8CC" box="[1191,1219,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">bh</emphasis>
|
||
) = 3.14, maximum width of body (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFE87CB14FECBF828" box="[330,363,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">bw</emphasis>
|
||
) = 6.67, maximum diameter of eye (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFCD9CB14FC8EF828" box="[788,814,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ed</emphasis>
|
||
) = 0.56, internarial distance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFB49CBEAFB00F828" box="[1156,1184,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">nn</emphasis>
|
||
) = 1.63, naro-pupular distance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFECECBCEFEBFF804" box="[259,287,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">np</emphasis>
|
||
) = 2.78, rostro-narial distance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFD4CCBCEFD3AF804" box="[641,666,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">rn</emphasis>
|
||
) = 0.02, interpupular distance (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C18946EFC36CBCEFBB7F804" box="[1019,1047,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">pp</emphasis>
|
||
) = 5.43, distance from tip of snout to opening of spiracle (ss) = 6.24, distance from tip of snout to insertion of upper tail fin (su) = 9.82, snout-vent length (svl) = 8.56, total length (tl) = 21.18, distance from vent to tip of tail (vt) = 12.51, maximum height of tail (
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFF6DCCD6FF16FF6A" box="[160,182,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ht</emphasis>
|
||
) = 3.85, tail muscle height (tmh) = 1.87, and tail muscle width (tmw) = 1.89.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C1B946DFF0ACCB5FD6FFE37" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFF0ACCB5FEC1FF47" bold="true" box="[199,353,223,248]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Vocalization.</emphasis>
|
||
Male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C1B946DFE04CCB5FD67FF47" box="[457,711,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFE04CCB5FD67FF47" box="[457,711,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SDBDU 2015.2857) from Suganthagiri produced a single type of call with pulsatile temporal structure. The calls had uniform intervals and were not delivered in groups. A typical male call had a duration of 228.9 ms, rise time of 132.3 ms, and fall time of 97.4 ms. The call comprised of 29 pulses that were delivered at a rate of 133.1 pulses/s. The spectrum was characterized by single broad peak with mean dominant frequency of 2.4 kHz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C1B946DFD85CD05FD62FE37" box="[584,706,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="26.[151,250,953,975]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,196,930]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,193,932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male advertisement calls of Uperodon anamalaiensis, U. mormorata and U. triangularis. A–D. Uperodon anamalaiensis: A. ten second call segment; B. one second call segment; C. 0.1 second segment showing a single non-pulsatile call; D.spectrogram of the call shown in Figure8B; E–H. Uperodon mormorata:E.ten second call segment; F. one second call segment; G. 0.1 second segment showing a single non-pulsatile call; H. spectrogram of the call shown in Figure 8G; I–L. Uperodon triangularis: I. ten second call segment; J. one second call segment; K. 0.1 second segment showing a single nonpulsatile call; L. spectrogram of the call shown in Figure 8J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183471/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<date id="FFC333C06C1B946DFD45CD1AFD3FFE37" box="[648,671,368,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">8I</date>
|
||
–L
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC215006C1B946DFF0ACDFEFEE0FD73" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B151F5D6C1B946DFF0ACDFEFC55FE4A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1821690911" county="South Indian" location="Western Ghats" municipality="Palghat" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFF0ACDFEFD39FE12" bold="true" box="[199,665,404,429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Geographical distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C1B946DFD6CCDFEFC00FE12" box="[673,928,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFD6CCDFEFC00FE12" box="[673,928,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Uperodon triangularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur in the
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A36D8C6C1B946DFB09CDFEFAF6FE12" box="[1220,1366,404,429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">South Indian</collectingCounty>
|
||
states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C1B946DFF7BCDDDFDE3FE6F" box="[182,579,439,464]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134609856C1B946DFD9ECDDDFD0DFE6F" box="[595,685,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,196,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1595]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Geographic distribution of the genus Uperodon in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; B. Distributionof Uperodon globulosus, U. systomaand U.taprobanicus; C. Distribution of four endemic Uperodon species of the Western Ghats (excluding the widely distributed Indian member U. variegatus, shown in Fig.12A); D. Distribution of four endemic Uperdodon species of Sri Lanka. Details of localities reported in the present study are provided in Table 1. Records from literature are listed in supplementary Table S1 and indicated here based onapproximate coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1183459/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FF20BB6C1B946DFD74CDDDFCE7FE6F" box="[697,839,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1593,1616]" captionText="TABLE 1. Collection localities for the genetically and/or morphologically studied Uperodon samples in the present study." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Tables 1, S1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In the present study, we confirmed the presence of this species in following regions north of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA68F7A6C1B946DFDB9CDB6FD68FE4A" box="[628,712,476,501]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Palghat</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
gap in the
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFC86CDB7FC55FE4A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFC86CDB7FC55FE4A" box="[843,1013,476,501]" county="South Indian" municipality="Palghat" name="Western Ghats" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu">Western Ghats</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B151F5D6C1B946DFBCCCDB6FEE0FD73" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1821690913" county="Ooty" elevation="675" location="Mananthavady" municipality="Kalpetta" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C1B946DFBCCCDB6FB27FE4A" box="[1025,1159,476,501]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A36D8C6C1B946DFB55CDB6FB75FE4B" box="[1176,1237,476,500]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ooty</collectingCounty>
|
||
), northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C1B946DFA9FCDB6FA3DFE4A" box="[1362,1437,476,501]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA68F7A6C1B946DFF53CD95FEA2FDA7" box="[158,258,511,536]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Kalpetta</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFEDDCD95FE18FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFEDDCD95FE18FDA7" box="[272,440,511,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Mananthavady" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Mananthavady</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFE0BCD95FDE9FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFE0BCD95FDE9FDA7" box="[454,585,511,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Pozhuthana" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Pozhuthana</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFD4BCD95FCB7FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFD4BCD95FCB7FDA7" box="[646,791,511,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Suganthagiri" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Suganthagiri</location>
|
||
) and southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B9DBE26C1B946DFC0BCD95FB99FDA7" box="[966,1081,511,536]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFB86CE6AFB02FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFB86CE6AFB02FDA7" box="[1099,1186,512,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Bygoor" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Bygoor</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFB7DCD95FAB9FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFB7DCD95FAB9FDA7" box="[1200,1305,511,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Madikeri" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Madikeri</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFAE5CD95FA38FDA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFAE5CD95FA38FDA7" box="[1320,1432,511,536]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Mudigere" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Mudigere</location>
|
||
, and
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFF0BCE4EFE98FD82" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFF0BCE4EFE98FD82" box="[198,312,548,573]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Wattakoli" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Wattakoli</location>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFE87CE4FFEFBFD83" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFE87CE4FFEFBFD83" box="[330,347,549,572]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="It" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">It</location>
|
||
is a mid to high elevation species (about
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C1B946DFCE2CE4EFCD6FD83" box="[815,886,548,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="675.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0050F2336C1B946DFCE2CE4EFCD6FD83" box="[815,886,548,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="675.0">675 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
up to
|
||
<elevation id="0050F2336C1B946DFC73CE4EFB9DFD82" box="[958,1085,548,573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2200.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C85B8E56C1B946DFC73CE4EFBB3FD83" box="[958,1043,548,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
asl
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
). Individuals were found under fallen logs and stones during the non-breeding season, and observed around temporary puddles and permanent water bodies during the breeding season. At Bygoor, this species was found about four feet above ground on tree bark inside coffee plantations. For misidentified records from south of
|
||
<location id="8EA243DB6C1B946DFBCCCEE5FBF5FD17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D4A4166C19946DFF5ACCFDFEE0FD73:8EA243DB6C1B946DFBCCCEE5FBF5FD17" box="[1025,1109,655,680]" county="Ooty" municipality="Kalpetta" name="Palghat" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Palghat</location>
|
||
gap see ‘Notes’ under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D6E836C1B946DFA4CCEFBFE99FD72" authorityName="M Parambikulam" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Uperodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamalaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909C9126C1B946DFA4CCEFBFE99FD72" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">U. anamalaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |