588 lines
65 KiB
XML
588 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="9DB5D599D4F0F303CB34505EA2A6ADE5" ID-CLB-Dataset="46278" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3774.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2383d3fd-3ec2-4af2-8d97-94d35629f479" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="225988" ID-ZooBank="1E9E30D8-392F-454B-B6F6-68E2276B35F9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460393225364" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chang, Chih-Han, Chuang, Shu-Chun, Wu, Jia Hsing & Chen, Jiun-Hong" docDate="2014" docId="7F1BFC0F2817CC63C9C9C246FDFD4E5A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03774p332.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3774 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Metaphire taiwanensis subsp. tsaii Chang, Chuang, Wu & Chen, 2014, ssp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="331" masterDocId="832284772813CC64C95EC563FFA94B6A" masterDocTitle="New species of earthworms belonging to the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="324" pageNumber="328" updateTime="1698298458815" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F07C5570C393F5673B82B650B058242C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7D98F500B7AAA163BE783B7D0D7EA082">
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<mods:title id="C782261FD114F82297A3DC8D4159CA12">New species of earthworms belonging to the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="56335B32334A82FA0C378030A74CD6B2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="091DD288F4DB11AB1791BDB245F18604">
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<mods:roleTerm id="51A24E6510E84E43966053FC6778C667">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0F961C4E7EE84870619F0ABBF00121A6">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A2B4CE613008B482FFE27B957E0F0DB4" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="850FD1D274DC3C6128AC4DA0184FC3EE">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6BEB9DE03944EB2F52CBC1958B4A4FB3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7D8B8ECD97B86E6AEBED0968A0C11B3D">Chuang, Shu-Chun</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A3D0A0B2805DA1BEA4F7CA3809C76018" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="64CE263A938E9CD373C353CF2BD786A1">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F39A47A1DACA44D688548D1C007DAE60">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5D0A8E7BBE26358278A95162DE534F39">Wu, Jia Hsing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CD24031F6FB6AFE253B8FE05516021AB" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="EB6768C609951F2121393D2A201D42BC">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3543F5B0C672AE0B9150ADA239B7D62F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0F5A7CD90FD05A2B443EE4CD914C4027">Chen, Jiun-Hong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FF645F219861EB971F9E6B5DD92B6D5E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1938CDDF57C33D0256E51C09AF1FDE03">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B77BC0C5393B3E5E9E16E24669260EC8">
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<mods:date id="0F47C3D37E01B2B3B4F8D4CB1177D6C9">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="249BDE72AAAD076BA203A63F86296004" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="25B21ACBBDDECEEC9B1BD3AC362DD276">3774</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="D2A3B1B7A858FCF29237E89EC04454A6" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="269FD5C32D41CD0B4D1A2DF9538F855F">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="68AAB05C8E5E85A30245FE0532822529">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="671161CF3D92EB4307D363F1C117ADA4" type="CLB-Dataset">46278</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="765D6F99DBB2ACBE37648628A9584EBF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3774.4.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="343515E138BCEDCE15922C764141E685" type="GBIF-Dataset">2383d3fd-3ec2-4af2-8d97-94d35629f479</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BB876AF4840D383C62C93C98E9FBF7B7" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9F810E149A81D9534599921CF472DF69" type="Zenodo-Dep">225988</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4FE77BBDB40C170D601ABAAFD12C76A5" type="ZooBank">1E9E30D8-392F-454B-B6F6-68E2276B35F9</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="7F1BFC0F2817CC63C9C9C246FDFD4E5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6127109" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119417345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6127109" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F1BFC0F2817CC63C9C9C246FDFD4E5A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F1BFC0F2817CC63C9C9C246FDFD4E5A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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<subSubSection id="BFA81E922817CC60C9C9C246FAAE4CAC" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192817CC60C9C9C246FCB94C55" blockId="4.[151,784,1829,1891]" box="[151,784,1829,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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||
<heading id="AC45FA752817CC60C9C9C246FCB94C55" bold="true" box="[151,784,1829,1855]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" reason="2">
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||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60C9C9C246FCB94C55" bold="true" box="[151,784,1829,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2817CC60C9C9C246FE7A4C54" box="[151,467,1829,1854]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="tsaii">
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60C9C9C246FE7A4C54" bold="true" box="[151,467,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Metaphire taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702817CC60C884C245FD964C55" box="[474,575,1830,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Chang and Chen
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192817CC60C9C9C229FF424C08" blockId="4.[151,784,1829,1891]" box="[151,235,1866,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="6F89519C2817CC60C9C1C229FF4B4C08" box="[159,226,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,817,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[195,1392,805,1888]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Metaphire taiwanensis tsaii ssp. nov. A. Ventral view of anterior body (fp, female pore; mp, male pore; cl, clitellum). B. Spermatheca (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). C. Male pore area (op, oval pad). D. prostate gland with prostatic duct. Drawing of B, C, and D based on photographs from Fig. 26 in Chang & Chen 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/225991/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F70D4D192817CC60C9C9C2F1FAAE4CAC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1938,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2817CC60C9C9C2F1FED44CC2" box="[151,381,1938,1960]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60C9C9C2F1FED44CC2" box="[151,381,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Metaphire taiwanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part): Chang
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60CB51C2F0FDEB4CC2" box="[527,578,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
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2008: 958, 967,
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<figureCitation id="6F89519C2817CC60CBB4C2F1FC864CC2" box="[746,815,1938,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[219,1366,778,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[213,1374,772,1928]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Metaphire tengjhihensis sp. nov. A. Ventral view of anterior body (fp, female pore; mp, male pore; cl, clitellum). B. Spermatheca (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). C. Male pore area (op, oval pad). D. Prostate gland with prostatic duct. Drawings of B, C, and D based on photographs from Fig. 32 in Chang & Chen 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/225989/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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, 4,
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<tableCitation id="BA3078A22817CC60CA0AC2F1FC014CC2" box="[852,936,1938,1960]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1155,1178]" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank accession numbers of DNA barcode sequences from type specimens of the Metaphire formosae species group." pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Tables 1</tableCitation>
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, 3–4; Chang & Chen 2008: 46–48,
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<figureCitation id="6F89519C2817CC60CC50C2F1FAEC4CC2" box="[1294,1349,1938,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[219,1366,778,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[213,1374,772,1928]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Metaphire tengjhihensis sp. nov. A. Ventral view of anterior body (fp, female pore; mp, male pore; cl, clitellum). B. Spermatheca (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). C. Male pore area (op, oval pad). D. Prostate gland with prostatic duct. Drawings of B, C, and D based on photographs from Fig. 32 in Chang & Chen 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/225989/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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L,
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<tableCitation id="BA3078A22817CC60CC3AC2F1FF7D4CAC" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1155,1178]" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank accession numbers of DNA barcode sequences from type specimens of the Metaphire formosae species group." pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Table 1</tableCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="932330E82817CC60C9BFC2D3FE314CAC" author="Chang" box="[225,408,1968,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" refString="Chang, C. - H., Shen, H. - P. & Chen, J. - H. (2009) Earthworm Fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, Taiwan, 174 pp." type="book" year="2009">
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||
Chang
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||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60C877C2D1FEF44CAC" box="[297,349,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2009
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 6,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6F89519C2817CC60C8E5C2D3FE5E4CAC" box="[443,503,1968,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox="[226,1359,528,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[220,1368,519,1644]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Metaphire nanaoensis truku ssp. nov. A. Ventral view of anterior body (fp, female pore; mp, male pore; cl, clitellum). B. Spermatheca (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum). C. Male pore area (sw, longitudinally swollen region). D. Prostate gland with prostatic duct. Drawings of B, C, and D based on photographs from Fig. 14 in Chang & Chen 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/225990/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">
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||
Fig.
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<specimenCount id="E1B486902817CC60C8B4C2D3FE5E4CAC" box="[490,503,1968,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" type="generic">2</specimenCount>
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</figureCitation>
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||
L. [Chang & Chen (2008) cited the taxon as ‘
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<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2817CC60CA9CC2D3FB004CAC" box="[962,1193,1968,1990]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="4" pageNumber="328" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2817CC60CA9CC2D3FB004CAC" box="[962,1193,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="328">Metaphire taiwanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subsp.’].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922816CC61C9C9C5F4FC444A9E" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C9C9C5F4FBB04A55" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C9C9C5F4FEF04BDA" bold="true" box="[151,345,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
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<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2816CC61C9C9C5F4FF7B4BDA" box="[151,210,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Type</typeStatus>
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specimens.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2816CC61C83FC5F4FE674BDA" box="[353,462,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61C886C5FBFD954BC5" box="[472,572,152,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
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14-05614 (mature), collected
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CACCC5FBFB8C4BDA" box="[914,1061,152,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="2002-11-24">24 Nov 2002</date>
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from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61C8DBC5DFFE7E4BBF" box="[389,471,188,213]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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by C.-H. Chang.
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<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2816CC61CBC3C5DEFCA74BBF" box="[669,782,189,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CA47C5DEFCD44BBE" box="[793,893,189,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
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14-00033 (mature), collected
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CD8EC5DFFA354BBE" box="[1232,1436,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="1994-09-01">1 September 1994</date>
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from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CBA1C5BCFCF84B92" box="[767,849,223,248]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
by S.-S. Lu;
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CAB7C583FBE44B9D" box="[1001,1101,224,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
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14-03883 (mature), collected
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61C9C9C467FE854A76" box="[151,300,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="2002-05-18">18 May 2002</date>
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from Jiaosi, Ilan County,
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CB0EC467FD0B4A77" box="[592,674,260,285]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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by I-H. Chen;
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CA15C466FC064A76" box="[843,943,261,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
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14-00028 (mature), collected
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CC5DC467FF664A2A" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="1994-11-15">15 November 1994</date>
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from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CA67C444FC224A2A" box="[825,907,295,320]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
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by S.-S. Lu.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C999C42FFC444A9E" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C999C42FFDAE4A0F" bold="true" box="[199,519,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Other material examined.</emphasis>
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Four mature specimens.
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CA67C42EFC344A0E" box="[825,925,333,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
||
14-00026,
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CD76C42FFB524A0E" box="[1064,1275,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="1994-12-08">8 December 1994</date>
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from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CB2FC40CFD6A4AE2" box="[625,707,367,392]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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||
by S.-H. Lu;
|
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CA39C413FC624AED" box="[871,971,368,391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
||
14-00029, collected
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CDE1C40CFA354AE2" box="[1215,1436,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="1994-11-16">16 November 1994</date>
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||
from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CA41C4F7FCD84AC7" box="[799,881,404,429]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
by S.-H. Lu;
|
||
<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CD7EC4F6FB2D4AC6" box="[1056,1156,405,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
||
14-05319, collected
|
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61CCDEC4F7FE874ABA" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="2002-01-24">24 January 2002</date>
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from Fushan Botanical Research Station, Ilan County,
|
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<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CAFFC4D4FC5A4ABA" box="[929,1011,439,464]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
by C.-H. Chang;
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<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CDE0C4DBFA8B4AA5" box="[1214,1314,440,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
||
14-05903, collected
|
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<date id="830C6BD92816CC61C85DC4BFFE094A9E" box="[259,416,476,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" value="2003-04-14">14 April 2003</date>
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||
from Yuanshan, Ilan County,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61CBAEC4BFFCEB4A9F" box="[752,834,476,501]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
by W.-M. Lee.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922816CC61C999C49CFEC14956" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C999C49CFEC14956" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C999C49CFEC94972" bold="true" box="[199,352,511,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892816CC61C888C49CFD854972" box="[470,556,511,536]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Recorded in Fushan Botanical Research Station and the surrounding regions in the Ilan County.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922816CC61C999C724FB5D490A" box="[199,1268,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C999C724FB5D490A" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" box="[199,1268,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C999C724FEE7490A" bold="true" box="[199,334,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Noun in the genitive case, after Taiwanese earthworm taxonomist Dr. Chu-Fa Tsai.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922816CC61C999C70FFB8A49EE" box="[199,1059,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C999C70FFB8A49EE" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" box="[199,1059,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C999C70FFDE849EF" bold="true" box="[199,577,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61C999C70FFEAD49EF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[199,260,620,645]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
barcodes of
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2816CC61C8C5C70FFE6749EF" box="[411,462,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Available for
|
||
<collectionCode id="91A3D5DC2816CC61CBBFC70EFCEC49EE" box="[737,837,621,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">MZNTU</collectionCode>
|
||
14-05614 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="BA3078A22816CC61CA9BC70FFBB149EE" box="[965,1048,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1155,1178]" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank accession numbers of DNA barcode sequences from type specimens of the Metaphire formosae species group." pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922816CC62C999C7ECFBEB4852" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C999C7ECFBA5499A" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C999C7ECFEE849C2" bold="true" box="[199,321,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Pheretimoids with lengths
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2816CC61CB25C7F3FCBD49CD" box="[635,788,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.955" metricValueMax="3.4299999999999997" metricValueMin="2.48" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="295.5" valueMax="343.0" valueMin="248.0">248–343 mm</quantity>
|
||
, clitellum width
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2816CC61CA88C7F3FBFA49CD" box="[982,1107,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Copulatory pouches present with an anterior oval pad similar in size to the porophore. Spermathecae four pairs in 6–9. No genital papillae in the spermathecal pore area. Testes proandric. Prostate gland lobular. Caeca simple.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A3CD1D912816CC61C9C9C216FB8B4CA5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/225991/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" targetBox="[199,1388,817,1881]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192816CC61C9C9C216FB8B4CA5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1908,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C9C9C216FD784CE0" bold="true" box="[151,721,1908,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2816CC61C87EC217FDEC4CE0" box="[288,581,1908,1931]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C87EC217FDEC4CE0" bold="true" box="[288,581,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">Metaphire taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702816CC61CB0EC216FD074CE0" box="[592,686,1909,1930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of anterior body (fp, female pore; mp, male pore; cl, clitellum).
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61C858C2F4FEB44CC6" bold="true" box="[262,285,1943,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Spermatheca (amp, ampulla; dv, diverticulum).
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61CA59C2F5FCB64CC6" bold="true" box="[775,799,1942,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Male pore area (op, oval pad).
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2816CC61CD03C2F4FBDF4CC6" bold="true" box="[1117,1142,1943,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="329">D.</emphasis>
|
||
prostate gland with prostatic duct. Drawing of B, C, and D based on photographs from Fig. 26 in Chang & Chen 2008.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62C999C5F4FB51497D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C999C5F4FDC84BDA" bold="true" box="[199,609,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
Morphology.
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C830C5F4FDC84BDA" bold="true" box="[366,609,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">External characters.</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length (mature)
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62CA65C5FBFC704BC5" box="[827,985,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.955" metricValueMax="3.4299999999999997" metricValueMin="2.48" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="295.5" valueMax="343.0" valueMin="248.0">248–343 mm</quantity>
|
||
, clitellum width
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62CDF4C5FBFA854BC5" box="[1194,1324,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
, segment number 152–188. Number of annuli per segment three in 5–9, five in 10–13, three in body segments behind 17. Prostomium prolobous. Setae
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62C8B4C5BCFDC04B92" box="[490,617,223,248]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6195" metricValueMax="4.1655999999999995" metricValueMin="3.0734" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="in" value="142.5" valueMax="164.0" valueMin="121.0">121–164 in</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62CB2EC583FCA54B92" box="[624,780,223,248]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8050764" metricValueMax="3.429" metricValueMin="0.18115279999999997" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="in" value="71.066" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="7.132">7, 132–135 in</quantity>
|
||
20, 22–28 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum 14–16, annular, smooth, length
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62CB33C467FD414A76" box="[621,744,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10–11 mm</quantity>
|
||
, dorsal pore absent, setae absent. Preserved specimens bluish brown on dorsum, light brown on ventrum. Clitellum dark bluish brown on dorsum, greyish brown on ventrum. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6-8/9, minute, invisible externally, distance between the paired pores about 0.4– 0.5 body circumference apart ventrally. No genital papillae in the spermathecal pore region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in 14. Male pores paired in 18, small, latero-ventral, in a slightly C-shaped copulatory pouch, bordered laterally by a thick skin surrounded by circular folds. Porophore circular, tuberculated. An oval pad situated anteriorly to the porophore, with size similar to the porophore. Circular folds surrounding porophore and oval pad, extending anteriorly to 17/18 and posteriorly to 18/19. Genital papillae absent in the male pore area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62C999C740FBEB4852" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C999C740FE064956" bold="true" box="[199,431,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Internal characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8FA50D892815CC62C8E7C747FE5E4956" box="[441,503,548,572]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Septa</collectingCountry>
|
||
5/6–7/8 and
|
||
<date id="830C6BD92815CC62CBCFC747FCB44956" box="[657,797,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" value="1914-10-11" valueMax="1914-10-13" valueMin="1914-10-11">10/11–13/14</date>
|
||
thickened, 8/9 membranous, 9/10 absent. Gizzard in 8. Intestine enlarged from 15. Intestinal caeca paired in 27, simple, long, surface slightly wrinkled, extending anteriorly to 23. Oesophageal hearts enlarged in 10–13. Spermathecae four pairs in 6–9. Ampulla elliptical, about
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62C9C9C7ECFF5D49CD" box="[151,244,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, with a short stalk about
|
||
<quantity id="304AE0FC2815CC62CB24C7F3FD1249CD" box="[634,699,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Diverticulum small, with an oval, smooth seminal chamber and a short coiled or twisted stalk, reaching the basal 1/3 of the ampulla. Meronephridia tufted, attached to the anterior face of septa 5/6 and 6/7. Ovaries paired in 13, medio-ventral, close to the 12/13 septum. Testis sacs paired in 10, oval, smooth, medio-ventral in front of 10/11. Seminal vesicles paired in 11, large, surface tuberculated, with a large dorsal lobe. Prostate glands paired in 18, large, oval, extending to 17 and 19.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922815CC62C999C627FDCD4E61" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62C999C627FBF64F32" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C999C627FE924837" bold="true" box="[199,315,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C81FC626FD894836" box="[321,544,837,860]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C81FC626FD894836" box="[321,544,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702815CC62CB79C627FD224837" box="[551,651,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rank="subSpecies">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CB79C627FD224837" bold="true" box="[551,651,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">ssp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
corresponds to clade E2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CA9EC626FBC04836" box="[960,1129,837,860]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CA9EC626FBC04836" box="[960,1129,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CD85C626FABB4836" box="[1243,1298,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008). The two subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C802C60AFD364815" box="[348,671,872,896]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="taiwanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C802C60AFD364815" box="[348,671,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis taiwanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CBBAC60AFC7A4815" box="[740,979,872,896]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CBBAC60AFC7A4815" box="[740,979,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have an allopatric distribution. They diverged by 5.7% in the COI gene (Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CBCAC6EEFD7948CE" box="[660,720,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008). Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CAA7C6EEFA9C48CE" box="[1017,1333,909,932]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="taiwanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CAA7C6EEFA9C48CE" box="[1017,1333,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis taiwanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C849C6D2FE5348AD" box="[279,506,944,968]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C849C6D2FE5348AD" box="[279,506,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two subspecies also show different levels of allometric growth on their male pore areas compared to their body size: the male pore areas of the two subspecies are almost the same in size, but compared to their body size, the male pore area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CBA9C69AFB9D4F65" box="[759,1076,1016,1040]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="taiwanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CBA9C69AFB9D4F65" box="[759,1076,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis taiwanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively smaller. It is also smoother and flatter with circular folds almost restricted to the ventral surface, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CDE2C17EFA344F5E" box="[1212,1437,1053,1076]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE2C17EFA344F5E" box="[1212,1437,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more three-dimensional, with circular folds extending to the lateral side of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A3CD1D912815CC62C9C9C1E0FE994FD1" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62C9C9C1E0FE994FD1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1154,1211]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C9C1E0FEA54FF0" bold="true" box="[151,268,1155,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
GenBank accession numbers of DNA barcode sequences from type specimens of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CD9FC1E1FA354FF0" box="[1217,1436,1154,1178]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CD9FC1E1FA354FF0" box="[1217,1436,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Metaphire formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62C9C1C1B5FDCD4E61" blockId="6.[159,1347,1238,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
Species MZNTU cat. GenBank accession nos.
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC1B4FB894F86" box="[996,1056,1239,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
References nos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFA81E922815CC63C9C1C043FDFD4E5A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC63C9C1C043FE8249A7" blockId="6.[159,1347,1238,1622]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1328]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="331" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C9C1C043FEAB4E5E" box="[159,258,1310,1333]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="feijani">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C1C043FEAB4E5E" box="[159,258,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. feijani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
14-07095
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C07DFCE04E5E" box="[731,841,1310,1332]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY960809" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY960809</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC07DFB954E5E" box="[996,1084,1310,1332]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C043FB444E5E" box="[1210,1261,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008 14-07099
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C02BFCE04E34" box="[731,841,1352,1374]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY962162" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY962162</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC02AFB924E34" box="[996,1083,1353,1374]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C02AFB444E34" box="[1210,1261,1352,1374]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C9C1C011FEEF4EED" box="[159,326,1393,1415]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tengjhihensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C1C011FEEF4EED" box="[159,326,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. tengjhihensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C812C012FE344EEC" bold="true" box="[332,413,1393,1414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702815CC62C812C012FE344EEC" box="[332,413,1393,1414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rank="species">
|
||
sp.
|
||
<date id="830C6BD92815CC62C82FC012FE344EEC" box="[369,413,1393,1414]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" value="1914-11">nov.</date>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
14-05901
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C012FCE04EED" box="[731,841,1393,1415]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY960801" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY960801</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC012FB954EED" box="[996,1084,1393,1415]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C011FB444EED" box="[1210,1261,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008 14-07175
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C0F9FCE04EDA" box="[731,841,1434,1456]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY962164" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY962164</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC0F8FB924EDA" box="[996,1083,1435,1456]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C0F8FB444EDA" box="[1210,1261,1434,1456]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C9C1C0A6FEC64EB0" box="[159,367,1476,1498]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="nanaoensis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="truku">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C1C0A6FEC64EB0" box="[159,367,1476,1498]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. nanaoensis truku</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702815CC62C82AC0A7FE664EB3" box="[372,463,1476,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rank="subSpecies">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C82AC0A7FE664EB3" bold="true" box="[372,463,1476,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<date id="830C6BD92815CC62C8FDC0A7FE664EB3" box="[419,463,1476,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" value="1914-11">nov.</date>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
14-07228
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C0A7FCE04EB0" box="[731,841,1476,1498]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY962150" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY962150</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC0A6FB924EB0" box="[996,1083,1477,1498]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C0A6FB444EB0" box="[1210,1261,1476,1498]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008 14-05342
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C08EFCE04D69" box="[731,841,1517,1539]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY960805" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY960805</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC08DFB924D69" box="[996,1083,1518,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C08DFB444D69" box="[1210,1261,1517,1539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C9C1C37BFE934D46" box="[159,314,1558,1581]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="tahanmonta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C1C37BFE934D46" box="[159,314,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. tahanmonta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
14-03993
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C375FCE14D46" box="[731,840,1558,1580]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY962115" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY962115</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC375FB954D46" box="[996,1084,1558,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C37BFB444D46" box="[1210,1261,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008 14-05898
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C323FCE14D3C" box="[731,840,1600,1622]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY739335" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY739335</accessionNumber>
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2815CC62CABAC322FB924D3C" box="[996,1083,1601,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
Chang & Chen 2005 The assignment of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C8C4C23BFDAB4C1A" box="[410,514,1880,1904]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C8C4C23BFDAB4C1A" box="[410,514,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CA4FC23BFC2C4C1A" box="[785,901,1880,1904]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CA4FC23BFC2C4C1A" box="[785,901,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CAF2C23BFBB34C1A" box="[940,1050,1880,1904]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CAF2C23BFBB34C1A" box="[940,1050,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has recently been highly debated. The two genera are distinguished by only one character, the copulatory pouch, a structure present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62CDA7C21FFAC44CFE" box="[1273,1389,1916,1940]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDA7C21FFAC44CFE" box="[1273,1389,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C858C2C3FD284CD2" authority="Sims & Easton 1972" authorityName="Sims & Easton" authorityYear="1972" box="[262,641,1951,1976]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C858C2C3FEDD4CD2" box="[262,372,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82815CC62C8D8C2FCFDD14CD2" author="Sims" box="[390,632,1951,1976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972 W. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, there are two distinguishable forms of copulatory pouches that seem to be non-homologous (James
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CB21C2A6FD144CB6" box="[639,701,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), and each of them has various degrees of reduction or “degradation”, which makes it difficult in some cases to decide between presence or absence of that character. James prefers to restrict
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C8F1C5DFFD8A4BBE" box="[431,547,188,212]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C8F1C5DFFD8A4BBE" box="[431,547,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species with well-developed copulatory pouches (James 2005; James
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC3CC5DEFA354BBE" box="[1378,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005) and assigns species with "degraded" pouches to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CA79C583FC3C4B92" box="[807,917,224,248]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CA79C583FC3C4B92" box="[807,917,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while Blakemore (2010) prefers to restrict
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C9C9C467FEAC4A76" box="[151,261,260,284]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C9C9C467FEAC4A76" box="[151,261,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species with superficial male pores, arguing that all species with the derivative character state of nonsuperficial male pores should belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CB26C44BFD454A2A" box="[632,748,296,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CB26C44BFD454A2A" box="[632,748,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a result, species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CD1BC44BFB044A2A" box="[1093,1197,296,320]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CD1BC44BFB044A2A" box="[1093,1197,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group were assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C843C42FFE224A0E" box="[285,395,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C843C42FFE224A0E" box="[285,395,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C89BC42FFD904A0E" box="[453,569,332,356]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C89BC42FFD904A0E" box="[453,569,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by James and Blakemore, respectively. We follow the conventional practice of assigning species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C896C413FD994AE2" box="[456,560,368,392]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C896C413FD994AE2" box="[456,560,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CBA6C413FCC54AE2" box="[760,876,368,392]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CBA6C413FCC54AE2" box="[760,876,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63CA22C40CFBC34AE2" author="Chang" box="[892,1130,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Chang, C. - H. & Chen, J. - H. (2004) A new species of earthworm belonging to the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton 1972 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from southern Taiwan. Taiwania, 49, 219 - 224." type="journal article" year="2004">Chang & Chen 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63CD28C40CFB144AE2" author="Chang" box="[1142,1213,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Chang, C. - H. & Chen, J. - H. (2005 a) Three new species of octothecate pheretimoid earthworms from Taiwan, with discussion on the biogeography of closely related species. Journal of Natural History, 39, 1469 - 1482. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400004586" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">2005a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63CD94C40CFB724AE2" author="Chang" box="[1226,1243,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Chang, C. - H. & Chen, J. - H. (2005 b) Taxonomic status and intraspecific phylogeography of two sibling species of Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan. Pedobiologia, 49, 591 - 600. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pedobi. 2005.07.002" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63CDB9C40CFA314AE2" author="Tsai" box="[1255,1432,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Tsai, S. - C. & Liaw, G .. - J. (2000) Two new species of protandric pheretimoid earthworms belonging to the genus Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 34, 1731 - 1741. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930050122156" type="journal article" year="2000">Tsai et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63C9C9C4F7FF7B4AC6" author="Tsai" box="[151,210,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Chen, J. - H., Tsai, S. - C. & Shen, H. - P. (2003) A new species of the earthworm belonging to the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from the northeastern Taiwan. Endemic Species Research, 5, 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63C982C4F7FEB14AC6" author="Tsai" box="[220,280,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Tsai, C. - F., Tsai, S. - C. & Shen, H. - P. (2004) A new gigantic earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims and Easton (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan with reference to evolutional trends in body sizes and segment numbers of the Pheretima genus-group. Journal of Natural History, 38, 877 - 887." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but recognize the different forms of copulatory pouches presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63CD6FC4F6FB674AC6" author="Easton" box="[1073,1230,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Easton, E. G. (1979) A revision of the " acaecate " earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster, and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 35, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1979">Easton (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and James (James 2005; James
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C86DC4DAFED94ABA" box="[307,368,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), particularly the intramural and intracoelomic ones. Furthermore, we doubt that the assignment of species with the intramural form and the various “degradations” of both forms to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CC51C4BFFAD44A9E" box="[1295,1405,476,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC51C4BFFAD44A9E" box="[1295,1405,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C9C9C763FEA24972" box="[151,267,512,536]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C9C9C763FEA24972" box="[151,267,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is satisfying regarding preserving information of character states and evolution. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies strongly suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CB20C747FD5B4956" box="[638,754,548,572]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CB20C747FD5B4956" box="[638,754,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not monophyletic (Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CD1DC746FBD74956" box="[1091,1150,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008; James 2005); it is indeed polyphyletic (unpublished data) regardless of difference in opinions on the definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CC5BC72BFAD0490A" box="[1285,1401,584,608]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC5BC72BFAD0490A" box="[1285,1401,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C9C9C70FFEAC49EE" box="[151,261,620,644]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C9C9C70FFEAC49EE" box="[151,261,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering this nature and the viewpoints already discussed by the above authors, any further arguments on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C800C7F3FE6549C2" box="[350,460,656,680]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C800C7F3FE6549C2" box="[350,460,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-or-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C8A8C7F3FDC349C2" box="[502,618,656,680]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C8A8C7F3FDC349C2" box="[502,618,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
issue seem meaningless before someone takes on the task of revising the whole group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192815CC62CB64C30AFEB24C41" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<table id="85B2BFB92815339BC9C9C30AFAEA4C41" box="[151,1347,1641,1835]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<tr id="49824F5B2815339BC9C9C30AFAEA4D15" box="[151,1347,1641,1663]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="0A5326272815339BCB64C30AFCE04D15" box="[570,841,1641,1663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
14-05899
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C30AFCE04D15" box="[731,841,1641,1663]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY960800" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY960800</accessionNumber>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="0A5326272815339BCABAC30AFAEA4D15" box="[996,1347,1641,1663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
paratype Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C309FB444D15" box="[1210,1261,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="49824F5B2815339BC9C9C3F1FAEA4DC2" box="[151,1347,1682,1704]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<th id="0A5326272815339BC9C9C3F1FE624DC2" box="[151,459,1682,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2815CC62C9C1C3F0FEC04DC2" box="[159,361,1683,1704]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="taiwanensis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="tsaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C9C1C3F0FEC04DC2" box="[159,361,1683,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">M. taiwanensis tsaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEF52C702815CC62C82EC3F0FE624DC2" box="[368,459,1683,1704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rank="subSpecies">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62C82EC3F0FE624DC2" bold="true" box="[368,459,1683,1704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">ssp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="0A5326272815339BCB64C3F1FCE04DC2" box="[570,841,1682,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
14-05614
|
||
<accessionNumber id="E8E1D0FA2815CC62CB85C3F1FCE14DC2" box="[731,840,1682,1704]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY962157" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">AY962157</accessionNumber>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="0A5326272815339BCABAC3F1FAEA4DC2" box="[996,1347,1682,1704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">
|
||
holotype Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2815CC62CDE4C3F0FB444DC2" box="[1210,1261,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="49824F5B2815339BC9C9C272FAEA4C41" box="[151,1347,1809,1835]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="330" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="0A5326272815339BC9C9C272FE624C41" box="[151,459,1809,1835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="330">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192814CC63C999C7B4FD1E4887" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">
|
||
Hypotheses regarding synonyms of earthworms can usually be tested by comparing DNA barcodes. Blakemore
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C844C79EFEFA487E" box="[282,339,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010) further recommended that any new earthworm taxa described should be accompanied by DNA barcodes from
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2814CC63C8DFC643FE154852" box="[385,444,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">types</typeStatus>
|
||
to meet current standards. Although some of the DNA barcodes published by Chang and Chen and their coauthors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="932330E82814CC63C89CC627FD164837" author="Chang" box="[450,703,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" refString="Chang, C. - H. & Chen, J. - H. (2005 b) Taxonomic status and intraspecific phylogeography of two sibling species of Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan. Pedobiologia, 49, 591 - 600. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pedobi. 2005.07.002" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Chang & Chen 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CA42C626FCFF4836" box="[796,854,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008) are from
|
||
<typeStatus id="2809F3BB2814CC63CD51C626FB964837" box="[1039,1087,837,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CC53C626FA354836" box="[1293,1436,836,860]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC53C626FA354836" box="[1293,1436,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">M. formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, this connection has never been established either explicitly or implicitly until the present study (
|
||
<tableCitation id="BA3078A22814CC63C9C0C6EFFF5F48CE" box="[158,246,908,933]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1155,1178]" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank accession numbers of DNA barcode sequences from type specimens of the Metaphire formosae species group." pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). DNA barcodes from non-type specimens are also available for all species and subspecies in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CC23C6EEFF5648A2" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC23C6EEFF5648A2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">M. formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (see Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CB72C6D2FDCC48A2" box="[556,613,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008). These genetic data, together with all the published morphological descriptions, enable unambiguous identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F70D4D192814CC63C999C694FDFD4E5A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">
|
||
Drawing a line between intraspecific and interspecific morphological variations is sometimes difficult in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C9C9C17FFEAC4F5E" box="[151,261,1052,1076]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C9C9C17FFEAC4F5E" box="[151,261,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C861C17FFE1A4F5E" box="[319,435,1052,1076]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C861C17FFE1A4F5E" box="[319,435,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The studies regarding the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CBB0C17EFCD74F5E" box="[750,894,1052,1076]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="formosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CBB0C17EFCD74F5E" box="[750,894,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">M. formosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group published after 2000 (as cited in this study) have collectively demonstrated an integrative taxonomic approach through which hypotheses regarding species are tested using morphological, molecular, biogeographical and, to some extent, ecological data. Considering the complexity of morphological variations and the huge numbers of described (and undescribed) species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C853C1CFFED24FAE" box="[269,379,1196,1220]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C853C1CFFED24FAE" box="[269,379,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63C8EAC1CFFD814FAE" box="[436,552,1196,1220]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63C8EAC1CFFD814FAE" box="[436,552,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in order to prevent interminable arguments about synonyms, we strongly suggest preserving DNA-friendly samples on a regular basis and using an integrative taxonomic approach that combines morphological and molecular data when it comes to describing a new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CDCAC197FAAB4E66" box="[1172,1282,1268,1292]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CDCAC197FAAB4E66" box="[1172,1282,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Amynthas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30B2369A2814CC63CC76C197FA354E66" box="[1320,1436,1268,1292]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="7" pageNumber="331" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5C6910B2814CC63CC76C197FA354E66" box="[1320,1436,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="331">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that may raise debates about synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |