treatments-xml/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8.xml
2024-06-21 12:42:55 +02:00

278 lines
21 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="320" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="320" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808984" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549990" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808984" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8" lastPageNumber="320" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<subSubSection box="[210,1114,3148,3209]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="41.[210,1737,3148,3209]" box="[210,1114,3148,3209]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<figureCitation box="[210,280,3148,3209]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="38.[159,201,4464,4491]" captionTargetBox="[116,3439,160,4676]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="On following pages: 78. New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryotis); 79. Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus tatah; 80. Poso Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus belligerator); 81. Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus proconsulis); 82. Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus arcuatus); 83. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus inops); 84. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subrufus); 85. Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rufus); 86. Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus affinis); 87. Homfray's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus andamanensis); 88. Croslet Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus coelophyllus); 89. Shamel's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shameli); 90. Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus microglobosus); 91. Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus stheno)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748533/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">84</figureCitation>
. Small Rufous Horseshoe
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1019,1114,3148,3209]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1180,1737,3148,3209]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="41.[210,1737,3148,3209]" box="[1180,1737,3148,3209]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1180,1737,3148,3209]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrufus">
<emphasis box="[1180,1737,3148,3209]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Rhinolophus subrufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[209,1677,3222,3249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="41.[209,1677,3222,3249]" box="[209,1677,3222,3249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
French: Rhinolophe roussâtre /
<emphasis bold="true" box="[636,759,3222,3249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">German:</emphasis>
Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase /
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1222,1345,3222,3249]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Spanish:</emphasis>
Herradura
<emphasis box="[1499,1677,3222,3249]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">rufo pequeno</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1031,1827,3320,3888]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1031,1242,3320,3359]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="K. Andersen, 1905" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrufus">
<emphasis box="[1273,1666,3320,3359]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Rhinolophus subrufus</emphasis>
K. Andersen, 1905
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1031,1827,3320,3888]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533965" country="Philippines" location="Manila" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8:052E606FFFE68A00FA8BF28DFA4BD430" box="[1351,1486,3372,3411]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Manila</location>
,”
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8:052E606FFFE68A00F9CFF28DF9FAD430" box="[1539,1663,3372,3411]" country="Philippines" name="Luzon" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Luzon</location>
,
<collectingCountry name="Philippines" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Philippines</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1031,1827,3320,3888]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1033,1413,3478,3517]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrufus">
<emphasis box="[1033,1413,3478,3517]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Rhinolophus subrufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is included in the
<emphasis box="[1777,1827,3478,3517]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis box="[1034,1126,3531,3570]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">euryotis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
species group. Along with
<emphasis box="[1635,1785,3531,3570]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1635,1779,3531,3570]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inops">R. inops</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
it may be closely related to the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1871" box="[1619,1827,3584,3623]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcuatus">
<emphasis box="[1619,1827,3584,3623]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">R. arcuatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic
<emphasis box="[1034,1184,3743,3782]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">analyses</emphasis>
were not differentiated from
<emphasis box="[1034,1203,3796,3835]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1034,1183,3796,3835]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inops">R. inops</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
Two subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="synonymic_list">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750078/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" targetBox="[209,1002,3327,3883]" targetPageId="41">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1031,1827,3320,3888]" box="[1034,1570,3849,3888]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1034,1323,3849,3888]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Subspecies and</emphasis>
Distribution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[210,1826,3901,4627]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName authority="K. Andersen, 1905" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[212,830,3901,3940]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrufus">
<emphasis box="[212,462,3901,3940]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">R. s. subrufus</emphasis>
K. Andersen, 1905
</taxonomicName>
-
<collectingCountry box="[886,1099,3901,3940]" name="Philippines" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCounty box="[1133,1258,3901,3940]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Luzon</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality box="[1284,1432,3901,3940]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Lubang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8:052E606FFFE68A00FA7DF09CF9D9D607" box="[1457,1628,3901,3940]" country="Philippines" county="Luzon" municipality="Lubang" name="Mindoro" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Catanduanes">Mindoro</location>
,
<collectingRegion country="Philippines" name="Catanduanes" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Catanduanes</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8:052E606FFFE68A00FEF2F0D3FE4CD6FA" box="[318,457,3954,3993]" country="Philippines" county="Luzon" municipality="Lubang" name="Negros" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Catanduanes">Negros</location>
,
<collectingRegion box="[476,581,3954,3993]" country="Philippines" name="Southern Leyte" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Leyte</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[685,869,3954,3993]" country="Philippines" name="Camiguin" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Camiguin</collectingRegion>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8:052E606FFFE68A00FCBEF0D3FC12D6FA" box="[882,919,3954,3993]" country="Philippines" county="Luzon" municipality="Lubang" name="Is" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" stateProvince="Catanduanes">Is</location>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[210,1826,3901,4627]" box="[212,1310,4006,4045]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<taxonomicName box="[212,775,4006,4045]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[212,432,4006,4045]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">R. s. bunkeri</emphasis>
E.. H. Taylor, 1934
</taxonomicName>
-
<collectingCountry box="[818,1032,4006,4045]" name="Philippines" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(Mindanao I).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="41.[210,1826,3901,4627]" lastBlockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
Descriptive
<emphasis bold="true" box="[439,550,4057,4096]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">notes.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[567,821,4057,4096]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Head-body c</emphasis>
.
<quantity box="[827,1035,4057,4096]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="61.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="60.0">60-63 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[1132,1335,4057,4096]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="22.0">22-29 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[1433,1636,4057,4096]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="24.0">24-27 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[215,411,4111,4150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.0">12-13 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity box="[593,793,4111,4150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="55.0" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="53.0">53-57 mm</quantity>
; weight
<quantity box="[949,1092,4111,4150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="g" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12-19 g</quantity>
. Pelage has slighdy
<emphasis box="[1456,1578,4111,4150]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">woolly</emphasis>
and crinkled appearance; dorsal pelage is usually reddish or cinnamon rufous, rarely dark brown without trace
<emphasis box="[477,519,4217,4256]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">of</emphasis>
red (hairs have an orange rufous base); ventral pelage is
<emphasis box="[1622,1751,4217,4256]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">similar</emphasis>
but slighdy more brownish. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has
<emphasis box="[1366,1482,4270,4309]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">nearly</emphasis>
straight-sided
<emphasis box="[212,269,4323,4362]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">lancet</emphasis>
that tapers regularly toward tip and is densely covered in short hairs; connecting process is semicircular and is lined with longer hairs; sella is long and sides narrow
<emphasis box="[1748,1826,4376,4415]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">very</emphasis>
slighdy upward; horseshoe is relatively
<emphasis box="[946,1034,4428,4467]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">wide</emphasis>
(11-8-13-
<quantity box="[1228,1346,4428,4467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
), covers muzzle, has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic breadth is always larger than mastoid width); zygomatic arch is robust and highly flared (
<emphasis box="[1027,1210,4588,4627]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">especially</emphasis>
in
<emphasis box="[1270,1409,4588,4627]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">bunkeri)</emphasis>
; anterior median and lateral nasal swellings are bulbous, whereas posterior swellings are less inflated; rostral profile is
<emphasis box="[2094,2265,397,436]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">distincdy</emphasis>
concave; sagittal crest is high to very high; frontal depression is distinct and often quite deep
<emphasis box="[2437,2615,450,489]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
{
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2453,2604,450,489]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subrufus">subrufus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
or shallow
<emphasis box="[2845,3017,450,489]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">{bunkeri)',</emphasis>
supraorbital crests are well developed. P2 is small but within tooth row; P3 is small to medium-sized and extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact or sometimes slighdy separated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1916,2066,613,652]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Habitat.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[2080,2264,613,652]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Generally</emphasis>
associated with lowland tropical forests, and can be locally common in karst areas. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to
<quantity box="[3017,3155,667,706]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" box="[1916,2592,722,761]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1916,2097,722,761]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Food and</emphasis>
Feeding. No information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" box="[1916,2799,774,813]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1914,2058,825,864]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Activity</emphasis>
patterns. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in caves. A call frequency of 51 kHz has been recorded from this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1916,2608,932,971]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
organization. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bats have often been recorded together with Large-eared Horseshoe Bats
<emphasis box="[3133,3451,984,1023]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
{
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[3197,3439,984,1023]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">philippinensis</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
and Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats
<emphasis box="[2493,2677,1041,1080]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
{
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eydoux &amp; Gervais" authorityYear="1836" box="[2561,2658,1041,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="320" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">rufus</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
Status
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2042,2389,1091,1130]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Data Deficient on 77zr&gt;
<emphasis box="[3067,3331,1091,1130]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">IUCN ed List.</emphasis>
The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is infrequendy encountered but appears to be locally common in karst areas.
<emphasis box="[2190,2277,1198,1237]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Very</emphasis>
litde is
<emphasis box="[2429,2602,1198,1237]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">currendy</emphasis>
known regarding the ecology of this species and the threats it faces; further studies are needed. It is probably threatened by the intensive mining and unregulated tourism that occurs in the karst regions of the
<collectingCountry name="Philippines" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Philippines</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="320" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="41.[1914,3544,343,1505]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1918,2124,1417,1444]" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Cabauatan et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003),
<emphasis box="[2798,2909,1417,1444]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Heaney</emphasis>
, Balete,
<emphasis box="[3039,3116,1417,1444]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">Dolar</emphasis>
et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Ong
<emphasis box="[2242,2273,1472,1499]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="320">et</emphasis>
al. (2016).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>